Surraya Khanum

Week 1A : Introduction
Database System

Bachelor of Science
(Information Technology)

Spring 2018 Semester

BS Course: IT-232 –Database System

Mrs. Surraya Khanum

Institute of Information Technology,

Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad.

BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya Khanum

 Today’s objectives

 Aims & objectives of course
 Course outline
 Recommended books and materials
 Assessment criteria
 Introduction to Data & Database System
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 DBMS Facilitations/ advantages

BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya

Khanum
 

BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya

Khanum
 Course aims and objective

 Distinguish between Flat File and Databases
 Data Models: relational, hierarchical and network
 Study data dependencies, decomposition algorithms,
concurrency, integrity, security, reliability in relational model
 Entity relationship diagram (ERD) and normalization
 Introduction to Structural Query language (SQL)
 SQL for data definition, data manipulation, query processing,
query decomposition, query optimization, query evaluation
strategies
 Query-by-example, application programming for DB system
 Advance topic: Intro to OOD and DDMS
BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya
Khanum
 Course Outline

Weeks

Contents Description
Theory: Introduction to data, database system, DBMS
1
Practice: Introduction to SQL, writing basic SQL queries
Theory: Database models: relational, Hierarchical and network
2
Practice: Logical conditions AND, OR, NOT
Theory: Database design & Relational model
3
Practice: Restricting and sorting data
Theory: Data Dependencies, Decomposition algorithms
4
Practice: SQL functions
Theory: Concurrency, integrity, security, reliability
5
Practice: Conversion functions
Theory: Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) and Normalization
6
Practice: Group functions
7-8 Midterm
 Course Outline

Weeks

Contents Description
Theory: Database Language and Relational algebra
9
Practice: Displaying data from multiple tables
Theory: Relational calculus & SQL for data definition and manipulation,
10-11 Query processing and decomposition
Practice: Sub Queries Producing readable output with iSQL*plus
Theory: Query optimization & Query evaluation Strategies
12-13 Practice: Creating and managing tables and Data manipulation
language (DML)--- SQL
Theory: Query-by-example, Application Programming for DBMS, Intro
14-15 to OOD & DDBMS
Practice: Database Security
Theory: Revision
16
Practice: Revision
 Recommended books and
material

1. Thomas M. Connolly Carolyn E. Begg, “ Database System: A practical
approach to design, implementation, and management”, 5/e Addison Wesley
2009.

2. C.J. Date, “Introduction to Database Systems”, 8/e Addison Wesley 2004.

3. R.Elmasri, B. Shamkant, “Fundamental of Database Systems”, 4/e Addison

Wesley 2004.

4. F.R. McFadden, J.A. Hoffer, “Modern Database Management”, 4/e, Benjamin/

Cummings 1997.

5. T.J. Teorcy, “Database Modeling and Design: The Fundamental Principles”, 3/e
Morgan Kaufmann 1998.
BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya
Khanum
 Assessment criteria

ASSESSMENT ITEM WEIGHTAGE
Assignment 5%
Quizzes (Theory + SQL) 5%+5%=10%
Project 10%
Mid-Term Examination 25%
Final Examination 50%

• No make-up assessments!
• No late submissions!
• All plagiarized assessments, in any form, will get
zero marks
BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya
Khanum
 Student Conduct

• Slide handouts - taking notes
• Book reading – best approach: prior to lecture
• Use of electronic gadgets is strictly prohibited
• Policy regarding attendance and late comers – quality of
engagement – grades are directly linked with attendance,
punctuality and engagement in class
• No makeup assessments
• Keep up with the pace of the class
• Announcements (CR,GR)
• Time management
BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya
Khanum
 Plagiarism

 It is cheating and stealing
 It is an attempt to gain credit for something that is not your
property, not your idea or not your work
 It is taking the intellectual contents produced by others and
pretending that is your own production
 If you didn’t produce it, it is not yours

Why Students Plagiarise

 Students feel they are incapable of completing the task

 plan poorly their time
BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya
Khanum
 Today’s objectives

 Aims & Objectives of course
 Course Outline
 Recommended Books and Materials
 Assessment Criteria
 Introduction to Data & Database System
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 DBMS Facilitations/ advantages

BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya

Khanum
 Week 1A:

