1

Anglo-Saxon,
Norse & Celtic

Part II Paper 11

Germanic
Philology
 2

DEPARTMENT OF ANGLO-SAXON, NORSE, AND CELTIC

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Germanic Philology
ANGLO-SAXON, NORSE, AND CELTIC TRIPOS
PART II, PAPER 11

Dr R. W. Dance, Dr S. Watts, Dr M. R. Ammon

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course explores the history and relationships of the Germanic languages, from
their origins in Indo-European to the major early medieval textual evidence. By the
end of the year, students should have acquired a detailed knowledge of the principal
linguistic developments within the Germanic family as a whole, and become versed in
the identification and discussion of features proper to the individual branches of
Germanic, from amongst which they will have chosen particular languages in which
to take a special interest.

Candidates for this paper from ASNC should have taken Part I Paper 5 (Old English)
and/or Paper 6 (Old Norse). Candidates from MML/Linguistics will normally have
taken or be taking one of the History of German papers (Ge7 at Part IB or Ge11 at
Part II).

Organisation of teaching

Teaching for this course is provided through departmental lectures and

classes/supervisions.
 3

Core Teaching

The ‘core teaching’ consists of eight lectures and eight seminars (supervisions), which
are a compulsory part of the course. The ‘Germanic Philology’ lectures, which take
place in Michaelmas, aim to introduce students to the major issues of relevance to an
understanding of the Germanic languages as a group, beginning with their origins in
Indo-European and examining the theories as to their development into different
‘branches’ (North Germanic, West Germanic, etc.); attention will be paid to the
principal phonological changes (e.g. ‘Grimm’s Law’), and important morphological
and syntactic features (e.g. the origins of the ‘weak’ or dental preterite), amongst
other topics. The eight ‘Germanic Philology’ seminars (supervisions), which run
alongside the lectures in Michaelmas, act as a back-up to the subjects introduced in
the lectures, and aim to provide a forum for continued discussion of the main issues
covered therein, together with an opportunity for students to become more thoroughly
acquainted with relevant methodology. Note that these seminars will run as
supervisions, and will not appear on the lecture list (a time will be arranged in the first
week of the course); note further that essays and other assignments will be set. (See
the appended programmes for the lecture and supervisions series.)

Language Classes

As well as studying the Germanic languages as a whole, candidates for this paper
must choose (at least) two languages to examine in more detail. These languages
may be chosen from amongst Old English, Old Norse, Gothic and Old High German.
Each language will be taught through eight classes, and these will take place either in
the Michaelmas Term (in the case of Gothic, with Dr Watts) or in the Lent Term (in
the case of Old English and Old Norse, with Dr Ammon) or in both (Old High
German, depending on level; see below). Each series of classes will approach the
analysis of its particular language first and foremost through the medium of SET
TEXTS (see below), which will be examined principally from the points of view of
orthography, phonology and morphology, with some account also being taken of lexis
and syntax.
 4

No previous knowledge will be assumed for Gothic, which will be taught from
scratch. In the case of the other languages, a basic reading knowledge/familiarity
with grammar will be expected. For Old English and Old Norse, candidates who have
not previously taken the appropriate ASNC Part I Paper are requested to sit in on the
first-year language classes for the language concerned (or both, should they wish) in
at least the Michaelmas term.1 Candidates taking Old High German will need to take
four classes from paper Ge11 plus an additional six offered in Lent specially for this
paper.

Revision Classes

There will be a short run of general revision classes in the Easter Term, in which
candidates will have the opportunity to consolidate and review their work for the
paper as a whole in preparation for the examination, and as part of which (and/or
across the Easter vacation) they will be encouraged to write some further essays.

Students intending to offer the paper will be expected to spend time in private study
each week, and during the vacations; essays and other exercises produced for the
Michaelmas seminar series and the Easter revision classes will also involve students
in planning, researching and presenting their work, and in discussing it with the
group.

Examinations

The course is examined by a three-hour Part II paper, in which candidates will be

required to answer Question 1 and two others.

