1.

KBC,0 – Ramped effect

2. KBC,1 – Stepped effect
3. Three harmonic response analysis methods are available: full,
and mode superposition.
4. The full method is the easier of the two methods. It uses
the full system matrices to calculate the harmonic response (no
matrix reduction). The matrices may be symmetric or unsymmetric.
5. A disadvantage of the full method is that no pre-stressed option is
available.
6. The mode superposition method sums factored mode shapes
(eigenvectors) from a modal analysis to calculate the structure's
response.
7. Imposed (non-zero) displacements cannot be applied in
superposition method.
8. Damping force is directly proportional to velocity and inversely
proportional to frequency.
9. g = constant structural damping ratio
10. Phase refers to the relationship of two sine waves (signals) to
each other. If both signals are at their highest peak (+) at the same
time they are in phase. If one signal is at its highest peak (+) whiles
the other signal is at its lowest peak (-) they are 180 degrees out
of phase.
11. Two sine waves of the same frequency are said to be "in
phase" if their cycles begin at the same time. If one wave begins
at a different time, the signals are said to be "out of phase."
12. Gravity, thermal, rotational velocity and pretension loads
cannot be applied in harmonic analysis.
13. In full method under harmonic analysis, clustering is not
possible.
14. The value of zeta will be used directly in Mode Superposition
method.
15. In the Full method, the damping ratio is not directly used.
This will be converted internally to an appropriate value for [C].
16. Beta damping tends to damp out the effects of higher
frequency.
17. Damping is proportional to the stiffness by a constant beta.
18. PSD procedure:
 Frequency needs to be divided in to bins.(0 – 20 Hz)
 Individual bin frequencies are squared for each
frequency bin width.
 Average is taken for the squared frequencies.(mean
square)
 Mean square is divided by bin band width to get
accelaration2 / Hz
19. The square root of the area under a PSD curve represents the
root mean square (rms) value of the excitation.
20. Zeta = C/Cc Where zeta is damping ratio and C is damping
coefficient.
21. The modal damping ratio can be determined accurately with
proper field tests. The ratio varies from 0.01 for lightly damped
systems to 0.15 or more for highly damped systems.
22. Alpha is viscous damping coefficient and Beta is hysteresis
damping coefficient.
23. Continuous sounding instruments, something different must
be going on. In pulling the bow across the string in a violin, or
blowing through the reed of a clarinet, or across the mouthpiece of
a flute, the vibration does not die out but keeps on vibrating as long
as the bowing or the blowing lasts. The physical interaction
between the agency causing this continuous sound and the vibration
I call negative resistance or negative damping.
24. The constant global damping ratio is the simplest way of
specifying damping in the structure. It represents the ratio of actual
damping to critical damping; it is available only for spectrum,
harmonic, and mode-superposition transient dynamic analyses.
25. Damping property will have great impact in reducing the
amplitude of vibration around resonant frequency.
26. High damping value such as 0.5 in MSUP harmonic analysis will
reduce the natural frequency to greater extent than the damping
value of 0.02 which cause only a little shift in natural frequency.
27. Exciting in different modes with a certain phase angle will
alter the response and also excited a second natural frequency.
28. PSD Acceleration" is used the define input PSD value in terms
absolute units of [(Length/Time^2)^2]/Hz. i.e if you are using
"mm" unit system it should be [(mm/sec^2)]^2/Hz, if you are using
"m" unit system [(m/sec^2)]^2/Hz, if you are using "inch" unit
system [(inch/sec^2)]^2/Hz.
29. "PSD G Acceleration” is used to define input PSD value in
terms absolute units of g^2/Hz. Here "g" corresponds to standard
earth gravity. The value of "g" for "m" unit system is 9.81 m/sec^2,
similarly the value of "g" changes for other unit systems. Preferred
in industry.
30. Spring constant „k‟ = N/m, Damping coefficient „c‟ = N/(m/s),
Natural and damped natural frequency = rad/sec,
31. C = 2m*zeta* ωn
32. The Full Method does not reduce the dimension of the
considered problem since original matrices are used to compute the
