COMSW 1003-1

Introduction to Computer
Programming in C

Lecture 4 Spring 2011

Instructor: Michele Merler

C http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~mmerler/comsw1003-1.html 1
 Announcements

• HW 1 is due on Monday, February 14th at the

beginning of class, no exceptions

• Read so far: PCP Chapters 1 to 4

• Reading for next Wednesday: PCP Chapter 5

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 Review – Access CUNIX
http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~bert/courses/1003/cunix.html

1) Enable windowing environment

- X11, Xming, X-Server

2) Launch SSH session (login with UNI and password)

- Terminal, Putty

3) Launch Emacs
$ emacs &

4) Open/create a file, than save it with .c extension

5) Compile source code into executable with gcc

C 3
 Review - Compiling your C code
• GCC : GNU Compiler Collection
• When you invoke GCC, it normally does
preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking

– Basic Command
• gcc myProgram.c
• ./a.out Run compiled program (executable)

– More advanced options

• gcc –Wall –o myProgram myProgram.c

• ./myProgram

C 4
 Review - Compiling your C code
• GCC : GNU Compiler Collection
• When you invoke GCC, it normally does
preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking

– Basic Command
• gcc myProgram.c
• ./a.out Run compiled program (executable)

Display all types of Specify name of

warnings,–notMore adva
only errors the executable

• gcc –Wall –o myProgram myProgram.c

• ./myProgram Run compiled program (executable)

C 5
 Review: C Syntax
• Statements
– one line commands
– always end with ;
– can be grouped between { }

• Comments
// single line comment

/* multiple lines comments

*/

C 6
 Review : Variables and types
• Variables are placeholders for values
int x = 2;
x = x + 3; // x value is 5 now

• In C, variables are divided into types,

according to how they are represented in
memory (always represented in binary)
– int 4 bytes, signed/unsigned
– float 4 bytes, decimal part + exponent
– double 8 bytes
– char 1 byte, ASCII Table
C 7
 Review : Casting
• Casting is a method to correctly use variables of different types
together
• It allows to treat a variable of one type as if it were of another
type in a specific context
• When it makes sense, the compiler does it for us automatically

• Implicit (automatic)
x= 3 compiler automatically casted
int x =1;
(=converted) y to be an integer just for
float y = 2.3;
this instruction
x = x + y;

• Explicit (non-automatic)
char c = ‘A’; Explicit casting from char to int. The value of x
int x = (int) c; here is 65

C 8
 Today

• Operators

• printf()

• Binary logic

C 9
 Operators
• Assignment =

• Arithmetic * / % + -

• Increment ++ -- += -=

• Relational < <= > >= == !=

• Logical && || !

• Bitwise & | ~ ^ << >>

• Comma ,

C 10
 Operators – Assignment and Comma
int x = 3;

x = 7;

int x, y = 5;
The comma operator allows
x = y = 7; us to perform multiple
assignments/declarations
float y = 2.3, z = 3, q = 700;

int i,j,k;

k = (i=2, j=3);

printf(‚i = %d, j = %d, k = %d\n‛,i,j,k);

C 11
 Operators - Arithmetic * / % + -
• Arithmetic operators have a precedence
int x;
x = 3 + 5 * 2 - 4 / 2;

• We can use parentheses () to impose our precedence order

int x;
x = (3 + 5) * (2 – 4) / 2;

• % returns the module (or the remainder of the division)

int x;
x = 5 % 3; // x = 2

• We have to be careful with integer vs. float division : remember

automatic casting!
int x = 3; float y;
float y; y = 1 / 2; // y = 0.00

C y = x / 2; // y = 1.00
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 Operators - Arithmetic * / % + -
• Arithmetic operators have a precedence
int x;
x = 3 + 5 * 2 - 4 / 2;

• We can use parentheses () to impose our precedence order

int x;
x = (3 + 5) * (2 – 4) / 2;

• % returns the module (or the remainder of the division)

int x;
x = 5 % 3; // x = 2

• We have to be careful with integer vs. float division : remember

automatic casting!
int x = 3; Possible fixes: float y;
float y; 1)float x = 3; y = 1 / 2; // y = 0.00

C
2)y = (float) x /2;
y = x / 2; // y = 1.00 Then y = 1.50 Possible fix: y = 1.0/2;
Then y = 0.50 13
Operators – Increment/Decrement
++ -- += -=
int x = 3, y, z;

x++; x is incremented at the end of statement

++x; x is incremented at the beginning of statement

y = ++x + 3; // x = x + 1; y = x + 3;

z = x++ + 3; // z = x + 3; x = x + 1;

x -= 2; // x = x - 2;

C 14
 Operators - Relational
< <= > >= == !=

• Return 0 if statement is false, 1 if statement is true

int x = 3, y = 2, z, k, t;

z = x > y; // z = 1

k = x <= y; // k = 0

t = x != y; // t = 1

C 15
 Operators - Logical
&& || !