1First-year classes in Old English (ASNC Part I Paper 5) are conducted by Dr Dance
(Fridays at 11, English Faculty room G-R.05, starting in week 2). Old Norse classes
(Part I Paper 6) are run by Dr Judy Quinn (Mondays at 3, English Faculty room G-
R.05). Please contact the lecturers concerned for further information.
 5

In the compulsory Question 1, one passage each will be set for comment from the
specified texts for Old English, Old Norse, Gothic and Old High German; candidates
must answer on any two passages. In their answers to this question, candidates will
be required to comment upon those forms in the passages that allow them to be
assigned to particular languages (and approximate dates), and to discuss any other
features of interest. Question 1 is worth 50% of the total paper (25% for each
passage).

The remainder of the paper consists of a selection of essay questions (normally

around twelve), of which candidates must choose two. These questions apply to the
full range of the course, and will cover the origins and development of the Germanic
family in general and its sub-groups, as well as the specifics of the histories of the
individual languages. Each essay is worth 25% of the total paper.

In order to perform well, candidates will be required to demonstrate a solid

understanding of the relevant sound changes and other features of importance in their
commentary answers, and to discuss topics of related interest convincingly in the
essays. In order to achieve a first-class mark, they will be expected to show fluent
and lucid command of the relevant changes, with a strong grasp of the previous
scholarly work that informs our understanding, and of possible alternative arguments;
they will also be expected to have the ability to range widely across the Germanic
languages upon which they have chosen to work, and to draw attention to apt
examples from, and novel connections between features in, different languages and
dialects.
 6

Set Texts, 2012–13

A selection from:

Old English

• The Parker Chronicle, annals 851–890

(text from J. Bately, ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A Collaborative Edition: Vol. 3,
MS A (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 44–54)
• Wulfstan, Homily V: ‘Secundum Marcum’
(text from D. Bethurum, ed., The Homilies of Wulfstan (Oxford, 1957), pp. 134–41)
• Riddles 23–25
(text from G. P. Krapp and E. V. K. Dobbie, eds., The Exeter Book (London and New
York, 1936), pp. 192–93)

Old Norse

• Êáttr Au∂unar Vestfirzka (a.k.a. ‘Au∂un and the Bear’)

• Extract from Grettis Saga: Grettir’s Fight with Glámr
• Extract from Fagrskinna: the Battle of Stamford Bridge
(texts no. XII, VIII and XVII in Gordon, Introduction to Old Norse)

Gothic

• Gospel according to St Mark, I–III

(text from Wright, Grammar of the Gothic Language)

Old High German

• Hildebrandslied
• Muspilli and Wessobrunner Gebet
• Selected Charms
(texts from Braune/Ebbinghaus, Althochdeutsches Lesebuch)
 7

Germanic Philology

Dr R. W. Dance and Dr S. Watts

Scheme for Lectures, Michaelmas Term 2013

[Lectures take place on Fridays at 10.00, in room G-R.03 of the English building]

1. Introduction to the Germanic languages

2. Texts and histories

3. Consonants

4. Vowels

5. Morphology and Word-Formation

6. Syntax

7. Relationships I: dividing Germanic into sub-groups

8. Relationships II: language contact and Germanic philology

 8

Germanic Philology

Dr R. W. Dance

Scheme for Seminars, Michaelmas Term 2013

[Time and venue to be arranged]

1. Introduction to the course

[The paper: options, resources, exam; introduction to etymology]

2. The Germanic languages and phonological description I

[Comparative exercises with Germanic words; introducing phonology]

3. The Germanic languages and phonological description II

[The same continued]

4. Consonants
[Presentations/essays on Germanic consonant topics]

5. Vowels
[Exercises and discussion relating to Germanic vowel topics]

6. Morphology and Word-Formation

[Presentations/essays on Germanic morphology and word-formation topics]

7. ‘Bonus’ topic week

[An extra language topic to be decided upon: e.g. Old Saxon, early Runic
language, Old Frisian. Get thinking!]

8. Language Grouping
[Presentations/essays on Germanic language grouping]
 9

Germanic Philology
ANGLO-SAXON, NORSE, AND CELTIC TRIPOS, PART II, PAPER 11

General Reading List

More detailed reading lists on specific topics will be issued at lectures and seminars.
Books particularly suitable as introductions are marked with a *.

Introductory textbook on Germanic Philology

* O. W. Robinson, Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest
Germanic Languages (London, 1992)
[The best place to start for details of the individual Gmc languages: strongly
recommended.]

