P

pacemaker, artificial: A small electronic device generally placed in the chest to correct an
irregular heartbeat. It generates small electrical pulses that prompt the heart to beat at a normal
pace.

pacemaker, natural: A specialized cluster of cells called the sinoatrial node in the top of the
right atrium. The pacemaker produces a steady flow of beat now signals that flash across the
atria and then pass through the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

PAD: Abbreviation for peripheral artery disease, a condition caused by atherosclerosis in the
arteries in the legs or leading to them.

painkillers: Drugs that relieve pain.

palate: The tissues that make up the roof of the mouth.

palliative care: Treatment that relieves the symptoms of a serious illness, but does not cure the
disease itself.

palpate: To examine a part of the body by touching it carefully.

palpitation: Sensation that the heart is beating rapidly or irregularly.

palsy: Paralysis in part of the body, often with loss of sensation and uncontrolled body
movements.

pancreas: A gland in the abdomen that produces digestive enzymes and hormones.

pandemic: A disease outbreak affecting large populations or a whole region, country, or

continent.

pannus: An abnormal layer of tissue that forms over joints or the cornea of the eye.

papillary muscles: Threads of muscle that pull the heart valves between the upper and lower
chambers of the heart closed during heart contractions.

paraplegia: Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body.

parasomnias: Sleep disorders, such as night terrors or sleep walking, that periodically interfere
with sleep.

parasympathetic nervous system: Part of the nervous system that calms body systems excited
by the stress hormones.
parathyroid glands: Glands responsible for releasing a hormone that controls calcium levels
and influences bone loss and growth.

parathyroid hormone: A hormone that controls levels of calcium and phosphorous in the blood
and influences bone loss and growth.

parietal lobe: Part of the brain. It plays a role in sensory processes, like pain and touch, and
language.

Parkinson's disease: A brain disorder that causes movement problems, including shaking,
difficulty walking, and rigidity in muscles.

paroxysm: A sudden, violent attack or convulsion; or the worsening of symptoms or recurrence

of disease.

paroxysmal hemicrania: A rare form of headache. Sufferers experience a severe throbbing,

drilling pain on one side of the face or behind the eye.

passive immunity: Immunity that is conferred by another, such as a mother's antibodies

protecting her baby during gestation and shortly after birth.

patch test: A test used to diagnose whether a rash was caused by a reaction to certain allergens,
such as poison ivy or a cosmetic ingredient, or an irritant such as soap.

patella: The thick bone that protects the knee joint; also known as the kneecap.

pathogen: A tiny organism such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite that can invade the body and
produce disease.

pathology: The underlying abnormalities that contribute to or are characteristic of a disease.

patient-controlled analgesia: A method that allows a person to control, within limits, the
amount and timing of pain medication he or she receives. It is usually done by pressing a button
to release the medication from a computerized pump into an IV.

pattern-recognition receptors: Proteins that recognize classes of pathogens and stimulate the
innate immune system to signal the adaptive immune system.

PCOS: Abbreviation for polycystic ovary syndrome, an inherited disorder characterized by the
formation of abnormal cysts in enlarged ovaries; a leading cause of female infertility and a
common cause of excess facial or body hair (hirsutism).

PDE5 inhibitors: Abbreviation for phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, drugs that can help a
man achieve and maintain an erection.

peak bone mass: The greatest amount of bone tissue that a person has during his or her life.
peak flow: A measure of how fast a person can blow air out of the lungs.

peak flow meter: A device to assess lung function, often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.

Pediculus humanus capitis: A blood-sucking parasite commonly known as the louse (plural,
lice) that can cause an itchy scalp; infestations are highly contagious and especially common in
school-age children.

pellagra: A rare disease brought on by severe niacin deficiency that causes diarrhea, dermatitis,
and dementia.

pelvic floor: The sling of muscles that support the intestines and bladder, as well as the uterus in
women. Weak or damaged pelvic floor muscles can cause incontinence or diminished sexual
pleasure, among other problems.

penile prosthesis: An inflatable or bendable device that is implanted in the penis to allow a man
with erectile dysfunction to have erections when he wishes.

pepsin: Enzymes secreted by the stomach to break down protein.

peptic ulcer: A raw, crater-like sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum that causes
burning stomach pain.

percutaneous diskectomy: Surgical removal of part of a spinal disk that is bulging out
abnormally and pressing on a nerve root or the spinal column.

percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: A pain relief therapy that uses needles to deliver
low-voltage electrical current under the skin to stop pain signals from reaching the brain.

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: A procedure used to open blocked coronary

arteries. A small, thin tube with a tiny balloon at its tip is inserted into a narrowed coronary
artery. The balloon is then inflated to widen the narrowed area. A stent may be put in place to
hold the artery open. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is also known as balloon
angioplasty.

perforation: A hole, such as an ulcer, in an organ or tissue.

performance anxiety: Concern about sexual performance that is so severe that it leads to sexual
dysfunction.

perfusion: Passage of a fluid through a specific organ or an area of the body.

perfusion defect: A test result that indicates abnormal blood flow or areas of damaged or dead
heart muscle.

pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium, the heart's sac-like covering.

pericardium: The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the major blood vessels.

perimenopause: The transition time in a woman's life that begins when ovaries produce less
estrogen and menstruation becomes less frequent, and ends when the ovaries no longer produce
eggs and menstruation stops.

perineum: The area of skin between the vagina and anus in women, and between the scrotum
and anus in men.

periodic limb movement disorder: A sleep disorder in which the legs jerk or cramp repeatedly
during the sleep.

periodization: An exercise strategy that varies reps, sets, and resistance to alternate heavier and
lighter workouts over a period of time.

periodontal disease: Diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, that attack the gum tissue
and the structures supporting the teeth. Also called gum disease.

periodontitis: An advanced stage of gum disease that attacks the teeth's supporting structures.

peripheral artery disease: A condition caused by atherosclerosis in the arteries in the legs or
leading to them.

peripheral nervous system: The parts of the nervous system outside of the brain, brain stem,
and spinal cord.

peripheral neuropathy: Damage to the long nerves radiating from the spine to the arms and
legs.

peripheral vascular disease: Narrowing of blood vessels that supply blood to the legs, arms,
stomach, or kidneys.

peripheral vision: Side vision, or what the eye perceives outside the direct line of vision.

peristalsis: Wavelike movement of intestinal muscles that propels food through the digestive
tract.

peritoneal dialysis: Treatment for kidney failure that uses a machine to remove toxins from the
bloodstream.

peritonitis: Inflammation of the membrane that line the abdominal cavity and surrounds most
abdominal organs.

pernicious anemia: A form of anemia in which red blood cells enlarge and decrease in size due
to an inability to properly absorb vitamin B12.
personal emergency response system: A device worn around the neck or wrist that allows a
person to call for help by pressing a button.

pessary: A device placed in the vagina to support or correct the position of the uterus, rectum, or
bladder.

pessimism: A characteristic frame of mind that leads a person to expect negative outcomes and
to view the world as a negative or fearful place.

petechiae: Pinpoint-sized red or purple spots that appear in clusters on the skin, caused by
bleeding under the skin.

PET scan: Abbreviation for positron emission tomography, a medical imaging test that uses a
radioactive substance to assess organ and tissue function in the body and to look for disease.

