DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING A. Nagoor Kani Be Dra @ 1500+ Solved Examples and Exercise Problems @ 50+ MATLAB ProblemsDIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Second Kdition A. Nagoor Kani Founder, RBA Educational Group Chennai INA NA Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hil Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoM LS Tata McGraw-Hill Published by the Tata MeGrav Hil Education Private Limite, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008 ‘Copyright © 2012, by Tata MeGraw Hill Education Private Limited, [No pat of this publication may be reproduced or distibuted in any form or by aay’ means, elceteonie, mechanical Photocopying, eeording, oF otherwise or stored ina database or retrieval system without the prior written pemmission of ‘the publishers. 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This work is published with the understanding that Tata MeGrass-Hi and its authors are supplying information but arco attempting to render engincering or other professional services. stich serves are requied, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. ‘or completeness of any information Typeset at Taj Composers, WZ-391, Maula, New Delhi 110063, and printed at Rajkamal Electric Press, Pot No, 2 Phase IV, HSHDC, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana 131 028 ‘Cover printed at Rajkamal ear laendContents Preface ‘Acknoulengement List of Symbols and Abbreviations. Chapter 1. Introduction to Digital Signal Processing 4A eduction 42 Sgral 43° Discrete Time System 44 Anayssof Discrete Time Sytem 45 Fiters nt és 7 18 Finite Word Length Efects 47 MuttateDsP 418 Energy and Power Speceum 19 Dglal Signal Proessors 4.40 importance of Dgta Signal Processing At Useof MATLAB nDgtal Signal Processing Chapter 2: Discrete Time Signals and Systems 24 Invoducton 22 Disorete Time Signals, 224 Generalon of Discrete Time Signals, 222 Representaton of Discrete Tine Signals. 223° Standard Discrete Tme Signals 23 Sampling of Contruous Time (Anaiog) Signals. 234 Sampling and lasing 24 Cassiicaion of Discele Tine Sgnas 241 Deterinisicand Nondetermiiste Signals, 242 Periodic and Apericie Signals 243 Symmetfe (Even) and Antsymmatc (Ode) Signals 244 Energy and Power Signals. - - 245 Causal, Noncausal and Antcausal Signal, 25 Mathematical Operatons on Discrete Tine Signals 254 Scaling of Discrete Tine Signals 252 Foicing(orRefectionor Transpose) of Dscete Tine Signal 253. Time Shing of Disorte Time Signals 254 Adiion of Discrete Time Signas. ws - 255. Muttpicaton of Discrete Time Signals. 26 Discrete Time System, 284 Mathematcal Ecuaion Govering Discrete Time System, 262 Block Diagram an Signa Flom Graph Representation of Discrete Tine System. ry 12 4.2 13 15 45 16 46 16 47 18ar 28 29 210 att 2 218 2 215 216 aan 218 Response of LT! Diserete Tme System in Tine Domain 274 Zerolnput Response or Homogeneous Solution. 272. Parvular Soution 273. ZeroStata Response. 274 Total Response Cass fcation of Disctete Tine Systems 284 Static and Dynamic Systems 282 Time Invariant and Time Variant Systems, 283 Linear and Nonlinear Systems, 284 Causal and Noncausal Systams, 285 Stable and Usable Systems. 288. FIR and IIR Systems. 287 Recursive and Nonrecursive Systems. Discrete or Linear Convolution, 294 Representaton of Discrete Time Signal as Summation of Impulse. 292 Response of TI Discrete Tine System using Discrete Convo, 293 Properties of Liar Convolution. 294 —Inercannectons of iscete Time Systems. 295 Methods of Petfoming Linear Convolution. Creular Convoiuten. 2404 Circular Representation and Circular Shit of Discrete Tine Signa, 2102. Groular Syrmets of Discrete Tine Signa 2403 Detinton of Creulr Convoluton. 2104 Procedure for Evaluating Cielar Convolution 2405 Linear Convolution via Creuar Convolution 2106 Methocs of Computing Creuiar Convolution. Seetioned Comluton 2A1A Ovetiap Add Method 22 Ovetigp Save Method Inverse System and Deconvolution... 