Some Guides to Historical Linguistics

J. Aitchison, Language Change: Progress or Decay? (rev. ed.; Cambridge, 2012)

L. Bauer, Watching English Change (London, 1994)

M. Beaken, The Making of Language (Edinburgh, 1996)

T. Bynon, Historical Linguistics (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics; Cambridge,

1983)

L. Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (2nd ed.; Edinburgh, 2008)

T. Crowley and C. Bowern, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics (Oxford, 2010)

A. Fox, Linguistic Reconstruction. An Introduction to Theory and Method (Oxford,

1995)

M. Hale, Historical Linguistics. Theory and Method (Oxford, 2007)

H. H. Hock, Principles of Historical Linguistics (2nd ed.; Berlin and New York, 1991)

H. H. Hock and B. D. Joseph, Language History, Language Change, and Language

Relationship. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics (Berlin, 1996)

C. Jones, ed., Historical Linguistics. Problems and Perspectives (Harlow, 1993)

W. Labov, Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors (Oxford, 1994)

 10

R. Lass, Historical Linguistics and Language Change (Cambridge, 1997)

* W. P. Lehmann, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (3rd ed.; London and New

York, 1992)

A. M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change (Cambridge, 1994)

J. Milroy, Linguistic Variation and Change (Oxford, 1992)

* A. Radford, M. Atkinson, D. Britain, H. Clahsen and A. Spencer, Linguistics: An

Introduction (Cambridge, 1999)
[a clear and up-to-date guide to basic linguistic terms and processes]

* H. Schendl, Historical Linguistics (Oxford, 2001)

R. L. Trask, Language Change (London, 1994)

R. L. Trask, Historical Linguistics (London, 1996)

Phonetics and phonology: introductory reading

* P. Ladefoged, A Course in Phonetics (3rd ed.; San Diego, 1993)

J. Clark and C. Yallop, An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Oxford, 1990)

J. D. O’ Connor, Phonetics (Harmondsworth, 1973)

P. Hawkins, Introducing Phonology (London, 1984)

and see also the website of the International Phonetic Association for full lists of
standard symbols and other useful things: <http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/>

The Indo-European Background

* R. S. P. Beekes, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction

(Amsterdam, 1995)

K. Brugmann, Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen

(Strassburg, 1904)

* J. Clackson, Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction (Cambridge Textbooks in

Linguistics; Cambridge, 2007)

N. E. Collinge, The Laws of Indo-European (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 35;

Amsterdam, 1985)

* B. W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (Oxford,

2004)
 11

T. V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A

Reconstruction and Historical Typological Analysis of a Protolanguage and a Proto-
culture, trans. J. Nichols, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1994-5)

W. P. Lehmann, Proto-Indo-European Phonology (Austin, 1955)

W. P. Lehmann, Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics (London, 1993)

J. P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth

(London, 1989; reprinted 1991)

S. E. Mann, An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary (Hamburg, 1984-7)

M. Meier-Brügger, Indo-European Linguistics (Berlin, 2003)

A. Meillet, Introduction à l'étude comparative des languages Indo-Européennes (Paris,

1934)

C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins

(London, 1987; reprinted 1998)

O. Szemerényi, Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics (Oxford, 1996; pbk reprint,

1999)

and beyond …?
A. Dolgopolsky, The Nostratic Macrofamily and Linguistic Palaeontology, with intro
by C. Renfrew (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 1998)

J. C. Salmons and B. D. Joseph, eds., Nostratic: Sifting the Evidence (Amsterdam,

1998)

The Germanic Languages

General

H. Beck et al, eds., Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde von Johannes Hoop,
2nd ed., 37 vols. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1973–2008)
[massive encyclopedia, with many relevant entries on the history and language of the
Germanic-speaking peoples]

D. H. Green, Language and History in the Early Germanic World (Cambridge, 1998)
[Old-fashioned wordy approach, but plenty of interest]

W. Harbert, The Germanic Languages (Cambridge, 2007)

C. J. Hutterer, Die germanischen Sprachen (Budapest, 1975)

* E. König and J. van der Auwera, eds., The Germanic Languages (London, 1994)
 12

H. Krahe and W. Meid, Germanische Sprachwissenschaft (3 vols.; Berlin, 1969)

H. F. Nielsen, The Germanic Languages: Origins and Early Dialectal Interrelations

(Tuscaloosa and London, 1989)
[extremely useful digest of some difficult arguments]