solution. As a consequence it is simple to use, all kinds of
nonlinearities may be specified, automatic time stepping is
available, and all kinds of loads may be specified. The main
disadvantage of the Full Method is the fact that the required
solution time will increase with the size of the considered model.
33. The Modal Superposition Method usually reduces the
dimension of the original problem as well since the transient
analysis is finally performed in the modal subspace which has the
dimension of the number of mode shapes used for the
superposition. The main advantage is again the reduction of solution
time.
34. The spectrum analysis is often used instead of a transient
dynamic analysis to determine the response of structures due to
random or time-dependent loading conditions such as
earthquakes, wind loads, ocean wave.
 35. Contrary to a transient analysis a spectrum analysis does not
calculate the dynamic answer for the whole considered time range
where the dynamic forces have been acting. Rather a conservative
estimation for the maximum response of a certain quantity like the
displacements or stresses is obtained from this type of analysis.
36. Solvers in modal analysis:
 Direct (use block lanczos method, Sturm check)
 Iterative
 Unsymmetric
 Subspace (no sturm check)
 Supernode (for extracting large no of modes – set
limit search to off)
37. Sturm check: The Sturm sequence check ensures that the requested
number of Eigen frequencies beyond the user supplied shift frequency
is found without missing any modes.
38. Bauschinger effect states that plastic deformation increases the
yield strength in direction of plastic and decreases the yield strength
in opposite direction.
39. Damping ratio decreases with increasing frequency. Beta damping
increases with increasing frequency.
40. In transient analysis, we can apply alpha, beta damping and
constant damping ratio and numerical damping values.
41. In harmonic analysis, we can apply alpha, beta damping and
constant damping ratio values.
42. In random vibration analysis, we can apply alpha, beta damping and
constant damping ratio values.
43. In response spectrum analysis, we can apply alpha, beta damping
and constant damping ratio values. (Damping not available with SRSS
method).
44. Mode dependent damping ratio is available only for random
vibration, response spectrum, mode superposition method of harmonic
and transient analysis.
45. The gamma parameter, also known as the "amplitude decay
factor," provides numerical damping (dissipation) to provide numerical
stability to the time integration scheme. It does not represent any
physical form of damping or energy dissipation.
46. Numerical damping stabilizes the numerical integration scheme by
damping out the unwanted high frequency modes. This won‟t add
any physical damping nature. Usually the contributions of these high
frequency modes are not accurate and some numerical damping is
preferable.
47. Problems involving rigid body translational motion, other forms of
damping or dissipative mechanisms like plasticity or friction typically
require smaller values for numerical damping. Larger numerical
damping values are usually necessary for problems involving rigid body
rotational motion, elastic collisions (dynamic contact/impact), and
large deformations with frequent changes in sub step size.
48. Material Damping: There are two types of material-based damping,
Material Dependent Damping and Constant Damping Coefficient.
Material Dependent Damping consists of beta damping and alpha
damping. These are defined as material properties in Engineering
Data.
49. Regarding the different types of damping, these are usually
categorized into viscous, structural, and Coulomb damping.
50. Viscous damping (structure and surrounding fluid) usually arises in
cases where a system vibration in a fluid, such that the damping
forces is proportional to velocity by a constant “c”.
51. Structural damping (also known as solid damping) is due to internal
friction of the material or of entire system. The former is a
characteristic of the material. The latter is due to energy loss at
structural joints.
52. Unlike viscous damping, structural damping is usually assumed to
be constant with respect to frequency.
53. Coulomb damping is due to frictional effects of the sliding of two
dry surfaces. Coulomb damping is not dependent on the displacement
or velocity but rather on the normal force FN and the coefficient of
friction µk:

