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The Two Qs Quantity and Quality of Power

The document discusses two key aspects of electric power delivery: quantity and quality, also known as the "two Qs". Quantity refers to the amount of power needed while quality, most importantly, refers to the reliability and dependability of the power supply. The document also discusses reliability assessment techniques, both qualitative and quantitative methods. It defines availability and unavailability, using examples to illustrate how reliability is described in terms of the number of "nines" in availability values like 99.99% or 99.9999%.

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Farah Sabir
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102 views21 pages

The Two Qs Quantity and Quality of Power

The document discusses two key aspects of electric power delivery: quantity and quality, also known as the "two Qs". Quantity refers to the amount of power needed while quality, most importantly, refers to the reliability and dependability of the power supply. The document also discusses reliability assessment techniques, both qualitative and quantitative methods. It defines availability and unavailability, using examples to illustrate how reliability is described in terms of the number of "nines" in availability values like 99.99% or 99.9999%.

Uploaded by

Farah Sabir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Two Qs
Quantity And Quality Of Power
The Two Qs
2 Electric consumers require power, whether delivered from the utility grid or
generated locally by distributed sources, in order to help accomplish the uses
for which they need energy.
Their need for electric power, and the value they place upon its delivery to
them, has two interrelated but fundamentally separate dimensions.
These are the two Qs:
 quantity, the amount of power needed, and
 quality, the most important aspect of which is usually dependability of
supply (reliability of power supply, or availability as it is often called).
The Two Qs
3 The relative importance of these two features varies from one consumer to
another depending on their individual needs, but each consumer finds value
in both the amount of power he obtains and its availability as a constant,
steady source that will be there whenever needed.
Consumer's standpoint: the utility's job is to satisfy consumer needs as
fully as possible within reasonable cost constraints.
Cost is very much an important aspect to consumers too, so both the
utility and the consumer must temper their plans and desires with respect to
power and reliability based on real world economics.
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Reliability Assessment Techniques


Reliability Assessment Techniques
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Reliability analysis has a wide range of applications in the engineering


field. Many of these uses can be implemented with either qualitative or
quantitative techniques.
Qualitative techniques imply that reliability assessment must depend solely
upon engineering experience and judgment.
Quantitative methodologies use statistical approaches to reinforce
engineering judgments.
Reliability Assessment Techniques
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Quantitative techniques describe the historical performance of existing


systems and utilize the historical performance to predict the effects of
changing conditions on system performance.
Availability and No. of ‘9’
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Availability is the probability of something being energized. It is the most
basic aspect of reliability and is typically measured in percent or per-unit. The
complement of availability is unavailability.
• Availability — the probability of being energized.
• Unavailability — the probability of not being energized.
Availability
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Unavailability can be computed directly from interruption duration
information.
For example: If a customers experiences 9 hours of interrupted power in a
year, unavailability is equal to 9 ÷ 8760 = 0.1% (there are 8760 hours in a
year).
Availability is equal to 100% - 0.1% = 99.9%.
With the growth of ultrasensitive loads, it has become common to describe
high levels of reliability by the number of nines appearing at the left of
availability values. Many manufacturing plants require “six nines,”
corresponding to an availability of 99.9999%. Internet data centers may
demand reliability as high as nine nines for their servers—less than two cycles
of interrupted power per year.
Reliability and Availability
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Annual interruption times corresponding to various degrees of availability
are shown in Table.
Table shows annual interruption times associated with different levels of
availability. A developing nation may have “one nine” of availability while an
internet data center may have “nine nines” of availability for their servers.
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Reliability Indices
Question
17  Table 1 shows an excerpt from one utility’s customer
information system (CIS) database for feeder 7075, which
serves 2000 customers for a total load of 4 MW.
 In this example, Circuit 7075 constitutes the “system” for
which the indices are calculated. More typically the “system”
combines all circuits together in a region or for a whole
company.
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