28/2/2019 The Art of Data Visualization: Learn 7 visualizations in R

7 Visualizations You Should Learn in R

 December 29, 2016  Dikesh Jariwala  ggplot2, R 2  6 Minute Read
 40 Active Readers

With ever increasing volume of data, it is impossible to tell stories without visualizations.
Data visualization is an art of how to turn numbers into useful knowledge.

R Programming lets you learn this art by o ering a set of inbuilt functions and libraries
to build visualizations and present data. Before the technical implementations of the
visualization, let’s see rst how to select the right chart type.

Selecting the Right Chart Type 

There are four basic presentation types:

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1. Comparison

2. Composition

3. Distribution

4. Relationship

To determine which amongst these is best suited for your data, I suggest you should
answer a few questions like,

How many variables do you want to show in a single chart?

How many data points will you display for each variable?

Will you display values over a period of time, or among items or groups?

Below is a great explanation on selecting a right chart type by Dr. Andrew Abela.

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In your day-to-day activities, you’ll come across the below listed 7 charts most of the
time.

1. Scatter Plot

2. Histogram

3. Bar & Stack Bar Chart

4. Box Plot

5. Area Chart

6. HeatMap

7. Correlogram

We’ll use ‘Big Mart data’ example as shown below to understand how to create
visualizations in R. You can download the full dataset from here.

Now let’s see how to use these visualizations in R

1. Scatter Plot

When to use: Scatter Plot is used to see the relationship between two continuous
variables.


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In our above mart dataset, if we want to visualize the items as per their cost data, then
we can use scatter plot chart using two continuous variables, namely Item_Visibility &
Item_MRP as shown below.

Here is the R code for simple scatter plot using function ggplot() with geom_point().

library(ggplot2) // ggplot2 is an R library for visualizations train.

ggplot(train, aes(Item_Visibility, Item_MRP)) + geom_point() +
scale_x_continuous("Item Visibility", breaks = seq(0,0.35,0.05))+
scale_y_continuous("Item MRP", breaks = seq(0,270,by = 30))+ theme_bw()

Now, we can view a third variable also in same chart, say a categorical variable
(Item_Type) which will give the characteristic (item_type) of each data set. Di erent
categories are depicted by way of di erent color for item_type in below chart.

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R code with an addition of category:

ggplot(train, aes(Item_Visibility, Item_MRP)) + geom_point(aes(color = Item_Type)) +

scale_x_continuous("Item Visibility", breaks = seq(0,0.35,0.05))+
scale_y_continuous("Item MRP", breaks = seq(0,270,by = 30))+
theme_bw() + labs(title="Scatterplot")

We can even make it more visually clear by creating separate scatter plots for each
separate Item_Type as shown below.

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R code for separate category wise chart:

ggplot(train, aes(Item_Visibility, Item_MRP)) + geom_point(aes(color = Item_Type)) +

scale_x_continuous("Item Visibility", breaks = seq(0,0.35,0.05))+
scale_y_continuous("Item MRP", breaks = seq(0,270,by = 30))+
theme_bw() + labs(title="Scatterplot") + facet_wrap( ~ Item_Type)

Here, facet_wrap works superb & wraps Item_Type in rectangular layout.

2. Histogram

When to use: Histogram is used to plot continuous variable. It breaks the data into bins
and shows frequency distribution of these bins. We can always change the bin size and
see the e ect it has on visualization.

From our mart dataset, if we want to know the count of items on basis of their cost, 
then we can plot histogram using continuous variable Item_MRP as shown below.

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Here is the R code for simple histogram plot using function ggplot() with
geom_histogram().

ggplot(train, aes(Item_MRP)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 2)+

scale_x_continuous("Item MRP", breaks = seq(0,270,by = 30))+
scale_y_continuous("Count", breaks = seq(0,200,by = 20))+
labs(title = "Histogram")

3. Bar & Stack Bar Chart

When to use: Bar charts are recommended when you want to plot a categorical
variable or a combination of continuous and categorical variable.

From our dataset, if we want to know number of marts established in particular year,
then bar chart would be most suitable option, use variable Establishment Year as shown
below.


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Here is the R code for simple bar plot using function ggplot() for a single continuous
variable.

ggplot(train, aes(Outlet_Establishment_Year)) + geom_bar(fill = "red")+theme_bw()+

scale_x_continuous("Establishment Year", breaks = seq(1985,2010)) +
scale_y_continuous("Count", breaks = seq(0,1500,150)) +
coord_flip()+ labs(title = "Bar Chart") + theme_gray()

Vertical Bar Chart:

As a variation, you can remove coord_ ip() parameter to get the above bar chart
vertically.

