PRACTICAL : 1
TOPIC : To measure the viscosity of
water at room temperature using two
standard liquids.
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Dr. Ritu Gupta Hardik Sharma
Roll. No. : CH17136
B.E. Chemical 3rd semester
AIM :
To measure the density of water at room temperature and hence find its
viscosity, using two standard liquids and an Ostwald viscometer.
THEORY:
The density of fluids changes with temperature and is not fixed. But
certain fluids are chosen as standards as there is not a large change in the
value of density(incompressible fluides). Using these, the densities of
other fluids can be calculated.
The viscosity of fluid is a measure of the resistance of the fluid which is
being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress.
In everyday terms (for fluids), viscosity is usually known as ‘internal
friction’. Thus, water is ‘thin’, having a lower viscosity, while honey is
‘thick’, having a higher viscosity. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal
resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction.
In Ostwald’s Viscometer, when a liquid flows by gravity, the time taken
by the liquid to flow between the two marks, upper and lower marks,
through a vertical capillary tube is determined. The time of flow of the
liquid under test is compared with the time taken by the two standard
liquids. The viscosity of the unknown liquid can be determined using the
equation:
ɳ/ρ = At – B/t
DESCRIPTION OF SETUP:
The Ostwald viscometer is a U shaped tube consisting of two
bulbs and two marks. The Ostwald viscometer is also known as
the U-tube viscometer or the capillary viscometer. This device
measures the fluid’s viscosity using direct or reverse flow of the
test fluid through a U-shaped tube. The Ostwald viscometer
measurement is determined by noting the time required for the
fluid to flow a certain distance through tubing of a specific
diameter. Each side of an Ostwald viscometer consists of
different size of tubing. Capillary is a small tube with a very
small cross sectional area. For a direct flow viscometer, a bulb is
located toward the top of the capillary side. On the wider
diameter side, a slightly larger bulb is located toward the
bottom. Two marks are placed on the tubing at a known distance
apart. These marks are placed above and below the smaller bulb.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
Ostwald Viscometer
PROCEDURE:
(i).The temperature of water was noted down with the help of a thermometer.
(ii) The density of water was calculated using the specific gravity bottle.
(iii).Weight of an empty specific gravity bottle was noted.
(iv). And then take at least three readings each for filled specific gravity bottle with
Water, Ethyl Acetate and heptanes
(v). The viscometer was installed in a vertical position and was checked for any
type of leakage.
(vi).A standard liquid was taken, say ethyl acetate, whose viscosity is known at
given temperature and was used to fill the viscometer.
(vii).Then, the pinch knob was opened and the time required by the liquid to pass
between the two marks, at the top and bottom of the bulb, was measured.
(viii) The above steps was repeated to get around 5 readings for the given liquid.
(ix)Another set of 5 readings was taken for the second standard liquid i.e. heptane.
(x)The calculations were carried out and the viscosity of water determined.
RECORDINGS:
Temperature of water = 30°C
Weight of empty specific gravity bottle = 8.04 g
Weight of specific gravity bottle + mercury = 138.18 g
Weight of specific gravity bottle + water = 17.68 g
Density of Hg =13528.71 kg/m3
Density of ethyl acetate = 902 kg/m3
Density of heptane = 679.5 kg/m3
Viscosity of ethyl acetate = 0.426 centiPoise
Viscosity of heptanes = 0.376 centiPoise
OBSERVATIONS:
Efflux Ethyl Heptane Water
time in Acetate
seconds (s)
No.
1 21.89 27.89 48.68
2 22.16 27.31 48.54
3 21.34 27.16 48.38
4 21.35 27.45 48.17
5 21.48 27.58 48.29
Average 21.64 27.48 48.42
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Volume of specific gravity bottle = Weight of
mercury/Density of mercury
= (130.14/13528.71) cm3
= 9.62 ml
Weight of water = (17.68-8.04) g = 9.64 g
Calculated density of water = Weight of water/Volume of
bottle
= (9.64/9.62)g/ml = 1.002 g/ml
Thus, ρwater = 1002 kg/m3
Equation used to find density:
ɳ/ ρ = At – B/t
For ethyl acetate:
0.00426/902 = A (21.64) – B/(21.64)
0.0001022=468.3A-B
For heptane:
0.00376/679.5 = A (27.48) – B/(27.48)
0,0001520=55.15A-B
Solving both the equations we get : A= 1.736×10-7 B = -
0.209×10-4
For water:
ɳ/1002 = (1.736×10-7) × (48.42) - (-0.209×10-4)/(48.42)
ɳ water = 0.885 centi Poise
RESULTS:
Value of ɳwater found experimentally = 0.885 centiPoise
Theoretical value of ɳwater from the literature = 0.798
centiPoise
Percentage Error = [(0.798 – 0.631)/(0.798)] ×100
= 20.8 %
Value of ρwater found experimentally = 994.839 kg/m3
Theoretical value of ρwater from the literature = 995.948 kg/m3
Percentage Error = [(995.839 – 995.948)/(995.948)] ×100
= 0.111 %
The errors in the results can be attributed to various reasons.
Experimental error is another cause and human error is a major
reason for the inaccurate results. Also, the weighing balance
cannot be totally relied upon.
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