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Continuum Physics

The exam document contains 4 problems regarding continuum physics concepts: 1. Defines tensors and vectors and asks to show that a tensor A equals the scalar triple product times the identity tensor. 2. Asks about the shape of deformed bodies given different deformation gradient tensors, including a sphere stretched by different amounts in each direction. 3. Derives the local balance of energy equation and applies it to a body divided into two regions, relating the heat flux across the interface to no heat loss. 4. Discusses relationships between strain energy density, deformation gradient, Kirchhoff stress tensor, and principal stretches for isotropic hyperelastic solids.

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87 views2 pages

Continuum Physics

The exam document contains 4 problems regarding continuum physics concepts: 1. Defines tensors and vectors and asks to show that a tensor A equals the scalar triple product times the identity tensor. 2. Asks about the shape of deformed bodies given different deformation gradient tensors, including a sphere stretched by different amounts in each direction. 3. Derives the local balance of energy equation and applies it to a body divided into two regions, relating the heat flux across the interface to no heat loss. 4. Discusses relationships between strain energy density, deformation gradient, Kirchhoff stress tensor, and principal stretches for isotropic hyperelastic solids.

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christos032
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Continuum Physics

Midterm Exam

Problem 1.
Let a, b, c ∈ R3 be three, linearly independent vectors. Let A ∈ GL(3) be the tensor given by A =
a ⊗ (b × c) + b ⊗ (c × a) + c ⊗ (a × b). Denote the scalar triple product of a, b, c by V = a · (b × c). Finally,
define the unit vectors
a b ∗ c
a∗ = , b∗ = ,c = . (1)
|a| |b| |c|
It can be shown that

a∗ · Aa∗ = V, b∗ · Ab∗ = V, c∗ · Ac∗ = V, (2)

a∗ · Ab∗ = b∗ · Aa∗ = V a∗ · b∗ , b∗ · Ac∗ = c∗ · Ab∗ = V b∗ · c∗ , c∗ · Aa∗ = a∗ · Ac∗ = V c∗ · a∗(3)


.

Using these results show that A = V 1, where 1 is the usual second-order isotropic tensor.
Note: There is a smarter way to do this than writing out vector/tensor components explicitly.

Problem 2.
Consider a body, which in the reference configuration, Ω0 , is a sphere of radius R. Its deformation gradient
is F .
(a) If F = λ1, where 1 is the usual second-order isotropic tensor, what is the shape of the body in its
deformed configuration, Ωt ?

(b) If F = λ1 e1 ⊗ e1 + λ2 e2 ⊗ e2 + λ3 e3 ⊗ e3 , where λ1 6= λ2 6= λ3 are constants and {e1 , e2 , e3 } is a


constant orthonormal basis, then what is the shape of the deformed configuration, Ωt ? Provide an
explicit parametrization for it.

Problem 3.
Let Ω be the current configuration of a body. The heat flux vector (heat crossing a unit area in the current
configuration per unit time in the direction perpendicular to the area) is q ∈ R3 . The heat supply (heat
supplied externally per unit current volume per unit time) is r ∈ R, a scalar. The internal energy per unit
mass is e ∈ R a scalar. The mass density is ρ. The heat entering Ω through its boundary, ∂Ω is h = −q · n,
where n is the unit outward normal.

(a) Derive the local balance of energy equation which corresponds to the following specialization of the
First Law of Thermodynamics: “The rate of change of internal energy is equal to the net heat supplied
to the body by external heating at every point, and through the boundary.”

(b) Consider Fig 1, where the current configuration Ω is shown as the union of two open, disjoint subsets,
Ω1 and Ω2 . That is, Ω = Ω1 ∪ Ω2 and Ω1 ∩ Ω2 = ∅. The interface between Ω1 and Ω2 is Γ, with unit
normal m pointing into Ω2 as shown. So, the boundary of Ω1 is Γ1 ∪ Γ and the boundary of Ω2 is
Γ2 ∪ Γ.
Apply the local form of the balance of energy equation that you derived in Part (a) to each open subset,
Ω1 and Ω2 . Then obtain the integral form of the balance of energy for this problem. Given that there
is no heat loss across the interface, Γ, what can you say about the heat flux vector across Γ?

This Work by Krishna Garikipati is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license.
Growth
kinematics

replacements

Γ
n Ω2
Γ1 Ω1 Γ2

Figure 1: The body in its current configuration is the union of subsets: Ω = Ω1 ∪ Ω2 and Ω1 ∩ Ω2 = ∅.

Problem 4.
The Kirchhoff stress tensor is defined as τ = Jσ, where σ is the Cauchy stress and J = detF is the volume
change ratio written in terms of the deformation gradient, F . The left Cauchy-Green tensor, b, satisfies
b = F F T.

(a) For an isotropic, hyperelastic solid with strain energy density ψ show that

∂ψ
τ =2 b.
∂b

(b) For an isotropic, hyperelastic solid with strain energy density ψ, how are the principal values of the
Kirchhoff stress tensor related to ψ and the principal stretches, λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ?

This Work by Krishna Garikipati is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license.

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