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To know item weights (continuous variable) on basis of Outlet Type (categorical variable)
on single bar chart, use following code:
ggplot(train, aes(Item_Type, Item_Weight)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill =
"darkblue") + scale_x_discrete("Outlet Type")
+ scale_y_continuous("Item Weight", breaks = seq(0,15000, by = 500))
+ theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5)) + labs(title = "Bar Chart")

Stacked Bar chart:

Stacked bar chart is an advanced version of bar chart, used for visualizing a combination
of categorical variables.

From our dataset, if we want to know the count of outlets on basis of categorical
variables like its type (Outlet Type) and location (Outlet Location Type) both, stack chart
will visualize the scenario in most useful manner.

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Here is the R code for simple stacked bar chart using function ggplot().

ggplot(train, aes(Outlet_Location_Type, fill = Outlet_Type)) + geom_bar()+

labs(title = "Stacked Bar Chart", x = "Outlet Location Type", y = "Count of Outlets")

4. Box Plot

When to use: Box Plots are used to plot a combination of categorical and continuous
variables. This plot is useful for visualizing the spread of the data and detect outliers. It
shows ve statistically signi cant numbers- the minimum, the 25th percentile, the
median, the 75th percentile and the maximum.

From our dataset, if we want to identify each outlet’s detailed item sales including
minimum, maximum & median numbers, box plot can be helpful. In addition, it also
gives values of outliers of item sales for each outlet as shown in below chart.

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The black points are outliers. Outlier detection and removal is an essential step of
successful data exploration.

Here is the R code for simple box plot using function ggplot() with geom_boxplot.

ggplot(train, aes(Outlet_Identifier, Item_Outlet_Sales)) + geom_boxplot(fill = "red")+

scale_y_continuous("Item Outlet Sales", breaks= seq(0,15000, by=500))+
labs(title = "Box Plot", x = "Outlet Identifier")

5. Area Chart

When to use: Area chart is used to show continuity across a variable or data set. It is
very much same as line chart and is commonly used for time series plots. Alternatively,
it is also used to plot continuous variables and analyze the underlying trends.

From our dataset, when we want to analyze the trend of item outlet sales, area chart
can be plotted as shown below. It shows count of outlets on basis of sales.

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Here is the R code for simple area chart showing continuity of Item Outlet Sales using
function ggplot() with geom_area.

ggplot(train, aes(Item_Outlet_Sales)) + geom_area(stat = "bin", bins = 30, fill =

"steelblue") + scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0,11000,1000))+ labs(title = "Area
Chart", x = "Item Outlet Sales", y = "Count")

6. Heat Map

When to use: Heatmap uses intensity (density) of colors to display relationship between
two or three or many variables in a two dimensional image. Heatmap Analysis for
website allows you to explore two dimensions as the axis and the third dimension by
intensity of color.

From our dataset, if we want to know cost of each item on every outlet, we can plot
heatmap as shown below using three variables Item MRP, Outlet Identi er & Item Type
from our mart dataset.


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The dark portion indicates Item MRP is close 50. The brighter portion indicates Item
MRP is close to 250.

Here is the R code for simple heat map using function ggplot().

ggplot(train, aes(Outlet_Identifier, Item_Type))+

geom_raster(aes(fill = Item_MRP))+
labs(title ="Heat Map", x = "Outlet Identifier", y = "Item Type")+
scale_fill_continuous(name = "Item MRP")

7. Correlogram

When to use: Correlogram is used to test the level of co-relation among the variable
available in the data set. The cells of the matrix can be shaded or colored to show the
co-relation value.

Darker the color, higher the co-relation between variables. Positive co-relations are
displayed in blue and negative correlations in red color. Color intensity is proportional
to the co-relation value. 
From our dataset, let’s check co-relation between Item cost, weight, visibility along with
Outlet establishment year and Outlet sales from below plot.
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In our example, we can see that Item cost & Outlet sales are positively correlated while
Item weight & its visibility are negatively correlated.

Here is the R code for simple correlogram using function corrgram().

install.packages("corrgram")
library(corrgram)

corrgram(train, order=NULL, panel=panel.shade, text.panel=panel.txt,

main="Correlogram")

Now I guess it should be easy for you to visualize the data using ggplot2 library in R
Programming.

Apart from visualizations, you can learn more about data mining and the process to
Combine Data from Analytics into R.

To know more or for any assistance on R programming, please drop us a comment with
your details & we will be glad to assist you!!

Bio Latest Posts


Dikesh Jariwala

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Dikesh is a software developer and has been a pioneer in building some cool and fun codes
at Tatvic. Dikesh loves gaming and has been a champion of Counter Strikes at least at
Tatvic.

 R data visualization tutorial, selecting the right chart type in R, Visualizations in R

 2 . Leave new

max November 6, 2017 3:34 pm

thanks for posting, it’s very heplful. may i reference this for my assignment?
Reply

Tatvic July 31, 2018 11:52 am

Hey Max, we are glad you found this blog resourceful. Please feel free to
reference this for your assignment as a source
Reply

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