Experiment 2

Topic: heat of combustion

Objectives : 1. To determine the calorimeter constant using benzoic acid

2. to determine the heat of combustion of an easily combustible material.

Apparatus and chemicals:

Bomb calorimeter
Pellet maker
Thermometer
Pipette 1.0 cm3
Volumetric flas 2 liter
Fuse wire
Benzoic acid
100 cm3 standadized Na2 CO 3
Sample : cooking oil, sucrose, activated carbon, petrol albumin, etc
Stop watch

Introduction:

The standard enthalpy of combustion for a substance is defined as the enthalpy change

o
ΔHT which accompanies a process in which the given substance undergoes reaction with

oxygen gas to form specified combustion products [such as CO 2(g), H2O(l), N2(g), SO2(g)],

all reactants and products being in their respective standard states at the given temperature T.
Thus the standard enthalpy of combustion of benzoic acid at 298.15°K for the process

C7H6O2(s) + 15/2 O2 (g) →   7CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

with reactants and products in their standard states for this temperature. The enthalpy
of combustion can be calculated from the temperature rise, which results when the
combustion reaction occurs under adiabatic conditions in a calorimeter. It is important that the
reaction in the calorimeter take place rapidly and completely. To this end, the material is
burned in a steel bomb with oxygen under a pressure of about 25 atm. A special acid-resistant
alloy is used for the construction of the bomb because water and acids are produced in the
reaction.
 In the adiabatic-jacket bomb calorimeter the bomb is immersed in a can of water fitted
with a precise thermometer. This assembly is placed within an outer water-filled jacket. Both
before and after the combustion occurs, the jacket temperature is maintained (by external
means) at the same value as that of the water in the can. If the temperatures are matched with
sufficient accuracy, the can and contents do not gain or lose energy by radiation or conduction
and the process is therefore adiabatic.
This method affords convenience in work of moderate accuracy, but there is inevitably
some error due to time lag in adjustment of the outer-jacket temperature. For the most
exacting research measurements, an isothermal jacket is used and accurate cooling corrections
are made. The final and initial temperatures are not equal, and the reactants and products are
not in their standard states.
Result

Mass of benzoic acid: 1.005 g

Mass of fuse wire(1): 0.017 g

Mass of fuse wire after combustion (1) : 0.09 g

Mass of fuse wire(2) : 0.017 g

Mass of fuse wire after combustion (2) : 0.05 g

Mass of albumin: 1.003 g

Data for albumin

Table temperature for bomb calorimeter contains albumin

Time/ s Temperature/◦C
0 24.66
30 25.40
60 25.82
90 26.14
120 26.32
150 26.42
180 26.52
210 26.54
240 26.56
270 26.56
300 26.56
330 26.56
360 26.56
390 26.56
420 26.56
450 26.56

Table for titration of albumin with Na2 CO 3

Measurement T1 T2 T3

Titration
Initial reading (ml) 11.40 15.60 24.40
Final reading (ml) 15.60 19.80 19.80
Volume used (ml) 4.20 4.20 4.30
Average (ml) 4.23
Data for benzoic acid

Table temperature for bomb calorimeter contains benzoic acid

Time/ s Temperature/◦C
0 24.60
30 26.50
60 25.20
90 27.60
120 26.18
150 26.44
180 26.60
210 26.72
240 26.80
270 26.82
300 26.84
330 26.84
360 26.84

Table for titration of benzoic acid with Na2 CO 3

Measurement T1 T2 T3

Titration
Initial reading (ml) 9.70 10.10 10.30
Final reading (ml) 10.10 10.30 10.60
Volume used (ml) 0.40 0.20 0.30
Average (ml) 0.30
Calculations:

1. Find the number of mole of nitric acid produced during the combustion. Determined
the heat released in the formation orf this amount of nitric acid. ( the heat of formation
of nitric acid is given as 13800 cam/ mol

For albumin

M 1V 1 = M 2V 2

( 0.0725 M )(4.23 mL) = ( M 2 ¿ (150 mL)

= 2.04 x 10−3 M

Number of mole = concentration x volume

n = 2.04 x 10−3 M (150 mL)

= 0.31 mole of nitric acid produced.

Heat released = heat formation of nitric acid (𝞓 T)

= 13800 cal/mol ( 1.9 ° C) (0.31 mol)

= 8128.2 cal ° C

For benzoic acid

M 1V 1 = M 2V 2

( 0.0725 M )(0.30mL) = ( M 2 ¿ (150 mL)

= 1.45 x 10−4 M

Number of mole = concentration x volume

n = 1.45 x 10−4 M (150 mL)

= 0.022 mole of nitric acid produced.