Introduction to Databases
 Introduction

 Basic Terminologies
 Applications
 Characteristic of file-based system (Traditional)
 Issues in file systems
 Database Approach (Now-a-days)
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 Typical functions of DBMS
 Components of DBMS
 Personal/Roles in DBMS environment
 History of DBMS
 Advantages/disadvantages of DBMS
IT-412 Theory of Automata by Surraya
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 Basic Terminologies used in
Database System

 Data, Information & Knowledge
 Database
 Database System
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 Mini-world

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 Knowledge
Information
 Data
 Data
 Simple things; easily captured, structured, transferred,
compressible and quantifiable
 Information
 Relevant and related data having some purpose; needs
consensus on meaning and human mediation necessary
 Knowledge
 Valuable information from human mind; contextual; hard
to capture electronically and structure; mostly tacit

Source : Adapted from Thomas H. Davenport, Information Ecology

 Data, Database & DBMS

Data
 Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning
Database:
 Collection of related data
Database System:
 Collection of application programs that interact with database along with
the DBMS and database itself
Database Management System (DBMS):
 Software that manages and control access to the database
Mini-world
 Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database. For
example, student grades and transcripts at a university

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 Database Applications/
Common Use

 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agent
 Using local library
 Taking the insurance
 Renting a video
 Using the internet (E-Commerce)
 Studying a universities
 NADRA (National Database & Registration Authority)
 Cellular Companies (Organizations such as: Ufone, Zong, Telenor, Mobilink)
IT-412 Theory of Automata by Surraya
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 Characteristics of Traditional
File-Based System

 A collection of application programs that perform services for the
end-users such as the production of reports. Each program defines
and manages its own data
 In an organization a manual file is set up to hold
 external and internal correspondence relating to a project
 product, task, client, and employee related data
 Typically, there are many such files, and for safety they are labeled
and stored in one or more cabinets.
 For security, the cabinets may have locks or may be located in
secure areas of the building

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 Characteristics of Traditional
File-Based System

 When we need to look something up, we go to the filing system and
search through the system starting from the first entry until we find
what we want
 Alternatively, we may have an indexing system that helps locate what
we want more quickly
 For example, we may have divisions in the filing system or separate
folders for different types of item that are in some way logically related.
 The manual filing system works well while the number of items to be
stored is small
 It even works quite adequately when there are large numbers of items
and we have only to store and retrieve them
 However, the manual filing system breaks down when we have to
cross-reference or process the information in the files
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 Limitation of File-Based System

 Isolation of data
 Separation of data
 Duplication of data (data redundancy)
 Wasteful in terms of cost, time and money and entry more than once.
 Additional storage space
 Loss of integrity (Non-consistent)
 Data dependence (overlapped)
 Change in size of filed
 Incompatible file formats
 Filed missing
 Fixed queries/ proliferation of application programs
 No provision for security and integrity
 Hardware and software failure – limited or non-existent
 Files are restricted to one user at a time – not shared
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 Database Approach

Limitations can be divided into two factors:
 the definition of the data is embedded in the application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently;
 there is no control over the access and manipulation of data
beyond that imposed by the application programs.

Formal Definition of Database:

A shared collection of logically related data, and a description
of this data, designed to meet the information needs of an
organization.

IT-412 Theory of Automata by Surraya

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 Database Approach

Database Management System (DBMS) :
DBMS: A software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain, and control access to the database.
Provides the following facilities
 It allows users to define the database, usually through a Data
Definition Language (DDL). The DDL allows users to specify
the data types and structures and the constraints on the data
to be stored in the database
 It allows users to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data
from the database, usually through a Data Manipulation
Language (DML)
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 Database Approach

 DML to provide a general inquiry (set of queries i.e. SQL) facility to
this data, called a query language
 It provides controlled access to the database
 security system, which prevents unauthorized users accessing the
database
 An integrity system, which maintains the consistency of stored data
 A concurrency control system, which allows shared access of the
database
 A recovery control system, which restores the database to a
previous consistent state following a hardware or software failure
 A user-accessible catalog, which contains descriptions of the data in
the database

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 Database Approach

Database/ Application Programs
A computer program that interacts with the database by issuing an
program appropriate request (typically an SQL statement) to the
DBMS
 Users interact with the database through a number of application
programs that are used to create and maintain the database and to
generate information
 Programs can be conventional batch applications or, more typically
nowadays, they will be online applications

