11/16/2018 Fortran Basic Input Output

Fortran - Basic Input Output

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We have so far seen that we can read data from keyboard using the read * statement,
and display output to the screen using the print* statement, respectively. This form of
input-output is free format I/O, and it is called list-directed input-output.

The free format simple I/O has the form −

read(*,*) item1, item2, item3...

print *, item1, item2, item3
write(*,*) item1, item2, item3...

However the formatted I/O gives you more flexibility over data transfer.

Formatted Input Output

Formatted input output has the syntax as follows −

read fmt, variable_list

print fmt, variable_list
write fmt, variable_list

Where,

fmt is the format specification

variable-list is a list of the variables to be read from keyboard or written on screen

Format specification defines the way in which formatted data is displayed. It consists of a
string, containing a list of edit descriptors in parentheses.

An edit descriptor specifies the exact format, for example, width, digits after decimal
point etc., in which characters and numbers are displayed.

For example
Print "(f6.3)", pi

The following table describes the descriptors −

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Descriptor Description Example

This is used for integer output. This takes the form

‘rIw.m’ where the meanings of r, w and m are given in
the table below. Integer values are right justified in
I print "(3i5)", i, j, k
their fields. If the field width is not large enough to
accommodate an integer then the field is filled with
asterisks.

This is used for real number output. This takes the

form ‘rFw.d’ where the meanings of r, w and d are
given in the table below. Real values are right justified
F print "(f12.3)",pi
in their fields. If the field width is not large enough to
accommodate the real number then the field is filled
with asterisks.

This is used for real output in exponential notation.

The ‘E’ descriptor statement takes the form ‘rEw.d’
where the meanings of r, w and d are given in the
table below. Real values are right justified in their
fields. If the field width is not large enough to
accommodate the real number then the field is filled print "
E with asterisks. (e10.3)",123456.0
gives ‘0.123e+06’
Please note that, to print out a real number with three
decimal places a field width of at least ten is needed.
One for the sign of the mantissa, two for the zero, four
for the mantissa and two for the exponent itself. In
general, w ≥ d + 7.

ES This is used for real output (scientific notation). This print "
(es10.3)",123456.0
takes the form ‘rESw.d’ where the meanings of r, w
gives ‘1.235e+05’
and d are given in the table below. The ‘E’ descriptor
described above differs slightly from the traditional
well known ‘scientific notation’. Scientific notation has
the mantissa in the range 1.0 to 10.0 unlike the E
descriptor which has the mantissa in the range 0.1 to
1.0. Real values are right justified in their fields. If the
field width is not large enough to accommodate the
real number then the field is filled with asterisks. Here

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also, the width field must satisfy the expressionw ≥ d

+7

This is used for character output. This takes the form

‘rAw’ where the meanings of r and w are given in the
table below. Character types are right justified in their
A print "(a10)", str
fields. If the field width is not large enough to
accommodate the character string then the field is
filled with the first ‘w’ characters of the string.

This is used for space output. This takes the form ‘nX’ print "(5x, a10)",
X
where ‘n’ is the number of desired spaces. str

Slash descriptor – used to insert blank lines. This takes

the form ‘/’ and forces the next data output to be on a print "(/,5x, a10)",
/
str
new line.

Following symbols are used with the format descriptors −

Sr.No Symbol & Description

c
1
Column number

d
2
Number of digits to right of the decimal place for real input or output

m
3
Minimum number of digits to be displayed

n
4
Number of spaces to skip

r
5
Repeat count – the number of times to use a descriptor or group of descriptors

6 w

Field width – the number of characters to use for the input or output
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Example 1
 Live Demo
program printPi

pi = 3.141592653589793238

Print "(f6.3)", pi
Print "(f10.7)", pi
Print "(f20.15)", pi
Print "(e16.4)", pi/100

end program printPi

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

3.142
3.1415927
3.141592741012573
0.3142E-01

Example 2

program printName

implicit none

character (len = 15) :: first_name

print *,' Enter your first name.'
print *,' Up to 20 characters, please'

read *,first_name
print "(1x,a)",first_name

end program printName

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result: (assume
the user enters the name Zara)

Enter your first name.

Up to 20 characters, please
Zara

Example 3
 Live Demo
program formattedPrint
implicit none

real :: c = 1.2786456e-9, d = 0.1234567e3

integer :: n = 300789, k = 45, i = 2
character (len=15) :: str="Tutorials Point"

print "(i6)", k

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print "(i6.3)", k
print "(3i10)", n, k, i
print "(i10,i3,i5)", n, k, i
print "(a15)",str
print "(f12.3)", d
print "(e12.4)", c
print '(/,3x,"n = ",i6, 3x, "d = ",f7.4)', n, d

end program formattedPrint

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

45
045
300789 45 2
300789 45 2
Tutorials Point
123.457
0.1279E-08

n = 300789 d = *******

The Format Statement

The format statement allows you to mix and match character, integer and real output in
one statement. The following example demonstrates this −
 Live Demo
program productDetails
implicit none

character (len = 15) :: name

integer :: id
real :: weight
name = 'Ardupilot'
id = 1
weight = 0.08

print *,' The product details are'

print 100
100 format (7x,'Name:', 7x, 'Id:', 1x, 'Weight:')

print 200, name, id, weight

200 format(1x, a, 2x, i3, 2x, f5.2)

end program productDetails

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

The product details are

Name: Id: Weight:
Ardupilot 1 0.08

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