Heat released = heat formation of nitric acid (𝞓 T)

= 13800 cal/mol (2.24° C) (0.022 mol)

= 680.06 cal ° C

2. Calculate the heat release in the combustion of the fuse wire. (the heat combustion of
the fuse wire use is 1400 cal/g)
 For albumin

Heat released = heat of combustion of fuse wire x (𝞓 T)

= 1400 cal/g (1.9° C) (0.09 g)

= 239.4 cal ° C

For benzoic acid

Heat released = heat of combustion of fuse wire x (𝞓 T)

= 1400 cal/g (2.24° C) (0.05 g)

= 156.8 cal ° C

3. Calculate the calorimeter constant using the following equation

Hm+ e 1+ e2
W=
ΔT

cal cal cal

2.24 ° C

w = 1.34 x 10 9 cal/ ° C

4. Calculate the heat of combustion of sample used using the aboved equation
substituting the calorimeter constant calculated as fiven in 3.

Hm+ e 1+ e2
W=
ΔT

cal cal
9
H (1 g)+13800 ( 0.22 mol ) +1400 (0.05 g)
1.34 x 10 cal/ ° C = mol g
2.24 ° C

H = 14.12 x 10 3 cal/g
5. Compare the result in 4 with the heat ofcombustion calculated using following
equation:
26.454
m=
H
 26.454
H=
1g

H=26.454cal/g

Discussion :

In this experiment we need to determine the calorimeter constant using benzoic acid
and albumin and the heat of combustion of an easily combustible material. The combustion
reaction for benzoic acid is

C7H6O2(s) + 15/2 O2 (g) →   7CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

The enthalpy change for this reaction is measured by pressurizing a strong metal
reaction vessel (called a bomb) with a mixture of benzoic acid and oxygen gas. The bomb is
immersed in a calorimeter filled with water. An electrical current is passed through ignition
wire (a fine iron wire), which ignites the wire and the gas mixture.The heat balance for this
calorimetry experiment is 0 = qcal + qwire + qcomb

The heat for the calorimeter, qcal, is determined from the heat capacity of the
calorimeter and the temperature change for the calorimetry experiment. Typically the amount
of water in the calorimeter is always the same; therefore Ccal includes the heat capacities of
the calorimeter, the water, and the bomb itself.

The burning of the ignition wire releases heat, qwire, and the value Heat of combustion
of fuse wire for benzoic acid is 156.8 cal ° C. Heat of combustion of fuse wire for albumin is
239.4 cal ° C. This heat must be included in the calculations. (This heat is treated separately,
because the amount of ignition wire used varies from one measurement to the next.)
 The heat released by the combustion reaction is qcomb, which is related to the molar
enthalpy of combustion by

qcomb
ΔHcomb =
nmethane

Combustion experiments are general conducted with a large excess of oxygen, so that the fuel
(methane in this case) is the limiting reactant. the calorimeter constant determine from our
experiment is 14.12 x 10 3 cal/g.

Combustion reactions are often used to calculate the molar enthalpies of formation.
For example, the standard molar enthalpy of combustion for methane can be expressed in
terms of the standard molar enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products:

ΔHocomb = 2 ΔHof,water + ΔHof,carbon dioxide - ΔHof,methane - 2 ΔHof,oxygen

ΔHocomb is measured experimentally.

ΔHof,oxygen = 0, because oxygen is a pure element.

The other molar enthalpies of formation are known from independent measurements.
For example, one could determine the heat of combustion of hydrogen to obtain the molar
enthalpy of formation for water. The Purpose put 1 mL of distilled water on the floor of the
bombis to saturate the oxygen with water vapor so that all water produced in combustion will
condense and takes up any nitric acid.

Precaution and error:

1. For safety, powdered substances should be firmly compressed in the pellet press to
slow the combustion . Loose powders can also lead to incomplete combustion. The
pellet, somewhat larger than a common aspirin tablet, should be neither so soft that it
tends to crumble, nor so hard that it may crack in combustion.
2. Make sure the fuse wire is not touching the edge of the crucible.
3. Sample sizes should be restricted to a maximum of 1 g to avoid the release of excess
heat and pressure.
4. Make sure the oxygen pressure does not exceed 30 atm. The total pressure upon
 combustion could become too great.
5. Make sure the bomb is entirely covered with water to assist in dissipation of heat

Conclusion:

The total heat liberated in the combustion process is due to three sources which is the
combustion of benzoic acid, the combustion of the fuse wire, and the formation of nitric acid
resulting from the high temperature reaction of nitrogen from the air with oxygen and water.
The temperature of the calorimeter is measured as a function of time before, during and after
ignition of the sample.  A graph of temperature versus time is called a thermogram. We
Prepare the thermogram by plotting temperature versus time.  Its Perform a linear regression
on the points in the pre-ignition period and those in the post-ignition period.

References:

Heat of combustion from http://Science.csustan.edu/perona/4012/ Heat%20of%20combustion