54. The difference is that the energy dissipated per cycle for structural
damping is independent of frequency, whereas it linearly increases
with frequency for the case of viscous damping.
55. The logarithmic decrement (rate at which free damped vibration
decreases) δ is measured not in the frequency domain but in the time
domain. If the rate of decay of a free oscillation is measured, the
ratio of two successive amplitudes is the logarithmic decrement:
ln(x1/x2)
56. In Harmonic analysis, viscous damping can be specified as
constant damping ratio under analysis settings.
57. In β– damping lower frequency will be damped less and higher
frequency will be damped more. In alpha damping reverse will
happen.
58. Damped modal analysis is typically used in rotor dynamics
where the gyroscopic damping effects are important. The real part
is specified as rotational speed and imaginary part is natural
frequency.
59. Mode shape values do not have proper meaning because of
the mass matrix normalization.
60. Participation factor: Measure the amount of mass moving in
each direction for each mode.
Where D is the unit displacement spectrum in each Cartesian
direction and rotation about each axis.

A high value of participation factor in particular direction shows that

mode will be excited by forces in that direction.

Ratio of effective to total mass determines whether sufficient number

of modes is extracted.

61. In damped modal analysis, real part is stability (+ Unstable, -

stable) imaginary part is natural frequency.
62. Full damped and reduced damped are the solvers available
under damped modal type.
63. Full method gives all mode shapes that are damped, where
reduced gives only few damped mode shapes then it gives un-
damped mode shapes calculated by lanczos solver.
64. Mode Coefficient (Ai) in response spectrum analysis:
Where Si is spectrum value, γi is participation factor, ω = 2*pi* fn
65. Scope of Response Spectrum analysis: Used instead of time
dependent transient analysis to find the response of the structure
due to earthquakes, wind loads, etc.
66. Response (Ri) for each mode: Calculated based on natural
frequency ω, mode shape Ф and mode coefficient Ai.
Displacement response: ФA
Velocity response: ωФA
Acceleration response: ω2ФA
67. Effective mass computation:

68. Mode combination methods in RS analysis: Used for

calculating combined response:
 Square root of sum of squares (SRSS)
 Complete Quadratic combination (CQC)
 Rosenblueth method (ROSE)
69. Where SRSS?
 SRSS method is suited for sufficiently placed natural
frequencies.
 If they are sufficiently placed, they can be termed
uncorrelated modes.
  Damping is not applicable in this method.
70. Deciding whether frequencies are Closely spaced or not:
 For CC <=2%: we can say if f2 is <= 1.1 f1 we can say f1 and f2
closely spaced (10% higher).
 For CC > 2%: we can say if f2 is <= 1.25 f1 we can say f1 and f2
closely spaced. (Ex: Cc for f2 is 5 times higher than f1. f1 Cc =
5% then f2 Cc = 25%)
71. CQC method:
 Used for closely spaced mode where correlation is possible.
 Do not retain the negative sign of the response.

72. Rosenblueth (ROSE) method:

 Used for closely spaced mode where correlation is possible.
 Retain the negative sign of the modal response.

73. Spectral regions:

74. SRSS method:

75. Rigid response coefficient (α):

 α = 0 – Periodic
 α = 1 - rigid
 α = 0 – partly rigid and partly periodic
 Coefficient can be calculated by Lindley – Yow and Gupta
methods.
76. Lindley – Yow method (α): (α is a function of Sa)
 Ratio between ZPA and Sai (acceleration at ith frequency).
 Frequency at rigid response or acceleration at zero periods is
termed as ZPA.
77. Lindley vs Gupta method:

Affects modes Sa >= ZPA Affect modes f >f1

78. Gupta method: (α is a function of frequency)

79. Rigid response effect:
 With this option on, modal responses calculated are not
combined directly.
 They are split into rigid and periodic components.
 Periodic components are found with SRSS/CQC/ROSE methods.
 Remember closely spaced frequencies are solved by CQC/ROSE.
 Rigid modes are summed algebraically. The total response is:

80. Missing mass effect:

 Response spectrum analysis is based on the mode superposition
method. Where the response of high frequency modes are
neglected.
 In nuclear power plant design, it is required to use the high
frequency modes. Ignoring this will result in underestimation of
responses at the vicinity of supports.
81. Remember CQC method requires damping as input to solve.
82. Recommended solution procedure:
 It‟s general to use SRSS method for randomly spaced
frequencies and CQC/ROSE method for closely spaced modes.
 Rigid response is calculated by Gupta method with missing
mass effect on.
83. How to decide whether missing mass response and rigid
response effect is needed:
 Carry out modal analysis to find out natural frequency
according to effective mass weightage.
  Find the frequency (FSamax) corresponding to largest
amplitude of acceleration in response spectrum (Sa max).
 If the value of (FSamax) is greater than all the extracted
frequencies of interest. Then we can confirm that no mode is
missing or no rigid response is there. So it‟s in low frequency
region (periodic).
84. Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo
significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be
expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a
tensile test. Ductility is measured by the total elongation of the
material till fracture.
85. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and
plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of material
toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material
can absorb before rupturing. We define Toughness on the basis of
energy being absorbed during elongation until fracture.
86. Ductility is the measure of how much something deforms
plastically before fracture. Toughness measures the energy
required to crack a material; it is important for things which suffer
impact. Strength is defined as the resistance to failure. Increasing
strength reduces toughness.
87. Strength tells how much force is needed to break a sample,
and toughness tells how much energy is needed to break a sample.
88. The differences in steels are brought about by their alloying
materials. Mild steel contains carbon as the alloy, whereas
stainless steel includes chromium.
89. Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to
various kinds of permanent shape change when a
compressive force is applied. Ductility (The ability to be drawn out
into a thin wire or threads) is the ability of a solid material to
undergo tensile stress. This property of a solid material can be
measured and describes the extent to which the solid material can
be plastically deformed without fracture. Malleability (ability to
plastically deform and shape a material by forging, rolling) is the
ability of solid materials to undergo compressive stress.
90. Yield and Ultimate tensile strength:
The initial slope is where stress is directly proportional to
strain (like a spring) and the material behaves like this up to its
elastic limit where it reaches its yield strength. Beyond this the
material deforms permanently (like an overstretched spring that
won't return to its original shape). The material then
becomes strain hardened until you reach the ultimate
strength and necking starts to occur and the material becomes
weaker again until it breaks apart.