Peyronie's disease: Scarring of some of the tissue inside the penis, causing the penis to bend at
an angle during an erection.

pH monitoring: A test to determine whether stomach acid is backing up into the esophagus. For
this test, a sensing probe is inserted through the nose and positioned above the lower esophageal
sphincter.

phacoemulsification: A method of cataract removal. It uses ultrasound waves to break up the

clouded lens of the eye so it can be suctioned out with a needle.

phagocytes: Cells that can ingest other cells, bacteria, and foreign particles.

phase shift disorder: Sleep problem that results when a person's internal clock becomes out of
sync with external time. This can be a problem for people who work the night shift.

phase-2 enzyme: A helpful enzyme that seems to clear toxins and help prevent cancer-causing
substances from binding to DNA.

phenothiazines: Powerful tranquilizing drugs used to treat schizophrenia and, sometimes, severe
nausea.

phenylpropanolamine: A decongestant drug used to treat nasal congestion and sometimes mild
incontinence.

pheochromocytoma: A rare adrenal gland tumor that secretes hormones that narrow blood
vessels and increase blood pressure.

phlegm: Thick, sticky mucus secreted by mucous membranes, such as the sinuses.

phonophobia: Sensitivity to noise, often experienced during a migraine attack.

phosphodiesterase type 5: An enzyme that breaks down substances that help the penis become
erect and maintain an erection.

photocoagulation: Use of a laser to seal off blood vessels.

photodynamic therapy: A medical treatment that uses a light source to activate a

photosensitizing drug (one that becomes activated by light exposure). Often used in oncology,
dermatology, and cosmetic surgery.

photophobia: Sensitivity to light, often experienced during a migraine attack.

photopsia: A sensation of sparks or flashes of light across the visual field.

photorefractive keratectomy: Laser surgery used to reshape the cornea in order to correct
vision problems.

photorejuvenation: A cosmetic procedure that uses intense pulsed light to remove wrinkles and
improve skin tone and texture.

physiatrist: A physician who specializes in physical medicine, pain, and rehabilitation. These
doctors diagnose and treat sports injuries and degenerative conditions like arthritis or low back
pain, and oversee rehab for patients with severe impairments resulting from trauma, stroke, and
other conditions.

physical activity: Any voluntary body movements that burn calories, including walking up
stairs, vacuuming a floor, going for a brisk stroll, or engaging in a structured program of
exercise.

physical dependence: The process through which the body becomes accustomed to a
psychoactive drug or rewarding behavior and misses it if it's taken away. People with physical
dependence who stop or cut down on their substance or activity of choice might develop
uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.

physical fitness: A state of being physically sound and healthy; having the ability to perform
physical activity well.

phytochemicals: Substances made by plants that have biological effects in the human body.
Examples include isoflavones, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

phytoestrogen: A plant component that mimics the effects of estrogen hormones in the body.

Pick's disease: A brain disorder that causes dementia, neurotic behavior, and gradual changes in
personality and emotional control.

pineal gland: A gland located in the middle of the brain, between the brain's two hemispheres,
that produces melatonin in response to declining light.
Pittsburgh Compound B: A substance that binds to amyloid proteins in the brain (markers for
Alzheimer's disease), making them visible under positron emission tomography (PET) scanning.

pituitary gland: The so-called master gland, located at the base of the brain. It controls and
regulates the thyroid and other glands throughout the endocrine system.

placebo: A false or inactive medication or treatment that may still offer relief despite being
ineffective. In clinical trials, the effectiveness of a new drug is often tested against a placebo.

placebo effect: A change or improvement in symptoms that is due to a dummy medication or

treatment (placebo) rather than a real drug or treatment.

plantar fascia: Connective tissue in the foot which joins the heel bone to the ball of the foot.

plantar fasciitis: An inflammation of the plantar fascia; the leading cause of heel pain.

plantar wart: A wart on the sole of the foot, caused by a virus.

plaque: 1) A layer of bacteria that forms on the surface of a tooth and can cause dental disease.
2) A fatty deposit in or on the walls of an artery, as part of atherosclerosis.

plasma: The fluid in which blood cells are suspended.

plasma cells: White blood cells that produce large quantities of antibodies as part of an immune
system response.

plasmin: An enzyme that breaks down the protein involved in clotting blood (fibrin), dissolving
the clot.

platelet: A colorless, disk-shaped cell in the blood that is necessary for clotting.

podiatrist: A physician who specializes in the medical, surgical, and orthopedic management of
foot and ankle disorders.

poliosis: A localized patch of gray or white hair on the scalp, eyebrows, or eyelashes.

polycystic ovary syndrome: An inherited disorder characterized by the formation of abnormal

cysts in enlarged ovaries; a leading cause of female infertility and a common cause of hirsutism.

polydipsia: Excessive thirst.

polymyositis: A rare disease in which the muscles become inflamed and weak.

polyp: An abnormal, noncancerous growth that protrudes from mucous membranes, like those
found in the sinuses and colon lining.
polysomnography: A sleep study that examines brain waves and other measures of
physiological functioning.

polyunsaturated fat: A type of fat that is abundant in soybean, corn, cottonseed, safflower, and
sunflower oils, as well as in fatty fish. One type, omega-3 fats, are especially important for
cardiovascular health.

polyuria: Excessive urination.

positive psychology: A branch of psychology that studies mental health rather than illness,
focusing on how life can be more happy and fulfilling.

positron emission tomography: A medical imaging test that uses a radioactive substance to
assess organ and tissue function in the body and to look for disease. Commonly called a PET
scan.

posterior chamber: The part of the eye behind the iris and in front of the lens that is filled with
aqueous humor.

posterior heel bursitis: An inflammation of the bursa sac surrounding the joint in the heel of the
foot, causing swelling and pain.

posterior keyhole foraminotomy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure that is sometimes

an option for repairing a herniated disk.

posterior myocardial infarction: Heart attack involving the rear wall of the heart muscle.

postherpetic neuralgia: Nerve pain caused by the herpes zoster virus, also known as shingles.

postmenopausal osteoporosis: Bone loss caused by lower estrogen levels associated with
menopause. Sometimes called type I osteoporosis.

postmenopause: The period in a woman's life lasting from the end of perimenopause until the
end of life.

postpartum: Pertaining to the period after giving birth.

post-traumatic headache: A persistent headache resulting from a head or neck injury,

sometimes lasting for a year or more.

post-traumatic stress disorder: A prolonged reaction to a traumatic event. Post-traumatic stress

disorder can cause crippling anxiety and leading to other problems, such as sleep disturbances,
depression, and substance abuse. Often referred to as PTSD.

post-void residual: The amount of urine left in the bladder after urinating.
power: Force times speed of movement. It reflects how quickly a given force is exerted.

power training: An emerging field of physical medicine aimed at boosting the ability to exert
strength quickly, especially in relation to practical, day-to-day tasks.

prazosin: A member of a class of drugs called alpha blockers. Prazosin eases the symptoms of
benign prostatic hyperplasia by relaxing smooth muscle tissue in the capsule that surrounds the
prostate.

precursor: A substance that the body can convert into the active form of a vitamin. One
example is beta carotene, which the body can convert into vitamin A as needed.

prediabetes: A fasting blood sugar level above a healthy level, but still below the level used to
diagnose diabetes. An individual with prediabetes is at increased risk for developing diabetes.

preeclampsia: High blood pressure during pregnancy accompanied by such signs as protein in
the urine and swelling of the hands and feet; can progress to eclampsia, characterized by
seizures.

prehypertension: Blood pressure that is above normal but not high enough to qualify as
hypertension. An individual with prehypertension is at increased risk for developing
hypertension.

preload reduction: A method of reducing cardiac workload by decreasing the pressure of blood
entering the heart.

premature atrial contraction: An early beat in an atria that feels like the heart skipped a beat.

premature ejaculation: Ejaculation that occurs before or immediately after penetration; this can
interfere with a couple having a mutually satisfying sexual experience.

premature ventricular contraction: An early beat in a ventricle that feels like the heart skipped
a beat.

presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss caused by the death of hair cells in the inner ear.

presbyopia: Age-related difficulty focusing the eyes at close range, as the flexible lens of the
eye becomes less elastic.

priapism: An erection that lasts longer than three hours. Emergency medical treatment is
required to prevent permanent damage to the penis.

prick test: A commonly used skin test to confirm hypersensitivity to a broad range of allergens.

primary angioplasty: Use of angioplasty as the first treatment to open a blocked artery that is
causing a heart attack, rather than using clot-busting (thrombolytic) drugs.
primary hypertension: High blood pressure with no known cause. Also known as essential
hypertension.

primary osteoporosis: Bone loss that results from a normal physiological process, such as
menopause or aging.

prion: The smallest known infectious agent; unlike a virus or bacterium it is made entirely of
protein and contains no nucleic acid or chromosomes.

probate: A public, legal process supervised by the courts after a person dies that helps ensure
debts are paid and assets are properly owned and correctly distributed.

probiotic: Live microorganisms used to benefit health, such as the L. acidophilus bacteria found
in yogurt.

procedural memory: The long-term memory of skills and procedures, or how-to knowledge.
Also called implicit memory.