J. Salmons, A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language (Oxford,
2012) (with accompanying website at <http://historyofgerman.net/index.html>)
[mainly about German, but with some good early Germanic material, inc. some
exercises on Grimm’s and Verner’s Laws at <http://historyofgerman.net/supplemental.
html>]

L. E. Schmitt, Kurzer Grundriß der germanischen Philologie bis 1500, Bd.1,

Sprachgeschichte (Berlin and New York, 1970)

J. B. Voyles, Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic Languages

(San Diego and London, 1992)
[occasionally theory-heavy presentation, but handy discussions of all major issues, and
contains very useful appendix detailing PGmc inflexions]

History

E. Schwarz, Germanische Stammeskunde (Germanische Bibliothek 5; Heidelberg,

1956)

L. Musset, The Germanic Invasions: The Making of Europe, AD 400-600, trans. E. and
C. James (London, 1975)

M. Todd, The Northern Barbarians, 100 BC - AD 300 (2nd ed.; Oxford, 1987)

and see also

Tacitus, Germania; e.g. ed. and trans. M. Hutton, revised E. H. Warmington in the Loeb
Classical Library 35 (Harvard, rev. ed. 1970)

Proto-Germanic

* A. Bammesberger, ‘The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European’, in The

Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume I: The Beginnings to 1066, ed. R.
M. Hogg (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 26-66

F. van Coetsem and H. L. Kufner, eds., Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic

(Tübingen, 1972)
[useful collective attempt to cover major ground; detailed and scholarly]

* T. Hoad, ‘Preliminaries: Before English’, in The Oxford History of English, ed. L.

Mugglestone (Oxford, 2006), pp. 7-31
 13

T. L. Markey et al, Germanic and Its Dialects: A Grammar of Proto-Germanic, III:

Bibliography and Indices (Amsterdam, 1977)

V. Orel, A Handbook of Germanic Etymology (Leiden, Boston, 2003)

[effectively an etymological dictionary in reverse; very handy for checking PGmc
forms]

E. Prokosch, A Comparative Germanic Grammar (Pennsylvania, 1939)

[old, and research has in many details since moved on, but still a useful overview]

* D. Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (Oxford, 2006)

[the most exhaustive recent monograph]

* W. P. Lehmann, A Grammar of Proto-Germanic, ed. J. Slocum (2005-7), online at

<http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pgmc00.html>

Old English

K. Brunner, Altenglische Grammatik, nach der Angelsächsischen Grammatik von

Eduard Sievers (Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte, A:3; 3rd ed.;
Tübingen, 1965)

A. Campbell, Old English Grammar (Oxford, 1959)

[old-fashioned, but still very reliable and worth becoming familiar with; still regarded
by many as the standard grammar of OE]

O. Fischer, A. van Kemenade, W. Koopman and W. van der Wurff, The Syntax of
Early English (Cambridge, 2000)

* R. F. S. Hamer, Old English Sound Changes for Beginners (Oxford, 1967)

[handy introductory accounts]

* R. M. Hogg, ed., The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume I: The
Beginnings to 1066 (Cambridge, 1992)
[an excellent and full set of chapters on context, phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis,
etc. – highly recommended]

R. M. Hogg, A Grammar of Old English. Volume One: Phonology (Oxford, 1992)

[the major recent work on the sounds of OE – full and reliable]

R. M. Hogg and R. D. Fulk, A Grammar of Old English. Volume Two: Morphology

(Oxford, 2011)
[the long-awaited sequel to the foregoing]

R. Lass, Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion (Cambridge, 1994)

[sometimes controversial, but very clear and helpful on historical development]

* R. Quirk and C. L. Wrenn, An Old English Grammar (2nd ed.; London, 1957)
[pp. 144-57 have a handy summary of the major sound changes]
 14

Reference

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, based on the manuscript collections of the late Joseph

Bosworth, edited and enlarged by T. N. Toller (London, 1898) and its Supplement
(1921, 1973)

A Thesaurus of Old English, ed. J. Roberts and C. Kay, with L. Grundy (2 vols.;
London, 1995) [now searchable online at
<http://libra.englang.arts.gla.ac.uk/oethesaurus/>]