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Database Management System
(DBMS)


BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya

Khanum
 Database Approach
Views:

1. Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database.
2. A view is essentially some subset of the database
Advantages:
 Views provide a level of security. Views can be set up to exclude data
that some users should not see
 Views provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the
database. For example, the Contracts Department may wish to call the
monthly rent field (rent) by the more obvious name, Monthly Rent
 A view can present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of
the database, even if the underlying database is changed If fields are
added or removed from a file, and these fields are not required by the
view, the view is not affected by this change

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 Database Approach

Component of DBMS Environment:

IT-412 Theory of Automata by Surraya

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 Database Approach

Component of DBMS Environment:
1. Hardware:
 Can range from a PC to a network of computers to a single mainframe, to a
network of computers
 The particular hardware depends on the organization’s requirements and
the DBMS used
2. Software:
 DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the
application programs with the operating system
3. Data:
 Used by the organization and a description of this data and the meta data is
called the schema

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 Database Approach

Component of DBMS Environment:
4. Procedures:
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the
database and DBMS
 log on to the DBMS
 use a particular DBMS facility or application program
 start and stop the DBMS
 make backup copies of the database
 handle hardware or software failures
 change the structure of a table, reorganize the database across multiple
disks, improve performance, or archive data to secondary storage
5. People:

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 Roles in Database Environment
1. Data and Database Administrator:

The Data Administrator (DA) is responsible for:
 the management of the data resource
 including database planning
 Development and maintenance of standards
 Policies and procedures
 conceptual/logical database design
The Database Administrator (DBA) is responsible for:
 the physical realization of the database,
 physical database design and implementation
 security and integrity control
 maintenance of the operational system
 ensuring satisfactory performance of the applications for users

IT-412 Theory of Automata by Surraya

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 Roles in Database Environment
2. Database Designers:

The logical database designer is concerned with
 identifying the data (i.e. the entities and attributes),
 the relationships between the data
 the constraints on the data that is to be stored in the database
 The logical database designer must have a thorough and complete
understanding of the organization’s data and any constraints on this data (the
constraints are sometimes called business rules).
Examples:
 A member of staff cannot manage more than 100 properties for rent or sale at
the same time
 A member of staff cannot handle the sale or rent of his or her own property

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 Roles in Database Environment
3. Application Developers

 implement the application programs that provide the required
functionality for the end-users.
4. End-Users
a) Naïve users
 Typically unaware of the DBMS.
 They access the database through specially written application programs
 Attempt to make the operations as simple as possible
b) Sophisticated end-user:
 Is familiar with the structure of the database
 Known the facilities offered by the DBMS
 may use a high-level query language such as SQL to perform the
required operations

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 History of DBMS

Early Manual System


 Before- 1950’s
 Data was stored as paper records
 Lots of man power involved
 Lots of time was wasted e.g. when searching.
 Therefore insufficient
Revolution began:
 1950s and early 1960s:
 Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage
 Tapes provide only sequential access
 Punched cards for input
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 History of DBMS

 Late 1960s and 1970s:
 Hard disks allow direct
access to data
 Data stored in files
 Known as File Processing
System

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 History of DBMS

First generation:

 Hierarchical and Network

Second generation:
 Relational

Third generation
 Object-Relational
 Object-Oriented

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 Advantages/Disadvantages
of DBMS
Advantages:

 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same
 Amount of data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards

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 Advantages/Disadvantages
of DBMS
Advantages:

 Economy of scale
 Balance of conflicting requirements
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services

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 Advantages/Disadvantages
of DBMS
Disadvantages:

 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMSs
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure

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 Summary

 Course introduction
 Some common uses of database systems
 The characteristics of file-based systems
 The problems with the file-based approach
 The meaning of the term ‘database’
 The meaning of the term ‘database management system’ (DBMS)
 The typical functions of a DBMS
 The major components of the DBMS environment
 The personnel involved in the DBMS environment
 The history of the development of DBMSs
 The advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs
BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya
Khanum
 Next Lecture

 The relational model

BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya

Khanum
Questions?


BS(IT-232)- Database System by Surraya

Khanum