Engineering Mechanics :

STATICS
DDA1013
Lecture #09
By,
Zaleha Binti Mohamad
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM),
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing,
Department of Mechanical Engineering

9Expected Lecture Date : 10 Ogos 2009

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 MOMENT OF A FORCE (Section 4.1)
Today’s Objectives :
Students will be able to:
a) understand and define moment,
and,
b) determine moments of a force in
2-D and 3-D cases.

Learning Topics :
• Applications
• Moment in 2-D
• Moment in 3-D

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 READING QUIZ
F = 10 N
1. What is the moment of the 10 N force
about point A (MA)?
A) 10 N·m B) 30 N·m C) 13 N·m
d=3m
D) (10/3) N·m E) 7 N·m • A

2. Moment of force F about point O is

defined as MO = ___________ .
A) r x F B) F x r
C) r • F D) r * F

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 MOMENT IN 2-D

The moment of a force about a point provides a measure of the

tendency for rotation (sometimes called a torque).

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 MOMENT IN 2-D (continued)
In the 2-D case, the magnitude of the moment is
Mo = F d

As shown, d is the perpendicular distance from

point O to the line of action of the force.

In 2-D, the direction of M O is either clockwise or

counter-clockwise depending on the tendency for rotation.

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 MOMENT IN 2-D (continued)
F
a For example, MO = F d and the
b direction is counter-clockwise.
O
d
Often it is easier to determine MO by using the components of F
as shown. Fy F

Fx
b a
O
Using this approach, MO = (FY a) – (FX b). Note the different
signs on the terms! The typical sign convention for a moment in
2-D is that counter-clockwise is considered positive. We can
determine the direction of rotation by imagining the body pinned
at O and deciding which way the body would rotate because of
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the force.
 MOMENT IN 2-D (continued)

Resultant moment of a system of coplanar forces can be determined

by simply adding the moments of all forces algebraically since all
the moment vectors are collinear.

+ MRo = ∑Fd

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APPLICATIONS

What is the net effect of the

two forces on the wheel?

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APPLICATIONS (continued)

What is the effect of the 30 N

force on the lug nut?

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 EXAMPLE
Given: A 400 N force is
applied to the frame
and = 20°.
Find: The moment of the
force at A.

Plan:
1) Resolve the force along x and y axes.
2) Determine MA using scalar analysis.

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 EXAMPLE (continued)

Solution
+ Fy = -400 sin 20° N
+  Fx = -400 kos 20° N
+ MA = {(400 cos 20°)(2) + (400 sin 20°)(3)} N·m
= 1160 N·m
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 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. If a force of magnitude F can be applied in four different 2-D
configurations (P,Q,R, & S), select the cases resulting in the
maximum and minimum torque values on the nut. (Max, Min).
A) (Q, P) B) (R, S)
S
C) (P, R) D) (Q, S)
R
P Q

2. If M = r F, then what will be the value of M • r ?

A) 0 B) 1
C) r 2 F D) None of the above.

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IN CLASS TUTORIAL (GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING)

Given: A 40 N force is
applied to the wrench.
Find: The moment of the
force at O.

Plan: 1) Resolve the force

along x and y axes.
2) Determine MO using
scalar analysis.
Solution: + Fy = - 40 cos 20° N
+  Fx = - 40 sin 20° N
+ MO = {-(40 cos 20°)(200) + (40 sin 20°)(30)}N·mm
= -7107 N·mm = - 7.11 N·m
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 ATTENTION QUIZ
10 N 5N
3m P 2m

1. Using the CCW direction as positive, the net moment of the

two forces about point P is
A) 10 N ·m B) 20 N ·m C) - 20 N ·m
D) 40 N ·m E) - 40 N ·m

2. If r = { 5 j } m and F = { 10 k } N, the moment

r x F equals { _______ } N·m.
A) 50 i B) 50 j C) –50 i
D) – 50 j E) 0
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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL
Q1 (4-4):
Determine the magnitude and directional sense of the resultant moment
of the forces A and B about point O.

=6m =40kN
=45°
=3m

3m= =13m
=5m

=6m
=30°
=60kN

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)
Q2 (4-5):
Determine the magnitude and directional sense of the resultant moment
of the forces A and B about point P.