• A variable with value 0 is false, a variable with value !=0 is true

int x = 3, y = 0, z, k, t, q = -3;

z = x && y; // z = 0; x is true but y is false

k = x || y; // k = 1; x is true

t = !q; // t = 0; q is true

C 16
 Operators - Bitwise
• Work on the binary representation of data
• Remember: computers store and see data in binary
format!
int x, y, z , t, q, s, v;

x = 3; 00000000000000000000000000000011
y = 16; 00000000000000000000000000010000

z = x << 1; equivalent to z = x · 21 00000000000000000000000000000110

t = y >> 3; equivalent to t = y · 2-3 00000000000000000000000000000010

q = x & y; 00000000000000000000000000000000

s = x | y; 00000000000000000000000000010011

v = x ^ y; 00000000000000000000000000010011

C XOR
17
 printf
• printf is a function used to print to standard output (command line)

• Syntax:
printf(“format1 format2 …”, variable1, variable2,…);

• Format characters: Format

– %d or %i integer
– %f float % 0 n1 . n2 t
– %lf double
– %c char type
pad with zeros (optional)
– %u unsigned number of digits after
– %s string the decimal point

number of digits before

the decimal point

C 18
 printf
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int a,b;
float c,d;
a = 15;
Output:
b = a / 2;

printf("%d\n",b); 7
printf("%3d\n",b); 7
printf("%03d\n",b); 007

c = 15.3;
d = c / 3;
printf("%3.2f\n",d); 5.10

return(0);

C }
19
 printf
Escape sequences
\n newline
\t tab
\v vertical tab
\f new page
\b backspace
\r carriage return

C 20
 Binary Logic
• 1 = true, 0 = false

• Decimal to binary conversion

610 = 1102

• Binary to decimal conversion

110012 = 1x20 + 0x21 + 0x22 + 1x23 + 1x24 = 25

• AND
v=x&y

• OR
v=x|y

C
 Binary Logic
• 1 = true, 0 = false remainder

• Decimal to binary conversion 6 0

Divide by 2
610 = 1102 3 1
base
1 1
Most significant bit Least significant bit
0
• Binary to decimal conversion
110012 = 1x20 + 0x21 + 0x22 + 1x23 + 1x24 = 25

• AND
v=x&y

• OR
v=x|y

C
 Binary Logic
• 1 = true, 0 = false remainder

• Decimal to binary conversion 6 0

Divide by 2
610 = 1102 3 1
base
1 1
Most significant bit Least significant bit
0
• Binary to decimal conversion
110012 = 1x20 + 0x21 + 0x22 + 1x23 + 1x24 = 25

• AND
v=x&y

• OR
v=x|y

C 23
 Binary Logic
• 1 = true, 0 = false remainder

• Decimal to binary conversion 6 0

Divide by 2
610 = 1102 3 1
base
1 1
Most significant bit Least significant bit
0
• Binary to decimal conversion
110012 = 1x20 + 0x21 + 0x22 + 1x23 + 1x24 = 25

• AND x y v
• NOT x v
0 0 0
v=x&y v = !x 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

• OR • EXOR x y v
x y v
v=x|y 0 0 0
v=x^y 0 0 0

C
0 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
24
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 Homework 1 review

HOW TO COMPRESS/UNCOMPRESS folders in UNIX

• Compress folder ~/COMS1003/HW1 to HW1.tar.gz

tar -zcvf HW1.tar.gz ~/COMS1003/HW1

• Uncompress HW1.tar.gz to folder ~/COMS1003/HW1new

tar -zxvf HW1.tar.gz -C ~/COMS1003/HW1new
(note: ~/COMS1003/HW1new must exist already)

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