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USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
Alan 1152 0.0 0.5 4476 1348 pts/0 S 17:39 0:00 bash
Alan 1831 0.0 0.2 2580 664 pts/0 R 18:14 0:00 ps au
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total 46740
drwx------ 47 Alan Alan 4096 Apr 23 11:09 .
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 12 17:51 ..
-rw------- 1 Alan Alan 616581 Apr 18 23:29 779-red_hat_linux_9.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 2 Alan Alan 4096 Mar 20 11:15 .acrobat
drwx------ 2 Alan Alan 4096 Mar 20 11:15 .adobe
drwx------ 2 Alan Alan 4096 Mar 12 17:04 .adonthell
drwxr-xr-x 2 Alan Alan 4096 Feb 14 13:19 .anjuta
-rw------- 1 Alan Alan 18325 Apr 23 00:36 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 Alan Alan 24 Aug 24 2002 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 Alan Alan 191 Aug 24 2002 .bash_profile
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Aug 28 22:20:57 localhost sshd[2886]: error: PAM: Authentication failure
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Nov 6 20:20:10 localhost sshd[4133]: error: PAM: Authentication failure
for alan from localhost
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rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTbase
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨¦ VTBaSe
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rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨¦ VTadjust
rw-r--r-- Vryan root ¦Feb TVDUU VTanimals
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTbase
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨¦ VTBaSe
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨T VTbass
rw-r--r-- Vryan root ¦Feb TVDUª VTfile
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUª VTfile_T
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VThuman
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTHuman
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VThumans
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨¦ VTjustice
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨¦ VTjustly
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTmolecules
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTMolecules
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTmolleculles
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTmolllecules
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTmove
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTziggy
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rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTmolecules
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTmolllecules
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rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨¦ VTadjust
rw-r--r-- Vryan root ¦Feb TVDUU VTanimals
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTbase
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨T VTbass
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VThumans
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rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTall
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVD¨¦ VTaLL
rw-r--r-- Vryan root ¦Feb TVDUª VTfile
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUª VTfile_T
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VThuman
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTHuman
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTmove
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTUD
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDUU VTU-D
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTzig
rw-r--r-- Vryan root ¦Feb TVDU© VTZIG
rw-r--r-- Vroot root ¦Feb TVDU© VTziggy
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Documents/Debian-Book/backup/Chapter-5.sxw
Documents/Debian-Book/backup/Chapter-6.sxw
Documents/Debian-Book/Chapter-5.sxw
Documents/Debian-Book/Chapter-6.sxw
Documents/Debian-Book/Chapter-7.sxw
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lrwxr—r-- 1 tux gnuiranorg 31 Apr 25 05:25 article.txt -> /temp/article
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apple grape watermelon
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I finished the project on Sun May 25 14:25:36 IRST 2003
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