Digestive System Human and Social Biology CDPLABS EDUSERVICES
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Digestion
Supplementary notes to video
Properties of enzymes
1. Work best at a certain pH i.e. acid, neutral or alkaline.
2. Work best at a certain temperature e.g.370C in man.
3. Inactivated at high temperatures .Destroyed by boiling.
4. Usually work on only one substrate i.e. specific.
5. Break down large quantities of substrate.
6. Not chemically changed at the end of the reaction.
7. Sensitive to poisons e.g. cyanide
Structure and function of the digestive system
Structure Function (in digestion only )
Mouth Food is ingested :sense organs (e.g. on tongue )detect sweet , sour ,salt ,bitter
Salivary glands Secrete saliva containing salivary amylase (enzyme ) and mucus
Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach
Stomach Muscular wall churns food and secretes gastric juice
Liver Produces bile
Gall bladder Stores bile
Bile duct Carries bile to duodenum
Pyloric sphincter Muscle controlling exit of food from stomach
Pancreas Makes pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes
Pancreatic duct Carries pancreatic juice to duodenum
Duodenum Secretes intestinal juice with digestive enzymes
Ileum Absorbs digested material through its wall
Caecum Absorption of some water
Appendix No function in man
Colon Absorption of water and salts
Rectum Stores faces
Anus Faces egested
Digestive System Human and Social Biology CDPLABS EDUSERVICES
A diagram of the alimentary canal
Structure and function of villi
Structure Feature Function
Villus Finger like Very large surface area for absorption
Lacteal Passes to lymph vessels Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol
Blood capillaries Lead to hepatic portal vein Absorbs glucose and amino acids
Epithelium single cell layer Allows diffusion and some active transport of digested food
Mucus cells In epithelium For food passage
Muscular wall Circular and longitudinal for peristalsis
Terms to know
Terms Definition
Ingestion Taking food into the mouth (eating).
Digestion The process of breaking down complex food substances into small molecules mainly
by enzyme action.
Absorption Passage of digested food, salts, vitamins and water through the walls of the gut into
the transport system (e.g. glucose diffuses through the villus into the blood
capillaries.
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Assimilation The building up of the products of digestion into compounds in the body (e.g. amino
acids from proteins for cell growth).
Egestion The elimination of undigested food faeces.
What happens to nutrients until they pass out the body?
Food Digested to Absorbed in Carried Function Excess Removal
villi into by from body
as
Carbohydrates Glucose Blood Blood Provide Stored as Carbon
capillaries energy in glycogen dioxide and
respiration and fat water
Proteins Amino acids Blood Blood Form Forms urea Urea
capillaries proteins for deaminated
growth
enzymes
etc
Fats Fatty acids Lacteals – Lymph Provide Stored as Carbon
and glycerol lymph energy in fat adipose dioxide and
vessels respiration tissue water
form part of
membranes
etc
Roughage Not Not Remains Bulk for Egested Same
digested absorbed in gut peristalsis
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Digestive System Human and Social Biology CDPLABS EDUSERVICES
Instructions:
Watch video and read your supplementary notes before answering these questions. Watch and read
several times before starting these questions. (May be 3 times)
1. The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal.
Which two structures produce substances involved in the digestion of fat?
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2. In the diagram in question 1 where is the enzyme responsible for the first stage of protein
digestion produced? Click here to enter text.
3. Which secretion, released into the alimentary canal, contains no enzymes but speeds up fat
digestion? Click here to enter text.
4. Which part of the alimentary canal is most acidic?Click here to enter text.
5. The diagram shows a section through a villus.
What is the function of the structure X? Click here to enter text.
6. Which digestive processes take place in the mouth?
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7. Where does bile enter the alimentary canal? Click here to enter text.
8. What would happen if a person’s bile duct became blocked? Click here to enter text.
9. Which region produces an enzyme which works best at pH 2? Click here to enter text.
10. What is the final product of protein digestion?Click here to enter text.
11. Where in the alimentary canal is most water absorbed? Click here to enter text.
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12. Describe what happens to fats as they pass through the following regions of the alimentary
canal :
i. The mouth cavity
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ii. The duodenum
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iii. The rest of the small intestine
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What is the value of fat in human body?
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13. Digestion is the process whereby food is broken down into smaller substances.
i. State ONE function of EACH of the following in the stomach :
a) Hydrochloric acid
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b) Pepsin
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ii. In which organ of the body is bile produced and what is the function of bile in digestion?
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Digestive System Human and Social Biology CDPLABS EDUSERVICES
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