91. Toughness vs Resilience:

Toughness is the energy absorbed by material per unit volume
when the material is stressed upto fracture. Whereas
Resilience is the energy absorbed by material within elastic
limit.
92. Should we use yield strength or ultimate tensile strength in
fatigue test for metallic material? Why?
High-cycle fatigue focused on situations that require more
than 10*4 cycles to failure where stress is low and deformation is
primarily elastic. In high-cycle fatigue situations, materials
performance is commonly characterized by an S-N curve, also
known as a Wohler curve. In this sense the yield stress represents
an upper Limit.
While in low-cycle fatigue the stress is high enough for plastic
deformation to occur, the accounting of the loading in terms of
stress is less useful and the strain in the material offers a simpler
and more accurate description. Low-cycle fatigue is usually
characterized by the strain relation according to the Coffin-Manson
relation. However since only relatively small strains respectively
crack growth only can be accepted, the ultimate tensile strength
would too large to be useful.
93. Why fatigue limit only exist in some materials?
Fatigue failure results from accumulation of fatigue damage.
Assuming a perfect electro-polished sample without notches,
fatigue damage starts by localization of plastic strain which may
lead to micro crack initiation within grains (trans-granular) or in
grain boundaries (inter-granular). The growth of the individual
micro cracks is impeded by grain boundaries and/or grain
junctions. The ability of the micro cracks to pass these obstacles
depends e.g. on the stacking fault energy (SFE) of the material.
In materials with high SFE the dislocations can easily cross slip and
 pass obstacles. Same goes for micro cracks. I.e. in materials with
high SFE (like pure metals) the micro cracks can easily propagate
to form macro cracks. Eventually this leads to fatigue failure.
If a material has low SFE (like e.g. steel and Titanium alloys)
and the imposed load/strain amplitude is low, the micro cracks may
not be able to overcome the obstacles (grain boundaries or
junctions) and no macro cracks will form. Thus, the accumulated
fatigue damage in insufficient to form fatigue failure - i.e. the
material will show a break on the SN curve interpreted as a
fatigue limit.
94. Relationship between Bulk, Shear and Young‟s modulus:
E = 3K (1-2v) = 2G (1 + v)
Where K- Bulk modulus, v – Poisson‟s ratio
95. Material S-N fatigue data is generated from constant
amplitude fully reversed loading.
96. A technique known as rain flow counting is commonly used to
extract the cyclic data of complex loading.
97. When is a "stress-life" fatigue analysis appropriate?
Stress-life fatigue generally applies to low stress, high cycle
fatigue where the general membrane and bending stresses do not
exceed the material yield stress. Stress-life is generally still
applicable, even if pseudo-elastic, local peak stresses exceed the
yield stress.
98. When is a "strain-life" fatigue analysis appropriate?
Strain-life fatigue generally applies to high stress, low cycle
fatigue where the general membrane and bending stresses exceed
 the material yield stress. In strain-life fatigue, the effect of
material plasticity must be included in the analysis.
99. Torque = I x Angular acceleration
The moment of inertia of an object depends on the mass of
the object, and on how this mass is distributed with respect to
the axis of rotation. The farther the bulk of the mass is from the
axis of rotation, the greater is the rotational inertia (moment of
inertia) of the object.