2124 Inverse System 2122 Deconvoiston Correlation, Cressoorelaton and Autocorelaton 218 Procedure for Evaluating Coneation, Giouar Coreaion 24K Procecurefor Evaluating CrelarCarelation, 2.142 Methods of Computng Giclee Coreaton, ‘Surmary of Important Concepts. ‘Short Questons and Answers. MATLAB Progam Exercises, 2.28 2.28 230 20 23 2.35 235 2.36 8 4 a 50 st 51 82 53 4 56 ot 66 66 70 10 70 2 n a 2 8 98 96 97 PEER REDE R EP PE SP PP PP PE 2.100, 2.107 2.108 2.109 203 2114 208 2422Chapter 3_: Z- Transform 31 ntroduction, 32. Region of Convergence 33 Properties of 2-Transform, 34 Polos and Zeros of Ratonal Function of 2 ot ot 341 Representation of Poles and Zeros in zane 842 ROC of Rational Function of 2 343 Properties of ROC. 88° Ierse 2 Transform, {A54__ Inverse 2-Transfom by Contour integration or Rescue Methoc 43452 _ Inverse 2-Transiorn by Partial Fraction Expansion Method fe talk aie aids Ga sw eb 4353 Inverse z-Tranform by Power Series Expansion Method. 38 86 AralysisoFLTIDseete Time Sytem Using 2Tansform. “& 361 Transfer Functon of LTI Discrete Time System. 348 1262 Impulse Response and Transfer Function 349 1363 Response of TI Discrete Time System Using 2Transfom, - 349 5364 Convolsion and Deconvauton Using #Transform 3. 50 465 Stabity in Domain ast 37 Relation between Lapiace Transform and 2-Transfom. 3.56 ATA Impulse Train Samaling of Continous Time Signa. 3. 56 472. Teansfomaton Fam Lap'ace Transform to 2-Tansfom. a7 ‘MI3 Relation Betwoen sPlane and 2-Pane. 3.57 ‘38 Sucres for Reaizaton of LT Discrete Tme Systems in 2-Domain 37 39° Structures for Realzaton of IR Systers. 3.74 394. Direct form! Stuture of IR System, 3.75 382 Died! forrll Sucre of UR System 3.76 483 Cascade form realzaton of I System. 378 394 Paralel fom Realzaon of IR System, . 3.79 310 Structues for Realization of FIR Systems, 3. 9 ADA Direct form Realization of FIR Systor, 3.100 48102 Cascade form Realzation of FIR System, 3.100 L103 Linear Phase Realization of FIR System 3.401 Mt Summary of Important Concepts 3.107 442 Short Questions and Answers, 3.108 MATLAB Programs. 3.118 Exercises, 3.123 4 : Fourier Series and Fourier Transform of Discrete Time Signals 41° Inroduction at 42 Feuer Series of Dserete Tine Signa (Diseete Time Faure Seres} a2a 4a 45 45 ar 48 49 440 an 4n 424 Frequency Spectrum of Periodc Discrete Time Signals. 422 Properties of Discrete Time Fouier Sees. Fourier Transform of Discrete Time Signals (Discrete Te Fourier Transforn, 434 Development of Discrete Tire Fourier Transform fom Disoret Time Fourier Seres. 432 Detiiion of Discrete Time Fourer Transform. 433 Frequency Spectrum of Discrete Time Signa, 434 Inverse Discrete Time Fourer Trantor, 435° Comparison of Fourier Transfam of Dsrete and Corsini Tene Signals Propertes of Discrete Time Fouter Transform Discrete Time Fourier Transform of Perodic Discrete Tine Signals, ‘Analysis of TI Discrete Time System Using Discrete Time Fourier Transom. 484 Tiansfer Funcion of TI Dscrete Time Systam in Frequency Domain... 482 Response of TI Discete Time Syster Using Discrete Te Fourier Transform, 483 Frequency Response of LT! Discrete Tine System. 484 Frequency Response of Fest Order Disorete Time System 485. Frequency Response of Second Order Discrete Tine System. Alasing in Frequency Specrum Ove to Samoing ATA Signal Reconstruction ( Recovery of Continuous Tine Signal) 47.2. Sampling of Bandpass signal Raton Betwaen 2-Tansfarm and Diseret Time Four Transform, ‘Summary of important Concepts. ‘Short Questions and Answers. MATLAB Programs Exercises 43 44 49 49 410 4 4 An an 2 2 2 2 B 2% u % x 8 63 64 69 ™ ee Chapter 5 : Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform 51 52 53 54 55 58 s7 (FFT) ‘reduction Discrete Fourr Transform (DFT) of Discrete Tine Signal 524 Development of DFT FromDTFT. 522 _Deintinof Discrete Fouter Transform (OFT). 523. FrequeneySpectumusngDFT 524 InverseDFT Properties of OFT Rolaicn Between DFT and 2-Transform ‘Analysis of TI Discrete Tme Systems using DFT Fast Foutier Transform (FFT) i si Decimation in Te (IT) Raine? FFT STA BPointDFT using Rage? DIT FFT canoes ti 57.2 Flow Geaphior®-PontOFT usingRatix-2DIT FFT Decimation In Frequency DIF) Rach? FFT