processes: Bony projections that extend in several directions from each vertebra bone in the
spine.

prodrome: A group of early symptoms preceding a given disease or condition. For example, a
migraine prodrome (fatigue, hunger, nervousness) may occur hours or days before the headache
strikes.

progesterone: A female steroid hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the uterine lining
for pregnancy.

progestin: A synthetic compound that produces effects similar to those of the hormone
progesterone.

progestogen: Any hormone having the same effect as progesterone in the body; refers to both
natural progesterone and synthetic progestin.

prognosis: A prediction on how a person's disease will progress in the future.

progressive muscle relaxation: A mind/body technique for inducing the relaxation response
that involves isolating, tensing, and relaxing specific sets of muscles in sequence.

prolapse: A condition in which an organ or other body part drops from its normal position.

prolapsed disk: When part of a spinal disk bulges out of a tear or weak spot in the disk's tough
outer shell. Also known as herniated disk.
proliferative retinopathy: An advanced stage of diabetic eye disease characterized by the
development of new blood vessels that grow into the vitreous cavity; they are fragile and may
bleed and cause loss of vision.

prophylaxis: Steps taken to prevent a particular disease or condition, such as taking

nitroglycerin to prevent angina.

proprioception: The ability to sense the position of one's body in space, in relation to other
objects.

proptosis: Forward bulging or displacement of an organ, especially of an eye. See

exophthalmos.

prospective study: A type of research method that collects data on a group of people at the start
of the study and then follows them into the future, gathering data over time.

prostaglandins: A group of chemicals that have hormone-like actions; prostaglandins help

regulate blood pressure and contraction of smooth-muscle cells (for example, those in the lining
of the blood vessels).

prostate cancer: Cancer of the prostate gland.

prostate gland: A walnut-shaped gland at the base of the male bladder. It produces a fluid that
forms part of semen.

prostate-specific antigen: A protein produced by the prostate. Elevated levels may indicate the
presence of cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or prostatitis. Often referred to as PSA.

prostatic carcinoma: Another name for prostate cancer.

prostatic urethral stent: A small, springlike cylinder, designed to relieve pressure from an
enlarged prostate and improve urine flow by widening a narrowed urethra.

prostatism: A blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents the flow of urine into
the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body (also known as bladder outlet obstruction).
Typical symptoms include feeling the need to urinate right away yet having to strain to do so,
having a weak urinary stream, dribbling after urinating, feeling as though the bladder has not
been emptied completely, needing to urinate frequently, or experiencing urinary incontinence.

prostatitis: An inflammation of the prostate gland, sometimes caused by a bacterial infection,

which may result in painful or difficult urination.

prosthesis: An artificial device such as a hearing aid, artificial joint, or dentures that substitutes
for a missing body part.
protease inhibitor: A class of drugs that help fight retrovirus infections; commonly prescribed
to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

protein: One of the three major nutrients (along with carbohydrates and fats). It is used by the
body for building and repairing tissues. Protein is derived primarily from animal sources but can
be obtained from nuts and seed, some grains, and other plant sources.

protocol: A plan that lays out the procedures that will be followed in conducting a physical
examination, a research study, or the treatment of a disease.

pruritus: Itching.

PSA: Abbreviation for prostate-specific antigen, a protein produced by the prostate. Elevated
levels may indicate the presence of cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or prostatitis.

PSA velocity: The rate at which a man's PSA level increases over time.

pseudoephedrine: A decongestant drug that may also relieve mild incontinence.

pseudogout: Arthritis caused by crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate in the joints. Also
known as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate disease.

psoriasis: A common skin disease characterized by thickened patches of inflamed red skin;
sometimes accompanied by painful joint swelling and stiffness.

psychodynamic therapy: A form of therapy that focuses on how life events, desires, and close
relationships lead to conflict, symptoms such as anxiety or depression, and difficulty in
managing life's tasks.

psychogenic: Symptoms and illnesses that have a psychological cause, rather than a physical
one.

psychogenic erectile dysfunction: Difficulty in getting or maintaining erections because of a

psychological cause, such as stress or depression.

psychosomatic: Symptoms and illnesses that involve both the mind and the body, in which
psychological stress may result in physical illness.

PTCA: Abbreviation for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, a procedure used to

open blocked coronary arteries.

ptosis: A drooping of the eyelid attributed to weakened muscles.

PTSD: Abbreviation for post-traumatic stress disorder, a prolonged reaction to a traumatic event.
PTSD can cause crippling anxiety and leading to other problems, such as sleep disturbances,
depression, and substance abuse.
puborectalis muscle: A pelvic floor muscle that forms a sling around the rectum and helps
maintain fecal continence.

pudendal arteries: Arteries supplying blood to the genital area.

pudendal nerve: The nerve that carries sensation from the genital area to the central nervous
system.

pulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs.

pulmonary edema: A condition caused by excess fluid accumulating in the lungs, making
breathing difficult.

pulmonary embolism: Blockage of one or more arteries in the lungs by a blood clot that formed
elsewhere, often in the legs. Typically accompanied by sudden shortness of breath, chest pain,
and cough.

pulmonary veins: The veins that carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

pulp: Tissue containing nerves and blood vessels that fills the chamber at the center of the tooth.

pulse pressure: The difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure
(systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure = pulse pressure). Pulse pressure may help predict
heart disease risk.

pump failure: When the heart muscle becomes so weak that it can no longer pump enough
blood to the rest of the body.

pupil: The dark, circular opening in the middle of the iris of the eye.

purulent: Formed of or containing pus.

pus: A thick, yellow or green liquid that is composed of dead cells and bacteria, most often
found at the site of a bacterial infection.

pyloric sphincter: A muscular valve at the lower end of the stomach that opens to the
duodenum.

pyridoxine: A form of vitamin B6.

Q
quadriplegia: Paralysis of all limbs, often caused by a severe neck injury.

quantitative computed tomography: A modification of computed tomography that provides

measurements of bone mass as well as an image.
quarantine: A period of time in which a sick person is kept away from others to prevent the
spread of disease.

quick relievers: Medications that quickly open the bronchial tubes by relaxing the muscles
surrounding these airways.

quiet sleep: Any sleep other than REM sleep, in which thinking and most physiological
activities slow, but movement still occurs. Also called non-REM sleep.

R
radial tunnel syndrome: A condition in which the radial nerve is compressed at the elbow,
causing pain, numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness in the hand and arm.

radiation: Energy in the form of particles or waves, such as x-rays and gamma rays. Radiation is
often used to help make a diagnosis, as in x-rays, or as a treatment for cancer.

radiation therapy: Treatment with high-energy rays (from x-rays or other sources) designed to
control disease and destroy cancer cells.

radical prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire prostate.

radiculopathy: Pain caused by irritation of a nerve as it exits the spinal cord.

radioactive iodine: A radioactive form of iodine that can be used as a tracer during a radioactive
iodine uptake test or a radioactive thyroid scan. Much larger amounts are used in the treatment of
hyperthyroidism.

radioallergosorbent test: A blood test used for identifying allergens.

radiofrequency: A non-surgical technique using an electromagnetic current to penetrate deep

into the body's tissues, which can be used to treat pain, cancer, and heart rhythm disorders,
among other conditions.

radiograph: Another name for an x-ray.

radionuclide imaging or scan: Another name for nuclear tests: tests that use tiny amounts of
short-lived radioactive substances that can target particular organs or cell receptors to diagnose
disease.

radionuclides: Short-lived radioactive chemicals that are used in nuclear imaging tests.

rales: Abnormal lung sounds that might be a sign of fluid buildup congestion in the lungs.
randomized: A feature of many clinical trials in which participants are randomly assigned to
either a group to be tested or a control group.

randomized controlled trial: A study in which researchers choose a study population at

random; one group receives the intervention (such as a nutritional supplement) and another
group receives a placebo. Often referred to as an RCT.

range of motion: The extent of movement—and thus flexibility—in a joint, measured in the
degrees of a circle.

rapid eye movement sleep: A period of intense brain activity during sleep, often associated with
dreams; named for the rapid eye movements that occur during this time. Also called dreaming
sleep.

RAST: Abbreviation for radioallergosorbent test, a blood test used for identifying allergens.

