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Communication Systems: Fourier Series

The document discusses Fourier series and how any periodic signal can be represented as the sum of sinusoidal waves with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. It provides mathematical expressions to represent a Fourier series and explains terms like fundamental frequency, harmonics, angular frequency, and how modifying amplitude, frequency and phase can be used to model complex signals.

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Mubashir Ghaffar
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views13 pages

Communication Systems: Fourier Series

The document discusses Fourier series and how any periodic signal can be represented as the sum of sinusoidal waves with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. It provides mathematical expressions to represent a Fourier series and explains terms like fundamental frequency, harmonics, angular frequency, and how modifying amplitude, frequency and phase can be used to model complex signals.

Uploaded by

Mubashir Ghaffar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Communication

Systems

Fourier Series

By
Engr. Jawwad Ahmad (Ph.D)

1
Today’s Goal
 Fundamental Frequency & Harmonics

 Composite Signals

 Fourier Series

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 2


Fundamental Frequency,
Harmonics & Composite Signal
 Any non-sinusoidal periodic waveform can be expressed as a
very large number of sinusoidal waveform of different amplitudes
and frequencies such that the frequencies of sinusoidal are integral
multiple of one lowest frequency called Fundamental Frequency.
 Any well-behaved periodic waveform can be represented as a
series of sine and/or cosine waves at multiples of its fundamental
frequency plus (sometimes) a dc offset. This is known as a Fourier
series.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 3


Fundamental Frequency,
Harmonics & Composite Signal
 This very useful (and perhaps rather surprising) fact was
discovered in 1822 by Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician,
in the course of research on heat conduction.

 Fourier's discovery, applied to a time-varying signal, can be


expressed mathematically as follows:

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 4


Fourier Series

 where
 f(t) = any well-behaved function of time as described
above. For our purposes, f(t) will generally be either a
voltage v(t) or a current i(t).
 An & Bn = real-number coefficients; that is, they can be
positive, negative, or zero.
 ω = radian frequency of the fundamental.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 5


Fourier Series
 Consider a signal of period = 1, frequency = 1, time period = 1.
sin 2 t
sin 2 (1)t
 Another periodic signal having period = 1, frequency = 2, time period = ½.
sin 4 t
sin 2 (2)t
 Another periodic signal having period = 1, frequency = 3, time period = 1/3.
sin 6 t
sin 2 (3)t
 On combining these periodic functions

f (t )  sin 2 t  sin 4 t  sin 6 t

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 6


Fourier Series
sin 2 (1)t

sin 2 (2)t

sin 2 (3)t

f (t )  sin 2 t  sin 4 t  sin 6 t 7


Fourier Series
 To model a complicated signal, we can modify amplitude, frequency and phase,
so, N
f (t )   An sin( 2 f n t  n )
n 1
 From trigonometric function

An sin  2 f nt  n   An sin 2 f n t cos n  An cos 2 f n t sin n


 An sin n cos 2 f n t  An cos n sin 2 f nt
 Let, An sin And
n  an An cos n  bn
 Therefore,
An sin  2f n t  n   an cos 2f nt  bn sin 2f n t

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 8


Fourier Series
 Thus, N
f (t )    an cos 2 f n t  bn sin 2 f n t 
n 1
 Adding a constant term normally known as DC-component (ao)

N
f (t )  a0    an cos 2 f n t  bn sin 2 f n t
n 1
 or,
N
f (t )  a0    an cos 2 nf1t  bn sin 2 nf1t 
n 1

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 9


Fourier Series
 In terms of Angular Frequency,

N
f (t )  a0    an cos  n t  bn sin  n t 
n 1
 or,
N
f (t )  a0    an cos n1t  bn sin n1t 
n 1

where ao, an, bn are the constant co-efficient


for the corresponding frequency which
depends upon f(t).
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 10
Fourier Series

11
Fourier Series

12
Thank you

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 13

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