Dictionary of Old English: A – G, ed. A. C. Amos, A. diPaolo Healey et al, using the
materials assembled by A. Cameron (Toronto, 1986–)
[first published as microfiche fascicles; now available on CD-ROM, networked on the
English Faculty server at <http://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/doe/index.html> (Raven
password required)]

F. Holthausen, Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Heidelberg, third edition

1974)
[handy for looking up etymologies]

B. Mitchell, Old English Syntax (2 vols.; Oxford, 1985)

• for etymological discussion see the on-line OED: <http://www.oed.com/>

• for OE language resources on the web, see also the ASNC links page at:
<http://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/resources/research/old-english.htm>

Old Norse

O. Bandle (et al), eds., The Nordic Languages: an International Handbook of the
History of the North Germanic Languages I (Berlin and New York, 2002)
[massive, up-to-date and very thorough]

M. Barnes, ‘How “Common” was Common Scandinavian?’, NOWELE 31-32 (1997),

29-42

* M. Barnes, ‘Language’, in A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and

Culture, ed. R. McTurk (Oxford, 2005), pp. 173-89

J. T. Faarlund, The Syntax of Old Norse (Oxford, 2004)

* E. V. Gordon, An Introduction to Old Norse, 2nd ed., rev. A. R. Taylor (Oxford,

1957), esp. pp. 265-326
[a handy guide to the main sound changes and to the grammar, inc. notes on the
different dialects of Norse]

E. Haugen, The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to their History (London,

1976)
 15

E. Haugen, Scandinavian Language Structures. A Comparative Historical Survey

(Tübingen, 1982)

A. Heusler, Altisländisches Elementarbuch (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und

Handbücher, I:3; 2nd ed.; Heidelberg, 1921)

Hreinn Benediktsson, ed., The Nordic Languages and Modern Linguistics: Proceedings
of the International Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics, University of
Iceland, Reykjavik, July 6-11, 1969 (Reykjavik, 1970)

Hreinn Benediktsson, ‘The Common Nordic Vowel System’, Scandinavian Studies 46

(1974), 89-101

A. Noreen, Altnordische Grammatik I: altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik

(Laut- und Flexionslehre) unter Berücksichtigung des Urnordischen (5th ed.; Tübingen,
1970)
[full and useful, though occasionally idiosyncratic]

A. Noreen, Abriss der altnordischen Grammatik (Halle, 1896)

A. Noreen, Altnordische Grammatik II: altschwedische Grammatik, mit Einschluss des

Altgutnischen (Halle, 1904)

The language of the early runic inscriptions

E. H. Antonsen, A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions (Historische

Sprachstrukturen 3; Tübingen, 1975)

W. Krause, Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften (Germanische Bibliothek;

Heidelberg, 1971)

T. Looijenga, Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions (Leiden, Boston,
2003)

H. F. Nielsen, The Early Runic Language of Scandinavia: Studies in Germanic Dialect

Geography (Heidelberg, 2000)

Reference

An Icelandic-English Dictionary, instigated by R. Cleasby, subsequently revised,

enlarged and completed by G. Vigfusson. 2nd ed., with a supplement by Sir W. A.
Craigie, containing many additional words and references (Oxford, 1957)
[pdfs downloadable from
<http://ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi_cleasbyvigfusson_about.html#images>]

Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog / A Dictionary of Old Norse Prose, ed. H.
Degnbol et al (Copenhagen, 1989–) [<http://dataonp.hum.ku.dk/index.html>]
 16

[complete only as far as A-Em, but skeleton entries inc. full quotation slips are available
for the whole dictionary online]

H. S. Falk and A. Torp, Norwegisch-dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (2 vols.;

Heidelberg, 1910)

J. Fritzner, Ordbog over det gamle norske sprog (3 vols.; Kristiania, 1867); Retteber og
Tillegg, ed. F. Hødnebø (Oslo, Bergen, Tromsø, 1972)
[now fully searchable on the web at
<http://www.edd.uio.no/perl/search/search.cgi?appid=86&tabid=1275>]

E. Hellquist, Svensk Etymologisk Ordbok (3rd ed.; 2 vols.; Lund, 1957)

J. de Vries, Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Leiden, 1961)

[a very handy resource for looking up etymologies of ON words]

Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon, Íslensk Or∂sífjabók (Reykjavik, 1989)

[another, more recent Icelandic etymological dictionary (in Icelandic)]