Raynaud's syndrome: A condition in which the blood vessels in the fingers and other
extremities narrow in response to cold or stress, causing them to turn white or blue.

RCT: Abbreviation for randomized controlled trial, a study in which researchers choose a study
population at random; one group receives the intervention (such as a nutritional supplement) and
another group receives a placebo.

RDA: Abbreviation for recommended dietary allowance, the average daily amount of a nutrient
that will meet the nutritional needs of almost all (97%–98%) healthy people at specific stages of
their lives.

reactive arthritis: Joint problems triggered by bacterial or viral infection elsewhere in the body.

rebound insomnia: Insomnia caused by withdrawal from sleep medication; usually it is at least
as serious as before the medication was used.

receptors: Structures on the outside of a cell membrane that permit attachment of specific
chemicals.

recessive: A gene that will not be expressed in the offspring unless it is inherited from both the
mother and father. A recessive gene from one parent that is paired with a dominant gene from the
other parent will be overridden by the dominant gene.

recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: A thrombolytic (clot-dissolving) drug made using

recombinant DNA technology; used to dissolve blood clots causing an ischemic stroke,
pulmonary embolism, or myocardial infarction.

recommended dietary allowance: The average daily amount of a nutrient that will meet the
nutritional needs of almost all (97%–98%) healthy people at specific stages of their lives.
recovery: A process of overcoming addiction to alcohol, other psychoactive substance, or
addictive behavior. Often this involves a commitment to abstinence, but sometimes it involves
reduced use rather than complete abstinence.

rectocele: A weakening of the vaginal wall that allows the rectum to bulge into the vagina.

rectum: The last 12 centimeters of the colon, through which waste is eliminated from the body.

refraction: The deflection of light as it passes through one medium to another of different
density; also refers an eye test to evaluate the eye's ability to focus.

regurgitation: Leakage of blood back into a heart chamber that occurs when a heart valve
doesn't close properly

rehabilitative driving specialist: A professional trained to evaluate driving skills and, when
appropriate, suggest equipment and adaptations to make driving safer for people with certain
physical or mental limitations.

rejection: A reaction that occurs when a person's immune system recognizes a transplanted
organ as a threatening substance and tries to rid the body of it.

relapse: The return of symptoms and disease after a person seems to have recovered.

relaxation response: The physical effects of meditation and certain other techniques that are
opposite to those of the stress response. Effects include marked drops in oxygen consumption,
carbon dioxide expiration, heartbeat, and respiration, as well as stabilization or lowering of blood
pressure.

REM: Abbreviation for rapid eye movement, which occurs during a period of sleep
characterized by intense brain activity, often associated with dreams.

REM behavior disorder: A sleep disorder marked by movement during REM sleep, when
muscles are normally paralyzed.

REM rebound: An increase in REM sleep, often with nightmares, that occurs after deprivation
of REM sleep or the withdrawal of REM-suppressing medications.

remission: A lessening in the severity of a disease and its symptoms. In cancer, a reduction in
the size of a tumor and its symptoms.

remodeling: Altering a body part. Bone is constantly being remodeled in response to exercise or
inactivity. Heart tissue is remodeled in response to a heart attack or high blood pressure.

renal: Pertaining to the kidneys.

renal artery stenosis: Narrowing of an artery that supplies blood to the kidney.
renin: An enzyme released by the kidney that stimulates production of angiotensin and
aldosterone, two substances in the body that affect blood pressure.

reperfusion: Re-establishing blood flow, such as when a blockage in a coronary artery that is
causing a heart attack is cleared.

reperfusion therapy: Techniques used to restart circulation to part of the heart or brain that has
been cut off from blood flow during a heart attack or stroke. Reperfusion may entail clot-
dissolving drugs, balloon angioplasty, or surgery.

repetitions: Number of times an exercise calls for a muscle to be worked and released (usually
eight to 12). Often referred to as reps.

resection: The surgical removal of a lesion or part or all of an organ or other body structure.

resectoscope: An instrument that permits a surgeon to view the inside of a body cavity in order
to remove a part of an organ or structure.

reservoir: The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies.
Reservoirs include human, animal, and environmental reservoirs.

resilience: The ability to adapt to change and recover quickly from setbacks such as illness,
injury, or misfortune.

resistance: The ability of a pathogen to withstand drugs previously effective against them.
Usually the result of genetic mutation.

resistant hypertension: High blood pressure that does not respond to drug therapy and lifestyle
changes.

resorption: The removal of bone tissue, both mineral and protein, by osteoclasts.

respiration: The process by which gases enter the body, including external respiration
(breathing), and internal respiration, in which oxygen taken in by the lungs is carried by the
blood to tissues and carbon dioxide is removed.

restenosis: Renarrowing of a blood vessel that has been widened with angioplasty.

resting energy expenditure: The rate at which the body burns calories while at rest. Resting
energy expenditure accounts for 60%–75% of the daily calories burned.

restless legs syndrome: Achy or unpleasant feelings in the legs associated with a need to move.
Most prominent at night, making it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep.

resuscitation: The process of reviving a person who is not breathing or whose heart is not
beating using techniques such as artificial respiration and heart massage.
retina: The innermost layer of the eye, which converts light energy to electrical energy and
sends visual images to the brain via the optic nerve.

retinal detachment: A condition in which the retina separates from the choroid (the back of the
eye) and leads to a loss of vision.

retinoid: A synthetic, vitamin A-like compound.

retrieval: The act of recalling previously learned information, involving the reactivation of
particular nerve-cell pathways in the brain related to that piece of information.

retrograde ejaculation: An adverse effect of both prostate surgery and some medications that
causes semen to flow back into the bladder rather than out through the penis.

retrospective study: A research method that looks for possible causes for a current disease by
examining a study population's past habits.

revascularization: Restoration of blood flow to areas of heart muscle affected by coronary

artery disease by means of coronary artery bypass surgery or angioplasty.

reward insufficiency theory: The theory that some people turn to addiction to compensate for
an inability to sufficiently experience pleasure.

reward pathway: An interrelated set of brain regions that are all involved in recognizing,
experiencing, and remembering pleasurable or rewarding events.

rheumatic disease: Any one of over 100 disorders that cause inflammation in connective
tissues.

rheumatism: Pain and stiffness of soft tissues in and around joints.

rheumatoid arthritis: An inflammatory autoimmune disease that typically attacks the

connective tissue of the joints, causing them to become painful, inflamed, and sometimes
deformed.

rheumatoid factor: An antibody found in about 85% of people with rheumatoid arthritis; also
appears in other diseases and sometimes in healthy people.

rheumatologist: A medical doctor trained to diagnose and treat disorders involving

inflammation of the joints and other parts of the musculoskeletal system.

rheumatology: The branch of medicine devoted to the study and treatment of diseases marked
by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic problems of the connective tissues (particularly the
joints and related structures).
rhinoplasty: Reshaping the cartilage and bone of the nose to achieve the desired profile.
Commonly known as a nose job.

rhytidectomy: A surgical procedure that involves removing excess skin and tightening the
underlying muscle to correct sagging around the jaws, jowls, and neck. Does not include work on
the eyes or forehead. Commonly known as a face lift.

right atrium: The right upper chamber of the heart; it receives partially deoxygenated blood as
it returns from the body's tissues and moves it into the right ventricle for distribution to the lungs.

right coronary artery: One of the principal coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart;
this vessel supplies the right and lower part of the heart.

right ventricle: The right lower chamber of the heart; it receives blood from the right atrium for
distribution to the lungs.

ringworm: An itchy condition of the scalp caused by a fungal infection. Also known as tinea
capitis.

Rinne test: A simple hearing test that uses a tuning fork to determine what type of hearing loss a
person has.

risk factor: Any factor that can cause a person to be more likely to develop a disease. For
example, smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.

risky drinking: Drinking that increases the chances of adverse consequences; drinking more
than guidelines on moderate drinking suggest.

