Chapter 2 - Statics of Particles Scalars and Vectors
Chapter 2 - Statics of Particles Scalars and Vectors
Representation of vector
Bold R – Word Processors Book uses this.
Arrow R – Long Hand, Word Processors
Underline R – Long Hand, Typewriter, Word Processors
Magnitude of a Vector
R Book uses italics for all scalars
Types of Vectors
1). Fixed (or bound) vectors – a vector for which a unique point of
application is specified and thus cannot be moved without
modifying
the conditions of the problem.
3). Sliding vector – a vector for which a unique line in space (line of
action) must be maintained.
2). Direction
A negative vector of a given vector has same magnitude but opposite direction.
P -P
Vector Addition
The sum of 2 vectors can be obtained by attaching the 2 vectors to the
same point and constructing a parallelogram – Parallelogram law.
R
Q
R=P+Q
P
R = resultant vector
Note: The magnitude of P + Q is not usually equal to P Q .
Triangle Rule
P
Q R R Q
S S S
R1 = Q + P R = R1 + S = Q + P + S
Triangle Rule
Q Q P P S
R Q R
1 1
P R
S S
R = R1 + S = Q + P + S
R1 = Q + P
Polygon Rule – Successive applications of triangle rule.
Q
Q P
S
P R
S
P 1 P 2
P P
2 1 etc.
P P
x
5m
75 o
A
C D
3m
P = 500
T = 200 R
BD 5 sin 75
tan
AD 3 5 cos 75
48.4
Law of cosines:
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos(c )
R 2 200 2 500 2 2( 200)(500) cos(48.4 )
R 396.5 N
Law of sines:
200 396.5
22.2
sin sin 48.4
R 396.5 N 22.2
2.) Given: A barge is pulled by 2 tugboats. The resultant of the forces exerted by the
tugboats is a 5000 pound force directed along the center axis of the barge.
A
1
30
B
C
2
5000
a).
45 30
T2 T1
T1 T2 5000
sin 45 sin 30 sin 105
T1 3660 lbs
T2 2590 lbs
b). 5000
30o dir of T1
Dir of T2?
Dir of T2?
Dir of T2? 60
T1 5000 cos 30 4330 lbs
T2 5000 sin 30 2500 lbs
3). Given: The vertical force F of 350 lbs acts downward at A on the two-membered
frame.
B
o
45
A
o
30
F C
Find: The magnitudes of the two components of F directed along AB and AC.
45
75
60
350 lbs
F AB 314 lbs
F AC 256 lbs
Vector Notation
In many problems it will be necessary to resolve a force into 2
components that are perpendicular to each other.
y
ĵ
iˆ x
O
2 vectors, iˆ and ĵ that have the direction shown and magnitude 1 - unit
vectors.
The iˆ and ĵ provide direction!
-suppose I want a vector 4 units long in the x-direction V 4iˆ
-a vector 5 units long in the negative y-direction
V 5 ˆj 5 ˆj
Is P 0.6iˆ 0.8 ˆj a unit vector? Yes P 0.6 2 0.8 2 1
What is the
resultant,
F ?
F Fx Fy Fx iˆ Fy ˆj
Remember: Fx , F y and Fx are vectors
Fx , Fy and F are magnitude of vectors, which are
scalars
What does F look like?
y
What is the magnitude of F
?
2 2
F Fx Fy
Fy F What is ?
Fy
tan 1
Fx
ĵ
iˆ Fx x
Given F what is Fx and Fy
Fx F cos iˆ
Fy F sin ˆj
FX F cos
What is F X and F ?
F F sin
R P Q S P x iˆ Py ˆj Q x iˆ Q y ˆj S x iˆ S y ˆj
R Px Q x S x iˆ Py Q y S y ˆj
R Px Q x S x iˆ P Q
y y S ˆj
y
RX R
R R x iˆ R y ˆj
So:
R x Fx
Sign convention! You have either + or - components.
R y F y
From now on, drop magnitude (| |) sign for all scalars. All vectors will
have
arrows.
P Vector P Magnitude of P.
Once you have the components, the resultant vector can be sketched and
found using:
2
2 2 Ry
R R x R y tan
2
Rx
1). Given: Replace the 6 kN and 4 kN forces by a single force, expressed in vector
notation.
4 kN y
40
6 kN
30
F4 x y
R F6 F4 F4
o
40 F4 y
F6
30 o
F6 y
F6 x
x
F6 F6 x F6 y
F6 F6 x iˆ F6 y ˆj
F6 F6 cos 30 iˆ F6 sin 30 ˆj
F6 6000 cos 30 iˆ 6000 sin 30 ˆj
F6 5200 iˆ 3000 ˆj
F4 F4 x F4 y
F4 F4 x iˆ F4 y ˆj
F4 F4 sin 40 ( iˆ) F4 cos 40 ˆj
F4 4000 sin 40 ( iˆ) 4000 cos 40 ˆj
F4 2570 iˆ 3060 ˆj
R 5200 iˆ 3000 ˆj 2570 iˆ 3060 ˆj
R 2630 iˆ 6060 ˆj N
2). Given: Previous problem. Find R using scalar notation.
4kN
y
40
6kN
30
R x Fx R y Fy
R x F6 x F4 x R y F6 y F4 y
R x 6 cos 30 4 sin 40 R y 6 sin 30 4 cos 40
R x 2.63 kN R y 6.06 kN
R R x iˆ R y ˆj
R 2.63 iˆ 6.06 ˆj kN