=6m =40kN
=45°
=3m

3m= =13m
=5m

=6m
=30°
=60kN

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)
Q3 (4-31):
The worker is using the bar to pull two pipes together in order to
complete the connection. If he applies a horizontal force F to the
handle of the lever, determine the moment of this force about the
end A. What would be the tension T in the cable needed to cause
the opposite moment about point A.

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MOMENT IN 3-D (Vector formulation Section 4.3)

Moments in 3-D can be calculated using scalar (2-D) approach but

it can be difficult and time consuming. Thus, it is often easier to
use a mathematical approach called the vector cross product.
Using the vector cross product, MO = r F .
Here r is the position vector from point O to any point on the line
of action of F.
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 CROSS PRODUCT

In general, the cross product of two vectors A and B results in

another vector C , i.e., C = A B. The magnitude and
direction of the resulting vector can be written as
C = A B = A B sin UC
Here UC is the unit vector perpendicular to both A and B
vectors as shown (or to the plane containing the
A and B vectors). 20
 CROSS PRODUCT

The right hand rule is a useful tool for determining the direction of
the vector resulting from a cross product.
For example: i j = k
Note that a vector crossed into itself is zero, e.g., i i = 0

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 CROSS PRODUCT (continued)

Of even more utility, the cross product can be written as

Each component can be determined using 2 2 determinants.

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 MOMENT IN 3-D (continued)
So, using the cross product, a
moment can be expressed as

By expanding the above equation using 2 2 determinants (see

Section 4.2), we get (sample units are N - m)
MO = (r y FZ - rZ Fy) i - (r x Fz - rz F x ) j + (rx Fy - ry Fx ) k

The physical meaning of the above equation becomes evident by

considering the force components separately and using a 2-D
formulation.
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 MOMENT IN 3-D (continued)

Resultant moment of a System of Forces :

If a body is acted upon by a system of forces as shown in the

figure, the resultant moment of the forces about point O can be
determined by vector addition as

MRo = ∑(r x F)

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 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

Principle of moments is also known as Varignon’s Theorem

“Moment of a force about a point is equal to the

sum of the moments of the forces’ components
about the point”

For F = F1 + F2,

MO = r X F1 + r X F2
= r X (F1 + F2)
=rXF

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 EXAMPLE
Given: The pole support a 100N (≈
10kg) traffic light.
Find: Using Cartesian vectors,
determine the moment of the
weight of the traffic light about
the base of the pole at A.
Plan: 1) Find a position vector of
traffic light.
5.4m=
2) Using Cartesian vector
notation, determine the force that
the traffic light acted on the pole.
3) MA = r X F

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 EXAMPLE (continued)
rAB = {( XB – XA)i +(YB – YA)j +(ZB – ZA) k}m
= {(3.6sin30 – 0)i + (3.6cos30 – 0)j
+ (5.4 – 0)k}m
B = {1.8i + 3.12j + 5.4k}m
F = -100k
F

5.4m=
MA = rAB X F = {-312i + 180j} Nm

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IN CLASS TUTORIAL (GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING)
Given: The man pulls on the rope with
a force of F = 20N.
Find: Determine the moment that
this force exerts about the base
of the pole at O.

Plan: 1) Find a position vector of rOA

and rAB .
2) Using Cartesian vector
notation, determine the force that
acted on the pole.
3) MA = r X F

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GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (Continue)
rAB = {( XB – XA)i +(YB – YA)j +(ZB – ZA) k}m
= {(4 – 0)i + (-3 – 0)j + (1.5 – 10.5)k}m
= {4i - 3j - 9k}m
rOA = {( XA – XO)i +(YA – YO)j +(ZA – ZO) k}m
= {(0 – 0)i + (0 – 0)j + (10.5 – 0)k}m
= {0i + 0j + 10.5k}m
F = FuAB = F(rAB /rAB )
= 20{0.4i - 0.3j - 0.9k}
={8i – 6j - 18k} N
MO = rOA X F = {63i + 84j} Nm

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL
Q1 (4-39):
The curved rod lies in the x-y plane and has a radius r. If a force F
acts at its end as shown, determine the moment of this force about
point B.

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)
Q2 (4-40):
The force F acts at the end of the beam. Determine the moment of
the force about point A.

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