It is difficult to start or stop the slotted wheel. Because it posses

higher moment of inertia than the solid wheel.
100. Should the participation factors reported in the mode
coefficient table after a spectrum analysis always be positive?
No. The sign has an equal probability of being positive and
negative. The participation factor is used to determine how much
of the mass of a certain mode is moving in the same direction as
the excitation. The negative of a mode shape is a valid solution,
so the participation factor can be negative. The effective mass of a
mode is its participation factor squared.
101. Rosenblueth and CQC are similar - they both utilize random
vibration theory to represent the seismic loading as white noise,
although Rosenblueth assumes finite duration whereas CQC
assumes infinite duration.
102. White Noise: Spectral density has constant value for all
frequencies.
103. NLGEOM should be turned on?
If the transverse displacement is on the order of the plate
thickness, large deflection effects should be activated. For
example, without large deflection active, the displacements of a
thin flat plate subjected to external pressure loading will be over-
predicted since the in-plane membrane stiffening is not captured
by a small deflection analysis.
104. Stress stiffening and its difference from large deflection?
Stress stiffening is the increase or decrease in transverse
stiffness during tension or compression respectively producing
membrane stress. Material does not undergo large deflection as in
case of NLGEOM. It is not required to turn large deflection on for
such stiffening. By convention people use stress stiffening along
with large deflection. Activating the stress stiffening calculation
during a static analysis computes the stress induced stiffness
matrices that are required input to subsequent eigen value
buckling simulations or pre-stressed modal analyses.
105. A PSD analysis evaluates a component for random vibration
loading, such as the vibration experienced during shipping. The PSD
method computes the standard deviation of displacements and
stresses. A response spectrum evaluates a component for a loading
spectrum, such as created by an earthquake. It computes the upper
bound on the displacements and stresses.
106. For a given mode, the stress velocity (load step 4) is the time
derivative of the displacement solution (load step 3) .The stress
acceleration (load step 5) is the time derivative of the stress
velocity (load step 4).
107. Excessively low stiffness, High stiffness, severe element
distortion and rigid body motion are the causes of improper
convergence.
108. In fatigue analysis, for fully reversed loading condition mean
stress theories don‟t want to be specified. Because in fully
reversed loading mean stresses is zero.
109. In fatigue analysis constant amplitude proportional loading
method, only linear contacts are supported. For nonlinear
contacts, constant amplitude non proportional loading is used.
110. Good man, Soderberg and Gerber are the mean stress theory
that could be used.
111. Biaxiality indication:
It is defined as the ratio of minimum to maximum principal
stress. (BI = 0 – Uniaxial stress, BI = 1 – biaxial stress, BI = -1
pure shear).
112. Proof load is defined as the maximum tensile force that can
be applied to a bolt that will not result in plastic deformation. Its
value is 85-95% of yield strength.
113. Plastic deformation results from slip between planes of atoms
due to shear stress (deviatoric stress). Slipping does not incur in
volumetric strains unlike elasticity.
114. Hardening rule says how the yield surface changes as a result
of plastic deformation. This is in contrast to elastic perfectly
plastic materials which do not experience hardening. (Yield surface
remains fixed).
115. In explicit dynamics analysis, nodal accelerations are first
found. Velocities are derived from acceleration. Then the
displacement is derived from velocity.
116. Ductility decreases when strength increases.
117. For structures subjected to cyclic loading where the stress
state exceeds the elastic limit of the material, low cycle fatigue
response occurs, which can lead to catastrophic failure. Therefore,
accurate prediction of the structural response, particularly the
accumulation of plastic strain over each cycle - which is called
ratcheting, is critical.
118. Yield surface is defined such that the stress state cannot exist
outside of the yield surface. When the stress state reaches the yield
surface, the surface must either translate (kinematic hardening) or
grow uniformly (isotropic hardening).
119. Ratcheting typically requires a nonlinear kinematic hardening
slope for accurate modeling.
120. In Isotropic hardening elastic region is twice the maximum
yield stress, whereas in kinematic hardening it is twice the initial
yield stress. Kinematic hardening follows Bauschinger effect.
121. In K.H back stress represents the shifted yield surface.
122. In Bilinear K.H back stresses are used, whereas in multilinear
it is not used. Besseling effect treats multilinear behavior as elasto-
plastic sub volumes each yielding at different points.
123. In a uni-axial cyclic loading no ratcheting is predicted when
bilinear kinematic hardening is used. Multilinear kinematic
hardening can predict ratcheting but it is zero (loop closed). Non
linear kinematic hardening predicts the ratcheting phenomena by
dividing the curves into segments after the onset of yielding.