RLS: Abbreviation for restless legs syndrome, an achy or unpleasant feelings in the legs
associated with a need to move. Most prominent at night, making it hard to fall asleep or stay
asleep.

rods: Light-sensitive cells in the retina that respond best in darkness and dim light.

root: The portion of the tooth below the gum line.

root canal: A channel in the root of the tooth that contains the pulp.

root canal therapy: A procedure in which diseased pulp tissue is removed from the pulp
chamber and root canal and the area is sealed off.

rosacea: A skin condition that enlarges blood vessels in the face, causing redness of the nose and
other parts of the face.

rotator cuff: A group of tendons and muscles used to raise the arm from the side and rotating
the shoulder.
roughage: Indigestible dietary fiber found in grains, fruits, vegetables, and other foods.
Roughage is thought to help prevent conditions such as constipation.

rupture: A tear or break in an organ or tissue. Tissue that protrudes through the rupture is
known as a hernia.

ruptured disk: When part of a spinal disk bulges out of a tear or weak spot in the disk's tough
outer shell. Also known as prolapsed disk or herniated disk.

S
sacroiliitis: Inflammation of the sacroiliac joints, which connect the lower spine to the pelvis.

sacrum: The larger triangular bone at the base of the spine.

SAD: Abbreviation for seasonal affective disorder, sadness and depression brought on by a lack
of exposure to sunlight. SAD usually appears in the fall or winter and subsides in the spring.

saline: A watery solution that contains a small amount of salt and is often used to administer
drugs or as a substitute for plasma.

salivary gland: One of three pairs of glands that pour lubricating fluids and digestive enzymes
into the mouth.

saphenous vein: A superficial blood vessel that extends from the thigh to the calf; it can be
removed and used as a coronary bypass graft.

sarcolemma: A membrane that covers the muscle fiber and ties the end of it to a tendon.

sarcoma: A cancer that arises in the soft tissues of the body that connect, support, and separate
other tissues or organs. Sarcomas can occur almost anywhere in the body.

satisficer: A person who can make a choice and be satisfied with it when presented with an
option that meets his or her standards, without needing to examine all options or find the
absolute best.

saturated fat: A type of fat found in animal foods such as meat, poultry skin, butter, and whole-
milk dairy products, as well in as palm and coconut oils. A diet high in saturated fat tends to
raise blood levels of unhealthy low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.

sausage digit: A toe or finger swollen and red along its entire length.

scapulothoracic joint: A shoulder joint that connects the scapula to the ribs at the back of the
chest.
Schlemm's canal: A circular drainage system in the eye located where the clear cornea, white
sclera, and colored iris meet to form an angle.

sciatica: Pain along the course of the sciatic nerve (which runs from the buttock, down the back
and side of the leg, and into the foot and toes), often because of a herniated disk.

scintigraphy: A diagnostic technique based on the detection of energy emitted by radioactive

substances injected into the body; also called radionuclide scanning.

scintillations: The perception of flashing lights or lines that sometimes occurs during the aura of
a migraine headache.

sclera: The white of the eye; a tough, protective coating of collagen and elastic tissue that, with
the cornea, makes up the outer layer of the eyeball.

scleral buckling: A surgical technique that indents the sclera and choroid to reattach the retina.

scleroderma: An autoimmune disease in which the skin thickens and hardens; sometimes other
parts of the body are affected, and joint pain may result.

scoliosis: An abnormal lateral, or sideways, curvature of the spine.

scotoma: A blank spot in the visual field that is sometimes evident during the aura of a migraine
headache.

scurvy: A disease caused by vitamin C deficiency, characterized by bruising, poor wound

healing, bleeding of the gums, and loosened teeth.

seasonal affective disorder: Sadness and depression brought on by a lack of exposure to

sunlight. Seasonal affective disorder usually appears in the fall or winter and subsides in the
spring. sometimes referred to as SAD.

sebaceous gland: A gland that opens into a terminal hair follicle; it secretes sebum, the natural
oily conditioner of hair.

seborrheic dermatitis: A mild and common condition that is characterized by an itchy, flaky
scalp and that may extend to the ears, face, and chest. Also known as dandruff.

secondary hypertension: High blood pressure that has an identifiable, often correctable, cause
such as kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, sleep apnea and other conditions.

secondary osteoporosis: Bone loss associated with an identifiable medical condition, treatment
with certain drugs, or immobility.

secretion: The release of chemical substances produced by the body; or the substance that is
produced.
sed rate: Shorthand for erythrocyte sedimentation rate—a test involving red blood cells used to
check for different infections, inflammations, and cancers.

sedative: A drug or a procedure that has a calming effect and relieves anxiety and tension.

seizure: A sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles that results in rhythmic contortions of the
body, often accompanied by a loss of consciousness. Also called a convulsion.

selective estrogen receptor modulators: Chemically synthesized drugs that mimic estrogen in
some tissues but act to block estrogen's effects in others.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin
into the neurons that released it, leaving more serotonin available to nerve cell receptors.
Commonly used to treat depression and other mood disorders.

self-help group: A group of people who meet to discuss and offer assistance to one another with
the goal of providing social support for changing troubling behavior patterns.

seminal vesicles: Structures surrounding the prostate gland involved in storing secretions made
by the gland.

senescence: Gradual loss of body functions caused by the biological aging process, which
increases risk of disease, disability, and death.

senile dementia: Diagnosis once given to people over 65 with dementia.

sensate focus techniques: A set of structured exercises that sex therapists use to help couples
focus on the sensual aspects of physical contact without pressure to achieve orgasm.

sensorineural hearing loss: Permanent hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea, hair cells,
or auditory nerve.

sepsis: The destruction or infection of tissues by disease-causing organisms, usually

accompanied by a fever.

septicemia: A condition in which disease-causing organisms have spread to the bloodstream

from an infection elsewhere in the body. Also known as blood poisoning.

septum: A wall or other structure that divides one cavity from another. For example, in the heart
the muscular septum separates the right side of the heart from the left side.

SERMs: Abbreviation for selective estrogen receptor modulators, chemically synthesized drugs
that mimic estrogen in some tissues but act to block estrogen's effects in others.

seroma: A pocket of lymphatic fluid that builds up at an incision after surgery.

serotonin: A neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and appetite, mediate moods, and inhibit
pain.

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Antidepressants that slow the reuptake of both

serotonin and norepinephrine into the neurons that released these substances, leaving more
serotonin and norepinephrine available to nerve cell receptors. Commonly used to treat
depression and other mood disorders.

sesamoiditis: A painful inflammation in and around two small bones known as sesamoids,
located beneath the base of the big toe, at the ball of the foot.

set: A specific number of repetitions of an exercise done as a group.

sexual dysfunction: A problem with any area of a person's sexual response that causes distress.

shock: A serious medical condition in which there too little blood flows to the outer portions of
the body, resulting in cold, sweaty skin; a weak pulse; irregular breathing; and dilated pupils.
Shock can be caused by a loss of blood, severe heart problems, severe infections, allergic
reactions, or drug overdoses.

short-term memory: Information the brain stores temporarily, from milliseconds to minutes.

shunt: A device inserted into the body to redirect the flow of blood or other fluid from one area
to another.

side effect: An unwanted, and sometimes dangerous, reaction caused by medication or other
treatment.

sigmoid colon: Section of the colon leading to the rectum that makes an S-shaped curve.

sigmoidoscopy: Internal examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a flexible viewing
tube inserted through the anus.

signature strengths: Character strengths such as curiosity, integrity, and modesty that people
identify with, appreciate having, and enjoy using.

sildenafil citrate: The active ingredient in Viagra. It blocks the breakdown of cyclic guanosine
monophosphate, a chemical necessary for an erection.

silent heart attack: Heart attack that occurs without pain or symptoms; occurs most commonly
in the elderly or in people with diabetes.

silent ischemia: Shortage of oxygen delivery to the heart muscle that causes no symptoms.

single-photon absorptiometry: A test using gamma rays to measure bone density, usually in the
forearm.
sinoatrial node: The natural pacemaker of the heart. Located in the right atrium, the sinoatrial
node, sometimes called the sinus node, initiates the heart's electrical activity.

sinus node: A specialized group of heart cells in the right atrium that generate the electrical
impulses that cause the heart muscle to contract. Also called the heart's natural pacemaker.

sinus rhythm: The heart's normal rate and rhythm.

skeletal muscles: Muscles attached to bones throughout the body that allow voluntary
movement to occur.

