Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough

and in-depth search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis

of the theoretical and conceptual framework to fully understand the research to

be done and lastly the definition of terms for better comprehension of the study.

Review of Related Literature

The researchers reviewed the following literature related to the study or

are currently relevant to the present study.

Accountancy, Business and Management. As cited by Chris et al.

(2014), students should be able to find a major that would interest them. It should

ideally excite and fit who they are as a person. If a certain degree fits one's

personality and attitude, then it reflects what an individual wants to do in the

future.

According to University of Gloucestershire (2015), an individual can

become a well-rounded professional understanding both the operations of a

business and the finances behind it with this flexible course. In the ABM strand,

you will gain solid grounding on all aspects of accounting and business including

understanding organizations, business law, and financial accounting. You can

then specialize in accounting, business, or both with subjects such as managing

international business and management accounting.

 Similar to Enderun's statement, Katigbag K. (2018) cited that the

Accounting, Business and Management (ABM) strand provides students with the

skills and knowledge they need to work in the corporate world. This senior high

school strand is for students who want to become business leaders and

entrepreneurs. In addition, according to the University of San Jose Recolectos

(2016), the Accountancy, Business and Management strand or commonly known

as its abbreviation “ABM” strand is designed as an introductory course for

students to be trained to think logically and specifically before they enter college.

The strand would focus on their efficiency towards accounting, business and

management, concepts, and principles. These techniques would be able to help

them pursue what they would like as a course in college. Its courses will help

students focus on business and industry where they can find out what they can

contribute to the progress and development of the economy whether they

become future accountants, entrepreneurs, or business leaders in the future.

As the country’s economic activities grow and expand, students must be

fully equipped in terms of knowledge and skills to be able to compete with the

global market. The Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) strand

opens doors of opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs, managers and

accountants. One may be asking, what does it take to be an ABM student? To

burn the midnight oil is almost optional than a must to most students nowadays,

however, patience and perseverance are two of the non-negotiable. The right
preparation for college will assist in developing critical thinkers that are

responsive and accountable individuals.

Enderun (2015) stated that the subjects involved in the ABM strand are

designed and crafted for you develop the appropriate tools that you are going to

utilize all throughout your journey in the corporate world. You should expect to be

immersed in studying management and financial accounting along with the

business, legal, and organizational contexts that you would be working with as

you go along your road in a professional enterprise and by taking the ABM strand

you will be trained to analyze assets, understand everything involved with

financial positions, interpret various profitability, and prepare audit accounts.

K-12 Curriculum. Education fulfills our social obligation, as a people, to

transfer the wealth of human knowledge to all our children. Cody, A. (2013) cited

that we have an obligation to assure that our economy meets the needs of the

children we are educating such as skilled trades, service work, construction,

retail, farming and agriculture, industry, transportation, high and low technology

manufacturing, and health support which are part of our economic reality. There

are children who are drawn to these livelihoods who are entitled to educational

preparation to share in the full responsibilities and benefits of our national life,

including a decent standard of living for themselves and their families.

In addition, Connelly (2013) cited that schools have played a vital role in

ensuring that their students possess skills that are needed for a career they have

chosen. It is time to improve our curriculum to help students in choosing a

particular career since education aims to foster students’ capabilities for them to

be prepared to the world of work. Additionally, as stated by Lynch (2013), due to

the economic and social changes we are dealing with, it is necessary to think

more about the future of the students who will enter the workforce immediately

after graduating high school. The next generation has to be entrepreneurial,

willing to take risks, and be multicultural for different skill sets will be required for

the future.

In an article published by k12philippines (2015), there were reasons on

why the Philippines transitioned from the K-10 curriculum to the present K-12

curriculum. One of these reasons was due to the fact that the country’s old

curriculum was too congested and lacked practical application. While students

did not get enough instructional time to learn, they also missed the chance to be

prepared for actual professional work. They also cited that one of things about

the K-12 curriculum to be acknowledged is that it offers opportunities for students

to learn about modern yet rarely tapped fields of specialization, such as

accountancy, business and management. Nevertheless, Valenzuela (2018)

concluded that K-12 may have had an extremely rocky start- from its conception

and modelling, protests rallies, legal proceedings towards current

implementations- yet so far it is deemed vital towards progressing for better

education for Filipinos

In a study conducted by the Psychological Association of the Philippines

(2018), the goal of the K-12 program is that every graduate would be equipped
with information, media and technology skills, learning and innovation skills,

effective communication skills, and life and career skills. However, these

competencies require time to develop, and attention needs to be given to the

design of a curriculum that will develop these. The Psychological Association of

the Philippines also stated that in the past year, several consultations have been

conducted on the content and implementation of the K-12 program. In such

presentations, emphasis has been made on the curriculum of the major subject

areas and the provision of programs that will prepare students for vocational or

non-academic careers. What has not yet been communicated to the public is a

curriculum and provisions to support the non-academic formation of our students.

Senior high school students see the K-12 program as a good opportunity

because the two additional years will give enough time for the students to decide

of what their desired professions are. It also reduces the risk of students shifting

courses due to a lack of contentment in school. Moreover, the unemployment

rate would drop because senior high school graduates are now eligible for many

jobs that previously required a two-year college degree.