124. Flow rule determines the increment in plastic strain from

the increment in stress. Flow theory of plasticity decomposes the
incremental strain tensor into elastic and plastic strain increments.
Flow rule tells how the plastic strain develops.

In associative flow rule the plastic strain increment is normal to

the yield surface.
125. When the plastic potential is proportional (not proportional)
to the yield surface the plastic strain increment is normal to the
yield surface and the model has an associated flow rule (non
 associative). In this plastic strain increment is proportional (not
proportional) to the stress increment.
126. In Bilinear hardening, we define the tangent modulus based
on total strain. For multi-linear hardening, we define the stress-
plastic strain curve. Because if total strain is given as input in muti-
linear, there will be a contradiction between E provided in input
and E derived from temperature dependent stress strain curve. To
avoid we specify stress/plastic strain curve.
Isotropic hardening Kinematic hardening

OA – Elastic loading Solid line- Stress strain curve

AB – Strain hardening (tension) Dashed line- strain hardening
BC-unloading/reversal(compression) Line A‟B‟ is parallel to C‟D‟
CD – Strain hardening(compression) Yield stress in compression is
DE - Unloading/Reversal (tension) assumed to decrease.
If the load is reversed at D (Bauschinger effect)
subsequent yield occurs at E with its Loading in tension softens
stress value equal to D. Loading in the model in compression.
tension also hardens the model in
compression.
127. Bauschinger effect:

Bauschinger effect involves the definition of the reverse

strain. This reverse strain is the magnitude of additional strain
after load reversal which makes the reverse yield stress equal in
magnitude to the maximum flow stress attained in the forward
deformation. In Fig (a), ABC - forward deformation in uniaxial
tension, C - point of unloading. CD - tensile unloading segment and
DEF - reverse (compression) loading segment. The magnitudes of
the stress and the accumulated strain are replotted in Fig.(b)
irrespective of the direction of loading. ABCD - tensile segment and
DEF- compression loading portion. If the forward hardening segment
is extrapolated (until point C'), the (nearly parallel) segments CC'
and EF provides an indication of the Bauschinger effect in terms of
stress and characterizes the extent of 'permanent softening' or back
stress.
 It describes the fact that due to uniaxial loading of a
specimen above yield limit in one direction the limit of elasticity
in the opposite direction is reduced.

If the yield limit is marked as Y, then the material during

unloading from maximal axial stress state 1 behaves elastically up
to the point, where the difference between maximal and
immediate stress 1 – 2 is equal to the double of yield limit 2Y.
Ductile (shear) fracture Brittle (cleavage) fracture
Occurs due to shear stress acting Occurs due to tensile stress
along the plane. acting normal to the plane.
Area at fracture appears to be Area appears to be smooth.
granular and fibrous. Brittle fracture failure surface
Ductile fracture causes rupture which is smooth.
occurs with much reduced cross
sectional area and cup and cone
fracture. Trans-granular fracture.
Inter-granular fracture. Crack propagates 90 to
Crack propagates 45 to applied force. applied force.
128. Relationship between young‟s modulus, shear modulus, bulk
modulus and poisons ratio:
E = 2G (1+γ) = 3K (1-2γ)
129. Yield strength is defined as the stress which is required to
produce small amount of plastic deformation. Offset yield strength
(0.2% for metals and 2% for plastics) is line parallel to linear elastic
regime line which is drawn passing through 0.002 strains in x axis to
the curve.
130. Validating the PSD results:
Urms = (π x γ2 x φ2 x PSD) / 4ξ x M2 x (2π)4 x (f)3
131. Default element type used in ansys workbench:
Structural:
First order solid: Solid 185
Second order Solid: Solid 186
First order solid surface: Surface 154 (for surface loads)
Second order solid surface: Surface 154
First order shell: Shell 181
Second order shell: Shell 281
Second order shell surface: Surface 156 (for surface loads)
We cannot find a surface element if we apply a point load in
simulation.
Thermal:
First order thermal solid and surface: Solid 70, surface 152
Second order thermal solid and surface: Solid 90, Surface 152