skin resurfacing: Any of several approaches to improve skin texture, tone, wrinkle appearance,
and discolorations by promoting new collagen and epidermal growth. Chemical peels,
dermabrasion, microdermabrasion, and laser procedures are skin-resurfacing techniques.

sleep apnea: Temporary pause in breathing during sleep, lasting at least 10 seconds and
associated with a fall in blood oxygen or arousal from sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is caused
by an obstruction in the airway blocking air flow; central sleep apnea occurs when the brain
temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that control breathing.

sleep architecture: The pattern made when sleep stages are charted on a hypnogram.

sleep paralysis: A feeling of paralysis that may occur during the transition between wakefulness
and sleep if the REM sleep stage begins before a person is fully asleep; classically associated
with narcolepsy.

sleep spindles: On an electroencephalogram (EEG), brief rhythmic bursts of activity that appear
during stage 2 sleep.

sling: A slender piece of material surgically inserted under the urethra or bladder neck to provide
support and improve continence.

slipped disk: See herniated disk.

slipped vertebra: Forward displacement of a vertebra in relation to the vertebra immediately

below; also called spondylolisthesis.

slit lamp: An instrument that magnifies internal structures of the eye with the aid of a thin beam
of light. Also called a biomicroscope.

slow-twitch fiber: One of two main types of skeletal muscle fibers. Slow-twitch fibers are
recruited most heavily for endurance (aerobic) exercises. See also fast-twitch fiber.

slow-wave sleep: Sleep stages 3 and 4; during slow-wave sleep the brain becomes less
responsive to external stimuli.
small intestine: A section of the digestive system that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and
ileum and plays the major role in absorbing nutrients for the body.

SMART: An acronym for an approach to setting goals for behavioral change: set a very Specific
goal; find a way to Measure progress; make sure it's Achievable; make sure it's Realistic; and set
Time commitments.

Snellen chart: The conventional eye chart used to test vision with lines of block letters in
progressively smaller sizes.

somatization: Bodily symptoms that have no clear physical cause or are out of proportion to a
given ailment, and may stem from psychological causes.

somnambulism: Sleepwalking.

somniloquy: Talking in one's sleep.

sorbitol: A crystalline sugar alcohol used as a sweetening agent.

spacer: A hollow chamber into which inhaled medicines can be squirted before inhalation.
Spacers are used with metered-dose inhalers to help deliver medicine effectively to the bronchial
tubes and to reduce the amount of medicine left behind on the tongue and throat.

spasm: An involuntary muscle contraction.

sphincter: A ring of muscle that surrounds an opening and can be contracted to close the
opening. For example, the muscles found at the anus and the opening of the bladder are
sphincters.

sphygmomanometer: A device for measuring blood pressure.

spina bifida: A congenital defect in which part of the spinal column fails to develop completely,
leaving part of the spinal cord exposed.

spinal fusion: A procedure to attach two or more vertebrae with a bone graft in order to
eliminate motion and relieve pain.

spinal stenosis: A narrowing of the spinal canal, which can result in compression of nerve roots.

spinal tap: Use of a hollow needle to withdraw fluid from the lower part of the spinal canal for
testing. Also called a lumbar puncture.

spinous process: The lever-like backward projection extending off each vertebra, to which
muscles and ligaments are attached.
spirometer: A device that measures airway obstruction, used to diagnose asthma and determine
the severity of the condition.

spirometry: A simple, painless breathing test performed in a physician's office or pulmonary

function laboratory that measures how fast air can be forced from the lungs and the total amount
of air that can be emptied from the lungs.

splenic flexure syndrome: A painful spasm in the left upper abdomen below the rib cage,
produced by areas of trapped gas in the colon.

spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of a vertebra in relation to the vertebra immediately

below.

spondylosis: A general term for degeneration of the spine that causes narrowing of the spinal
canal and the small openings (intervertebral foramina) through which spinal nerves exit the
canal.

spongy bone: Porous bone, also called trabecular bone, often found at the center of long bones.

sprain: A stretched or torn ligament.

sputum: A mixture of saliva and mucus that is coughed up from the respiratory tract. Sputum
may be examined in a laboratory for signs of disease.

squamous cell: Flat, scaly epithelial cell.

SSRIs: Abbreviation for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antidepressants that block the
reuptake of serotonin into the neurons that released it, leaving more serotonin available to nerve
cell receptors. Commonly used to treat depression and other mood disorders.

stable angina: Angina pectoris (chest pain with exertion or stress) that is well-controlled with
medicines and lifestyle changes.

stable coronary artery disease: Narrowings in the heart arteries that cause angina pectoris in a
predictable and stable pattern over time (for example, after walking a certain distance).

stages of change: A model for how people make changes in their lives. According to this model,
changes in behavior are made gradually and in relatively distinct stages.

staging: The process of determining how far cancer has progressed. Staging is often used to
determine the best course of treatment.

standardized extract: An herbal product in which what is believed to be the active ingredient
meets an established standard of strength.
statins: Cholesterol-lowering medications that interfere with the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Statins
work by changing the way the liver processes lipids.

stenosis: An abnormal narrowing of a passageway, such as a blood vessel, or other type of

opening in the body.

stent: A wire mesh device inserted into an artery to prop it open once a blockage has been
cleared by angioplasty.

sterilization: 1) A surgical procedure or other method that results in a person being unable to
reproduce. 2) The process by which materials are thoroughly cleaned of all organisms that could
cause disease or infection.

steroids: Another term for corticosteroids—steroid medications made to mimic hormones

produced naturally by the adrenal glands. They are used to treat a wide range of health problems.

stimulant: A substance that speeds up chemical reactions inside cells and provides a boost of
energy. Examples include caffeine and amphetamine.

stomach: The sac-like organ of the digestive system between the esophagus and the duodenum
which breaks down food and moves it along to the small intestine to be digested.

strain: A stretched or torn muscle or tendon, usually caused by accident, misuse, or overuse.

stratum corneum: The most superficial layer of the epidermis.

strength: The ability of muscles to exert force.

strength training: Popular term for exercises that harness resistance supplied by body weight,
free weights such as dumbbells or weighted cuffs, resistance bands, or specialized machines; also
known as resistance training or weight training.

streptokinase: A thrombolytic (clot-dissolving) agent designed to dissolve the blood clots that
block an artery during a heart attack or stroke.

stress: An innate survival response in which certain hormones are released, increasing blood
flow to the brain or heart. The stress response leads to an energy surge, enabling a person to flee
dangerous situations. Ongoing stress, however, can sap energy and damage health.

stress fracture: A hairline crack in a bone that usually occurs from overuse; left untreated, this
may lead to displacement of the bones.

stress response: Physiological changes, such as quickened breathing and heartbeat and increased
blood pressure, brought on by stress hormones released in response to a real or perceived threat
to safety. Also called the fight-or-flight response.
stress test: A diagnostic test in which cardiovascular measurements such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and electrical activity are recorded while the heart is being stressed (usually by having
the person exercise on a treadmill or bicycle).

stressors: Stressful events or circumstances that may be real or perceived threats to equilibrium
and well-being.

stria: A line, streak, or band, such as the stretch marks that occur in pregnancy.

stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a hollow passage in the body, such as the esophagus or the
urethra.

stroke: Blockage or rupture of a blood vessel supplying the brain; often leads to impaired brain
function or death.

stupor: A state of lethargy and unresponsiveness.

subacute: A disease or condition that progresses slower than an acute condition but faster than a
chronic condition.

subacute thyroiditis: A painful version of thyroid inflammation caused by viral infection.