Performance Task. It is any learning activity or assessment that asks

students to perform to demonstrate their knowledge, understanding and

proficiency. Performance tasks yield a tangible product and/or performance that

serve as evidence of learning. Unlike a selected-response item (e.g., multiple-

choice or matching) that asks students to select from given alternatives, a

performance task presents a situation that calls for learners to apply their
learning in context. Unlike traditional test “items” that typically assess a single

skill or fact, performance tasks are more complex. They involve multiple steps

and thus can be used to assess several standards or outcomes.

Review of Related Studies

A thorough review of several researches contributed significantly to the

comprehensive understanding of the problem being studied.

Lickson L.S. (2014) cited that education is referred to as the process of

learning and obtaining knowledge at school. Lickson also stated that children

learned to develop their mental, moral and physical powers as soon as they have

a state of mind and what knowledge they have obtained is not only found at

school but at home as well. If a person wants to achieve success then that

person must use education as a key in order to achieve it.

According to Mañibo L. C. (2016) choosing a major in college is one of the

greatest decisions that an individual would make. Thus, Senior High School shall

play an important role and is somehow considered a necessary part that students

will encounter before pursuing the next level of their studies. He also stated that

similar to teachers with different fields of expertise students are also influenced

by different academic portions of a class. They also have a need to decide what

is important to them regarding their interests and personal experiences.

 A recent change in the Philippines’ educational system was implemented

starting in 2011. The K-12 curriculum was signed into law back in 2013, adding

two years to the country’s basic education curriculum. From a study conducted

by Uyquienco M. (2018), the K-12 curriculum is designed to provide a holistic

education for all. Now decongested, it will give students ample time to master

basic academic skills as well as to participate in co-curricular and community

activities. The adaptation of the K to 12 curriculum guide means that students will

graduate a bit older compared to those who graduated under the 10-year

education cycle.

In a study conducted by Ibraham (2019), the past curriculum which is the

Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) consisted of six years in grade school and

four years in high school, this curriculum solely focused on the subjects of

English language, Filipino, Social sciences, Arithmetics and Mathematics, and

Science. President Benigno Aquino III (2011) stated that the Philippines lacked in

the education factor to progress and wanted to add two more years hence the

addition of two more years in the education curriculum. During his reign as

president Benigno Aquino implemented the Republic Act No. 10533, otherwise

known as the “Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013”, was signed into law by

President Aquino on May 15, 2013. With the passage of RA 10533, the K to 12

basic education program was formalized. From the former 10-year basic

education curriculum, the K to 12 program mandates 1 year of kindergarten and

12 years of basic education, comprising of 6 years of primary education, 4 years

of junior high and 2 years of senior high school.

Conceptual Framework

This section presents the concept of the study.

 Influences and  Questionnaire  Effectiveness

effects of the  Interview of academic
K-12 performances
curriculum to
the academic
performance
 Grades
 Attendance
 Performance
 Significant
differences
between the
influences of
the current
K-12
curriculum
from the past
curriculum on
the learning
advancement
of the students

Figure 1
 Conceptual Paradigm in Influences and effects of the K-12 curriculum to

academic performance

For a clearer and better understanding of the study, the researchers

provided the conceptual framework of the study including the conceptual

paradigm which showed the variables taken into consideration in this study. The

researchers determined the influence and effects of the K-12 curriculum on the

academic performance of the students.

The input of the study, which is the first box, includes the effects of the

K-12 curriculum to academic performance. The significant differences between

the influences of the current K-12 curriculum from the past curriculum on the

learning advancement of the students were also included in the second box

which has a questionnaire. The last box is the output; this is the effectiveness of

the academic performance that will help the teachers and the students.

The researchers believe that the result of the study would be of great help

in the students.

Hypothesis of the study

ASSUMPTIONS. As regards to the study that is about to be conducted by the

researchers, the following assumptions were considered:

 1. As the researchers were determined to look for conclusions of the

study, their participants will answer the data collecting procedures in an honest

and candid manner;

2. Since the students are involved in the study, the participants have a

sincere interest in participating the research and do not any other motives other

than contributing and helping in finishing the study;

3. The researchers will be having a hard time looking for valid and

appropriate conclusions of the study-despite the internal and external

contribution of the academic community- since it is serious and a topic that

should be rendered by enough time and lots of effort and;

4. The conclusions that will be discovered and learned will benefit the

community's body of knowledge, and will help the people to be aware of the

concurrent curriculum: K12 Program.

HYPOTHESES

The study shows that the K12 Program has inflicted the students'

academic performances over the years of implementation since it is said that the

Department of Education conducted a change in the grading system. Thus, the

K12 program has to do something for the increase or decrease of academic

competitiveness of the students involved. It is somehow interconnected with each

other: as the K12 Program has been implemented, the students’ mobility is either

increasing or decreasing. If the sudden change of curriculum and grading system

has something to do with the academic performances of the students, then

partial experimentation of bringing back the way professors give marks will either

make the students gain more academic competitiveness or still fail to comply in

the academic institution.

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