PHYSICS 13 &11A

GENERAL PHYSICS 1

MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM, AND COLLISIONS

MARLON FLORES SACEDON
 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
What is momentum? the quantity of motion of a moving body,
measured as a product of its mass and velocity. Where:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 p = momentum [kg.m/s]
Σ𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑣 m = mass [kg]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 v = velocity [m/s]
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 (definition of 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑥
momentum) 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑝
Σ𝐹 = (Newton’s second law in 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑚𝑣𝑧
𝑑𝑡 terms of momentum)
The net force (vector sum of all forces) acting on a particle
equals the time rate of change of momentum of the particle.
What is impulse? the change of momentum of an object
when the object is acted upon by a force for an interval of time.
Σ𝐹 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑝
𝐽 = Σ𝐹 𝑑𝑡 (definition of impulse)

𝑱 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 (impulse-momentum theory)
NOTE: The impulse–momentum theorem
𝑱 = ∆𝑝 holds even forces are not constant.
 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
Integrating with respect to time of the Newton’s second law in terms of momentum,
𝑑𝑝
Σ𝐹 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 𝑡2 𝑝2
𝑑𝑝
Σ𝐹 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑝 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝1
𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 𝑝1

𝒕𝟐 Where:
𝑱= 𝜮𝑭 𝒅𝒕 𝑱 = Impulse of a general net force (either constant or varying) [N.s]
𝒕𝟏 𝜮𝑭 = net force [N]
𝒅𝒕 = time interval [s]
𝑡2
𝐽𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑝2𝑥 − 𝑝1𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑚𝑣1𝑥
𝑡1
𝑡2
𝐽𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑝2𝑦 − 𝑝1𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣2𝑦 − 𝑚𝑣1𝑦
𝑡1
𝑡2
𝐽𝑧 = 𝐹𝑧 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑧 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑝2𝑧 − 𝑝1𝑧 = 𝑚𝑣2𝑧 − 𝑚𝑣1𝑧
𝑡1
 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
Problem: A 0.160-kg hockey puck is moving on an icy, frictionless, horizontal surface. At
t=0, the puck is moving to the right at 3.00 m/s. (a) Calculate the velocity of the puck
(magnitude and direction) after a force of 25.0 N directed to the right has been applied for
0.050 s. (b) If, instead, a force of 12.0 N directed to the left is applied from t=0 to t=0.050 s,
what is the final velocity of the puck?
+y

+x During collision After collision

Before collision
𝑣𝑥𝑖 = +3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑥𝑖 = +3 𝑚/𝑠
+𝑣𝑥𝑓 =?

𝑚 = 0.16 𝑘𝑔 −12𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = +25𝑁 𝑚 = 0.16 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑡 = 0.05 𝑠
Apply Impulse-momentum theory 𝑚
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑝𝑥𝑓 − 𝑝𝑥𝑖 25𝑁 0.05𝑠 = 0.16𝑘𝑔(+𝑣𝑥𝑓 ) − 0.16𝑘𝑔(+3 )
𝑚 𝑠
𝛴𝐹 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 10.8 , 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡
𝑠
𝑚
−12𝑁 0.05𝑠 = 0.16𝑘𝑔(+𝑣𝑥𝑓 ) − 0.16𝑘𝑔(+3 )
𝑚 𝑠
𝑣𝑥𝑓 = −0.75 , 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑠
 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 
FB on A   FA on B
  𝑑𝑝
FB on A  FA on B  0 Note: Σ𝐹 =
𝑑𝑡
 
dp A dpB
 0
dt dt
 
d  p A  pB 
0
dt
 If the vector sum of the external forces on
dp
0 a system is zero, the total momentum
dt of the system is constant.
This is the principle of conservation of momentum.
   
dp A dpB
FB on A  FA on B 
dt dt
 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
PROBLEM: Two gliders with different masses move toward each other on a
frictionless air track (Fig.a). After they collide (Fig. b), glider B has a final velocity of
+2.0 m/s (Fig.c). What is the final velocity of glider A? How do the changes in
momentum and in velocity compare?
 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
PROBLEM 1: A marksman holds a rifle of mass mR = 3.00 kg loosely, so it can
recoil freely. He fires a bullet of mass mB = 5.00 g horizontally with a velocity relative
to the ground of vBx = 300 m/s. What is the recoil velocity vRx of the rifle? What are
the final momentum and kinetic energy of the bullet and rifle?

PROBLEM 2: Two gliders with different masses move toward each other on a
frictionless air track (Fig.a). After they collide (Fig. b), glider B has a final velocity of
+2.0 m/s (Fig.c). What is the final velocity of glider A? How do the changes in
momentum and in velocity compare?

PROBLEM 3: On a frictionless, horizontal air table, puck A (with mass 0.250 kg) is
moving toward puck B (with mass 0.350 kg), which is initially at rest. After the
collision, puck A has a velocity of 0.120 m/s to the left, and puck B has a velocity of
0.650 m/s to the right. (a) What was the speed of puck A before the collision? (b)
Calculate the change in the total kinetic energy of the system that occurs during the
collision.
 PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 4: At the intersection of Texas Avenue and University
Drive, a yellow subcompact car with mass 950 kg traveling east on
University collides with a red pickup truck with mass 1900 kg that is
traveling north on Texas and has run a red light (Fig). The two
vehicles stick together as a result of the collision, and the wreckage
slides at 16.0 m/s in the direction 24.0o east of north. Calculate the
speed of each vehicle before the collision. The collision occurs
during a heavy rainstorm; ignore friction forces between the
vehicles and the wet road.

PROBLEM 5: Two vehicles are approaching an intersection. One is a 2500-kg pickup traveling at
14.0m/s from east to west (the -x-direction), and the other is a 1500-kg sedan going from south to
north (the +y-direction) at 23.0 m/s. (a) Find the x- and y-components of the net momentum of this
system. (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the net momentum?

PROBLEM 6: A baseball of mass 0.145 kg is moving in the +y-direction with a speed of 1.30 m/s,
and a tennis ball of mass 0.0570 kg is moving in the –y-direction with a speed of 7.80 m/s. What are
the magnitude and direction of the total momentum of the system consisting of the two balls?
 PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 4: Asteroid Collision. Two asteroids of equal mass in
the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter collide with a glancing
blow. Asteroid A, which was initially traveling at 40.0 m/s, is
deflected 30.0° from its original direction, while asteroid B, which
was initially at rest, travels at 45.0° to the original direction of A
(Fig.). (a) Find the speed of each asteroid after the collision. (b)
What fraction of the original kinetic energy of asteroid A dissipates
during this collision?
 PROBLEMS

A baseball of mass 0.145 kg is moving in the +y-direction with a speed of 1.30 m/s, and a
tennis ball of mass 0.0570 kg is moving in the –y-direction with a speed of 7.80 m/s. What
are the magnitude and direction of the total momentum of the system consisting of the two
balls?

A 0.0450-kg golf ball initially at rest is given a speed of 25.0 m/s when it is struck by a club.
If the club and ball are in contact for 2.00 ms, what average force acts on the ball? Is the
effect of the ball’s weight during the time of contact significant? Why or why not?

You are standing on a sheet of ice that covers the football stadium parking lot in Buffalo;
there is negligible friction between your feet and the ice. A friend throws you a 0.400-kg ball
that is traveling horizontally at 10.0 m/s. Your mass is 70.0 kg. a) If you catch the ball, with
what speed do you and move afterwards? b) If the ball hits you and bounces off your chest, so
afterwards it is moving horizontally at 8.0 m/s in the opposite direction, what is your speed
after the collision?
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