Symptoms are flu-like and include fever, muscle aches and pains, and a painful, swollen thyroid
gland. Also known as de Quervain's thyroiditis.

subarachnoid hemorrhage: A hemorrhagic stroke that occurs when a blood vessel on the
surface of the brain bursts and bleeds into the space between the brain and the skull; usually
caused by an aneurysm or other blood vessel malformation.

subarachnoid space: Space inside the brain where cerebrospinal fluid circulates.

subcutaneous: Beneath the skin.

subcutaneous tissue: Deepest layer of skin, which consists of connective tissue and fat.

subdural hematoma: A blood clot in the brain between the cerebral cortex and the dura.

subendocardial myocytes: Heart-muscle cells on the inside of the heart chambers; these cells
are highly susceptible to damage from blockages of the major coronary arteries.

substance abuse: Continued substance use despite substance-related social or interpersonal

problems.

substance dependence: A condition characterized by excessive and often compulsive substance

use, impaired control over substance use, continued use of substances despite adverse
consequences, and withdrawal symptoms that emerge when the substance use is discontinued.
subunit vaccines: Vaccines using only part of a microbe—the antigens—to elicit an immune
response; these vaccines tend to cause fewer adverse reactions than vaccines which contain the
whole microbe.

sulcus: The V-shaped hollow at the margin of the tooth and gum.

sulfonylureas: A class of medications that works by stimulating the pancreas to produce more
insulin.

sundowning: Confusion or disorientation beginning at the end of the day and continuing into the
night; often occurs in people with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia.

superior vena cava: The major vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the
heart.

superset: Two or more exercises combined for a more vigorous workout. During a superset, all
the reps of exercise A are performed and then all the reps of exercise B before resting.

suppository: A solid form of medication that is inserted in the rectum or vagina and absorbed
into the bloodstream.

suprachiasmatic nucleus: A small group of nerve cells located in the hypothalamus that
controls the sleep/wake cycle.

supraventricular tachycardia: An abnormally fast heartbeat originating in heart tissue above

the ventricles.

suture: The process of sewing tissues together after surgery; or the stitch itself.

sympathetic nervous system: An offshoot of the autonomic nervous system; it sends signals to
prepare the body for action when stress hormones are released in response to perceived or real
dangers.

symptom-limited exercise stress test: Exercise test, usually using a treadmill or bicycle, that
increases in difficulty at set stages and is stopped when the person develops chest pain,
breathlessness, or extreme fatigue.

synapse: The junction between two neurons, across which chemical neurotransmitters carry
messages.

syncope: Fainting or loss of consciousness caused by a temporary shortage of oxygen in the

brain.

synovectomy: Surgical removal of the synovial membrane that lines the joints.

synovial fluid: A thick liquid that lubricates the joints and tendons.
synovial joint: The most mobile type of joint; found in the shoulders, wrists, fingers, hips, etc.

synovitis: Inflammation of the synovium.

synovium: A thin membrane that lines joint capsules and produces synovial fluid.

systemic: Pertaining to something that affects the whole body rather than separate organs or
parts.

systemic lupus erythematosus: A connective tissue disease that can affect internal organs,
nervous system, skin, and joints.

systole: The brief period during which the heart contracts during a normal heartbeat, pumping
blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

systolic blood pressure: The first or top number in a blood pressure reading; a measure of the
pressure blood exerts against arterial walls when the heart contracts.

systolic heart failure: The inability of the heart to pump blood efficiently due to weakening and
enlargement of the ventricles. Systolic heart failure is usually caused by coronary artery disease,
high blood pressure, and valvular heart disease.

T
T cell: Abbreviation for T lymphocyte, a type of white blood cell that is produced in the bone
marrow and is part of the body's immune system.

T lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell that is produced in the bone marrow and is part of the
body's immune system. Also called a T cell.

tachycardia: An abnormally fast heartbeat, usually above 100 beats per minute.

tamoxifen: A drug used by women to prevent breast cancer or its recurrence.

tamsulosin: A drug used to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland. It relieves constriction
of the urethra and improves urine flow by relaxing the smooth muscle tissues in the capsule that
surrounds the prostate. Unlike other drugs in this class, tamsulosin does not decrease blood
pressure.

tangles: Also called neurofibrillary tangles—twisted strands of proteins that are found inside the
dead or dying nerve cells of people with Alzheimer's disease.

tardive dyskinesia: Involuntary writhing movements of the arms, legs, and tongue caused by
high doses of antipsychotic drugs over long periods of time.
tarsal coalition: An inherited condition in which two bones of the foot are fused together; can
result in rigid flat feet.

tartar: A hardened layer of plaque that builds up on teeth. Also called calculus.

TDD: Abbreviation for telecommunications device for the deaf—machinery that allows a person
who is deaf or hard of hearing to send and receive typed messages over the telephone.

telecommunications devices for the deaf: Machinery that allows a person who is deaf or hard
of hearing to send and receive typed messages over the telephone.

tempo: When applied to exercise, the count for key movements in an exercise.

temporal arteritis: Also called cranial arteritis and giant cell arteritis—inflammation and
damage to blood vessels supplying blood to the head and neck.

temporal lobe: One of the four major subdivisions of the two hemispheres of the brain's cerebral
cortex. The temporal lobe plays a role in hearing, long-term memory, and behavior.

tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury; may cause pain and restrict
movement of the muscle attached to the tendon.

tendon: A cord of collagen fibers that connect a muscle to a bone.

tendonitis: Alternative spelling of tendinitis—inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by

injury; may cause pain and restrict movement of the muscle attached to the tendon.

tenosynovitis: Swelling and inflammation of the protective sheath covering the tendons, which
decreases the sheath's production of synovial fluid.

TENS: Abbreviation for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation—the use of low-voltage

electrical current (through electrodes placed on the skin) to provide pain-suppressing stimulation.

tension headache: A headache, usually mild or moderate in intensity, not accompanied by other
symptoms; pain is usually felt throughout the head, across the forehead, or in the back of the
head. Also known as a muscle-contraction headache.

terazosin: A drug used to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland. It relieves constriction
of the urethra and improves urine flow by relaxing the smooth muscle tissue in the capsule that
surrounds the prostate.

testosterone: A male hormone that stimulates bone and muscle growth and sexual development
in men; also produced in lesser amounts in women, promoting sex drive and muscle growth.

thalamus: A brain structure that relays sensory information to other parts of the brain; also plays
a role in memory consolidation.
theta waves: A pattern of brain waves on an electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristic of light,
stage 1 sleep.

thiazolidinediones: A class of oral medication that improves sensitivity to insulin.

thoracic: Pertaining to the chest.

thrombolysis: Breaking up a blood clot.

thrombolytic agents: Agents or medications that dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow
through a blocked artery; used to treat myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary
embolism. Also called clot busters. Examples include tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and
streptokinase.

thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot (called a thrombus) in a blood vessel or chamber of the
heart.

thrombus: A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel or chamber of the heart.

thunderclap headache: A sudden, excruciating headache that may be the result of bleeding in
the head.

thymus: A specialized organ of the immune system located in the upper-middle chest where T
cells mature.

thyroid gland: A two-lobed gland located in the front of the neck below the larynx (voice box).
It secretes hormones that help regulate the body's metabolism and calcium balance.

thyroid hormone: Two iodine-containing hormones called thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3). They help regulate the body's metabolism and calcium balance.

thyroidectomy: A surgical procedure to remove all or part of the thyroid.

thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. Types of thyroiditis include Hashimoto's

thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and postpartum or silent thyroiditis.

thyroid-stimulating hormone: A hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland
that stimulates the thyroid gland. Doctors measure levels of TSH to determine whether a person's
thyroid hormone levels are normal.

thyrotoxicosis: The presence of too much thyroid hormone in the body. This may be caused by
an overproductive thyroid, inflammation of the thyroid, or taking too much thyroid hormone.

thyroxine: One of two types of major thyroid hormone manufactured by the thyroid gland. It
contains four iodine atoms. Also known as T4.
TIA: Abbreviation for transient ischemic attack, a brain attack that resolves on its own within 24
hours. Sometimes called a mini-stroke, a TIA is often an early warning sign of an impending
stroke.

tibia: The large bone of the calf, or shinbone.

tic douloureux: Pain from a disorder of the trigeminal nerve, the chief sensory nerve of the face.
Also called trigeminal neuralgia.

ticlopidine: An antiplatelet drug that prevents the formation of blood clots.

tincture: An herbal product made by soaking an herb or other plant material in a mixture of
water and alcohol to extract certain ingredients believed to be medicinal or beneficial.

tinea capitis: An itchy condition of the scalp caused by a fungal infection. Also known as
ringworm.

tinea pedis: Athlete's foot.

tinnitus: A ringing in the ears or some other sound that has no external cause.

tissue: A group of cells that are specialized to do a certain job and are joined together to form a
body structure, such as muscle or kidney.

