Scribd
Upload
102 views2 pages

001 Introduction

This document provides an introduction to signals. It defines a signal as a physical quantity that varies with respect to time, space, or another independent variable. Signals can be one-dimensional, depending on one variable, or multi-dimensional, depending on multiple variables. Examples of one-dimensional signals include voltage over time (v(t)) and two-dimensional signals include a function of x and y (f(x,y)). Signals can also be classified as continuous-time if defined for every instant, or discrete-time if defined at discrete time intervals. Common signal types include digital signals expressed in binary, and periodic, non-periodic, deterministic, random, even, odd, energy, and power signals.

Uploaded by

Kumar Arvind
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
102 views2 pages

001 Introduction

This document provides an introduction to signals. It defines a signal as a physical quantity that varies with respect to time, space, or another independent variable. Signals can be one-dimensional, depending on one variable, or multi-dimensional, depending on multiple variables. Examples of one-dimensional signals include voltage over time (v(t)) and two-dimensional signals include a function of x and y (f(x,y)). Signals can also be classified as continuous-time if defined for every instant, or discrete-time if defined at discrete time intervals. Common signal types include digital signals expressed in binary, and periodic, non-periodic, deterministic, random, even, odd, energy, and power signals.

Uploaded by

Kumar Arvind
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Introduction to Signals

Definition: Signal is a physical quantity that varies with respect to time, space or any other
independent variable. OR

 Electric voltage, radio and TV signals are examples of electric signals


 Sound signals are examples of non−electric signals

The signal may depend on one or more independent variables. If a signal depends on only one
variable it is known as one dimensional signal. If a signal depends on two variables it is known
as a two dimensional signal. Multidimensional signals depend on many variables.

Examples:

 v(t) = V0 sin t
This is a one dimensional signal. The independent variable is t
 f(x,y) = 3x2+2xy+7x3
This is a two dimensional signal. The independent variables are x and y

The representation of a signal by mathematical expression is known as signal modeling

Signal is a mathematical representation of the system

TYPES OF SIGNALS (CLASSIFICATION)

 Continuous−Time Signals (CT): The signals that are defined for every instant of time are
known as continuous – time signals. They are denoted by x(t)
 Discrete−Time Signals (DT): The signals that are defined at discrete instants of time are
known as discrete – time signals. They are denoted by x(n)

Illustrations of a continuous-time signal x (t) and a discrete-time signal x(n) are shown

 Digital: A signal that is discrete in time and in amplitude is known as digital signal. A
digital signal is usually expressed in binary form, a string of zeros and ones.

Both CT and DT signals can be classified into:

 Periodic Signal and Non Periodic Signal: A signal which repeats at regular intervals is
called periodic signal. A signal which does not repeat at regular intervals is non−periodic
signal.
 Deterministic Signal and Random Signal: A signal which can be represented by a mathe−
matical expression is called deterministic signal. Otherwise the signal is known as random
signal. A random signal cannot be represented by mathematical expression.
Examples: The signal x(t) = sin t is deterministic. Similarly pulse, triangular wave, square
waves are deterministic. The noise generated in electronic components and in transmission
channels are random signals.
 Odd Signal and Even Signal: A signal is even signal if inversion of time does not change the
amplitude. A signal is odd signal if inversion of time also inverts the amplitude.
 Energy and Power Signal: A signal is energy signal if and only if the total energy of the
signal is finite. For an energy signal P = 0. Similarly a signal is said to be a power signal if the
average power if the signal is finite. For power signal E = . Any signal which does not satisfy
these properties is neither energy nor power signal.

You might also like