tissue plasminogen activator: A clot-dissolving enzyme produced naturally in the blood vessels
and artificially produced as a medication. Tissue plasminogen activator (commonly known as
tPA) is used to break down blood clots in the treatment of heart attack, ischemic stroke, and
pulmonary embolism. tPA must be used within a few hours after symptoms begin.

tolerable upper intake level: The highest amount of a nutrient deemed likely to have no
harmful health effects for almost all healthy people when taken consistently.

tolerance: The process through which the body becomes less responsive to a psychoactive
substance or rewarding behavior. Over time, people who develop tolerance need larger doses to
get the same effect they first got with smaller doses.

toll-like receptors: One class of pattern-recognition receptors, found on the surfaces of the cells
of the innate immune system.

tonic: An agent believed to invigorate a specific body organ.

tonometry: A glaucoma screening test that measures pressure inside the eye.

tooth decay: Infectious disease that attacks the teeth. Also called dental caries.
topical: Pertaining to an external surface of the body, such as the skin, mouth, vagina, or anus;
often used to describe the administration of medicine that is applied directly to such a surface.

toxic: Pertaining to something that is poisonous.

toxic nodular goiter: An enlarged thyroid gland with nodules that produce excess thyroid
hormone. This type of goiter is to blame for hyperthyroidism in many people over 60.

toxin: A poison, usually one produced by a living organism.

toxoid vaccines: Vaccines that protect against harmful bacterial toxins. These vaccines contain
toxins that have been detoxified and rendered inactive.

tPA: Abbreviation for tissue plasminogen activator, a clot-dissolving enzyme produced naturally
in the blood vessels and artificially produced as a medication. tPA is used to break down blood
clots in the treatment of heart attack, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism. tPA must be
used within a few hours after symptoms begin.

trabecular bone: Bone tissue arranged in a meshwork of thin plates or beams that is commonly
found at the center of long bones and that composes a large part of the hip and vertebrae. Also
called cancellous bone or spongy bone.

trabecular meshwork: A system of fine, mesh-like tissue in the anterior chamber of the eye
through which aqueous humor drains; located in the angle where the clear cornea, white sclera,
and colored iris join.

trabeculectomy: A standard surgical procedure for glaucoma that creates a new channel for
fluid drainage from the anterior chamber to the sub-conjunctival space.

trabeculoplasty: A laser procedure that burns small holes on the eye's trabecular meshwork to
ease the flow of aqueous humor from the eye.

trace mineral: A mineral that is required only in tiny amounts in the diet to maintain health; the
principal trace minerals are chromium, copper, selenium, sulfur, and zinc.

tracheostomy: A hole created through the front of the neck and into the windpipe (trachea). It
provides an air passage when the usual route for breathing is obstructed, such as after a traumatic
injury to the face or neck, or when long-term use of a breathing machine (ventilator) is needed.

tracheotomy: The procedure used to create a tracheostomy.

traction: The process of putting a bone or other body part under a pulling tension by applying
weights and pulleys to help healing.

trans fatty acid: A type of fat made during hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oil. Trans fats are
found in many solid margarines, commercially prepared baked goods, and fried foods in many
restaurants. Trans fats increase harmful low-density lipoprotein, decrease protective high-density
lipoprotein, and promote blood clotting and inflammation. Also known as trans fat.

transcranial Doppler scanning: An ultrasound technique that makes images of the major
arteries at the base of the brain.

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: The use of low-voltage electrical current (through
electrodes placed on the skin) to provide pain-suppressing stimulation.

transdermal: Through the skin.

transferrin saturation: A measure of iron circulating in the blood.

transfusion: The process of taking blood from a healthy person and infusing it into a person
whose own blood has been depleted during surgery or an accident, or is for some reason not
functioning correctly. Transfusions of whole blood or of specific blood cells (such as red cells,
white cells, or platelets) are possible.

transient ischemic attack: A brain attack that resolves on its own within 24 hours. Sometimes
called a mini-stroke or TIA, a transient ischemic attack is often an early warning sign of an
impending stroke.

transient pain: Minor, fleeting pain.

transmural infarction: Heart attack that destroys the entire thickness of a section of heart
muscle.

transplantation: The process of removing an organ or other donated body part from one person
and implanting it in another person.

transrectal ultrasonography: A procedure that uses sound waves to create an image of the
prostate gland as a means of detecting cancer. Sound waves are directed to the prostate from a
probe inserted in the rectum.

transurethral incision of the prostate: An operation used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia
(enlarged prostate gland) in which incisions are made in prostate tissue to relieve pressure on the
urethra and ease urinary difficulties.

transurethral microwave thermotherapy: A heat therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia

(enlarged prostate gland) that uses microwaves to destroy prostate tissue that obstructs urine
flow.

transurethral needle ablation: A procedure that uses radio waves to heat and destroy cells in
the prostate gland that are obstructing the urethra.
transurethral resection of the prostate: An operation used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia
(enlarged prostate gland) in which excess prostate tissue is surgically removed.

transverse processes: The ringlike projection on each side of a vertebra to which muscles and
ligaments are attached and, in the chest area, to which the ribs are connected.

traumatic grief: A prolonged, intense reaction to bereavement that affects one in 10 people who
lose a loved one. Key signs are inability to accept the death; frequent nightmares and intrusive,
upsetting memories; detachment from others; constant yearning for the deceased; and excessive
loneliness. Also known as complicated grief or chronic grief.

tremor: A rhythmic, quivering movement of muscles that can be caused by diseases such as
Parkinson disease, side effects of medication, or old age.

tricuspid valve: A three-flap valve that sits between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

tricyclic antidepressant: A class of medications that relieve depression by interfering with the
reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by neurons in the brain and spinal cord. At low doses,
they are effective as pain medicines.

trigeminal neuralgia: Pain from a disorder of the trigeminal nerve, the chief sensory nerve of
the face. Also called tic douloureux.

trigger: Anything that can set off symptoms.

trigger point: A tender area that, when stimulated, also elicits pain elsewhere in the body.

triglyceride: The primary type of fat in the body and in the diet, formed from three fatty-acid
molecules and one glycerol molecule. This fat can raise the risk for heart disease when elevated.

triiodothyronine: One of two types of major thyroid hormone manufactured by the thyroid
gland. It contains three iodine atoms. Also known as T3.

triptans: A class of medications that work by constricting blood vessels in the head and perhaps
by inhibiting inflammation.

trochlea: A groove in front of the femur where the patella moves as the knee bends and
straightens.

troponins: Proteins found in heart muscle that leak into the circulation during a heart attack or
other heart injury.

trust: A legal entity in which assets are gathered during a person's lifetime. That person may
control distributions directly or through trustees elected to carry out wishes at a time or point
specified. After death, remaining assets are distributed to beneficiaries.
trypsin: An enzyme secreted by the pancreas that helps digest proteins.

TSH: Abbreviation for thyroid-stimulating hormone, a hormone secreted into the bloodstream
by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland. Doctors measure levels of TSH to
determine whether a person's thyroid hormone levels are normal.

tumor: Any type of swelling or enlargement of tissues; most often used to describe an abnormal
growth of tissue, which can be cancerous or noncancerous.

tunica albuginea: The dense fibrous membrane surrounding each corpus cavernosum and the
corpus spongiosum in the penis.

tympanic membrane: The eardrum.

tympanometry: A test of the eardrum's motion and pressure in the middle ear. Also known as
impedance testing.

type 1 diabetes: A type of diabetes, a chronic condition that affects the way the body's tissues
use sugar (glucose), their main source of fuel. Once called juvenile-onset diabetes and insulin-
dependent diabetes. People with this form of diabetes don't make enough insulin, a hormone that
controls the movement of glucose into cells. They must rely on insulin injections.

type 1 osteoporosis: Bone loss due to estrogen decline associated with menopause.

type 2 diabetes: A type of diabetes, a chronic condition that affects the way the body's tissues
use sugar (glucose), their main source of fuel. Once called adult -onset diabetes and non-insulin-
dependent diabetes. People with this form of the disease have tissues that either resist the effects
of insulin (a hormone that control the movement of sugar into cells) or the body doesn't produce
enough insulin. It is initially treated with diet, exercise, weight-loss if needed, and oral
medications.

type 2 osteoporosis: Bone loss due to aging.