G. T. Zoëga, A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic (Oxford, 1926)

• for ON language resources on the web, see the ASNC links page at:
<http://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/resources/research/old-norse.htm>

Gothic

W. Binnig, Gotisches Elementarbuch (5th ed.; Berlin, 1999)

W. Braune, Gotische Grammatik mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed. rev.
F. Heidermanns (Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte, A:1;
Tübingen, 2004)

W. H. Bennett, An Introduction to the Gothic Language (Ann Arbor, 1972)

T.O. Lambdin, An Introduction to the Gothic Language (Eugene, Oregon, 2006)

J. W. Marchand, The Sounds and Phonemes of Wulfila’s Gothic (Janua Linguarum,

series practica 25; The Hague, 1973)

I. Rauch, The Gothic Language: Grammar, Genetic Provenance and Typology

(Berkeley, 2003)

F. Wrede, Stamm-Heyne's Ulfilas: oder die uns erhaltenen Denkmäler der gothischen
Sprache. Text, Grammatik und Wörterbuch (Paderborn, 1908)

* J. Wright, Grammar of the Gothic Language, 2nd ed. rev. O. L. Sayce (Oxford, 1954)

• The text of the Gothic Bible is available online at Project Wulfila:

<http://www.wulfila.be/>
 17

• A collection of Gothic links with commentary (in German):

<http://www.reimar.de/gotisch.html>
• The Perseus project has a searchable Greek New testament text on it:
<http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/>

Reference

S. Feist, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache: mit Einschluss des

Krimgotischen und sonstiger Zerstreuter Überreste des Gotischen (3rd ed.; Leiden,
1939)

F. Holthausen, Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch: Mit Einschluß der Eigennamen

und der gotischen Lehnwörter im Romanischen (Heidelberg 1934)

W. P. Lehmann, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (Leiden, 1986)

Old High German

C. C. Barber, An Old High German Reader (Oxford, 1951)

J. K. Bostock, A Handbook on Old High German Literature, 2nd ed. rev. K. C. King
and D. R. McLintock (Oxford, 1976)

W. Braune, Althochdeutsche Grammatik I, 15th ed. rev. I. Reiffenstein (Sammlung

kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte, A:5; Tübingen, 2004) [earlier editions of
this included the syntax section now available separately as Ahd. Grammatik II, see
Schrodt below]

W. Braune, Althochdeutsches Lesebuch (17th ed.; Tübingen, 1994)

G. Davis and K. A. Bernhardt, Syntax of West Germanic: the Syntax of Old English and
Old High German (Göppingen, 2002)

J. Ellis, An Elementary Old High German Grammar, Descriptive and Comparative

(Oxford, 1953)

R. E. Keller, The German Language (London, 1978)

E. Meineke and J. Schwerdt, Einführung in das Althochdeutsche (Paderborn, etc., 2001)

H. Penzl, Geschichtliche deutsche Lautlehre (Munich, 1969)

H. Penzl, Lautsystem und Lautwandel in den althochdeutschen Dialekten (Munich,

1970)

R. Schrodt, Althochdeutsche Grammatik II (Syntax) (Tübingen 2004)

*S. Sonderegger, Althochdeutsche Sprache und Literatur (Berlin, 3rd ed. 2003)
 18

R. von Kienle, Historische Laut- und Formenlehre des Deutschen (Tübingen, 1969)

J. Wright, An Old High German Primer (Oxford, 1906)

• A number of Old High German texts are online at

<http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/germanica/Chronologie/d_chrono.html>
and at
<http://texte.mediaevum.de/ahd.htm>
and at
<http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm>

Reference

E. Karg-Gasterstedt, T. Frings and R. Grosse, eds., Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch

(Berlin, 1952–) [currently A–N only]

G. Köbler, Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch (4th ed., 1993), online at

<http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c30310/ahdwbhin.html>

A. L. Lloyd, O. Springer and R. Lühr, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des

Althochdeutschen (Göttingen, 1988–) [currently A–H only, but highly recommended
for the bits covered]

O. Schade, Altdeutsches Wörterbuch (2 vols.; Halle a.d. Saale, 1882)

R. Schützeichel, Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch (6th ed.; Tübingen, 2006)

E. Seebold, Kluge. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (24th ed.;

Berlin, New York, 2002)

E. Seebold, Chronologisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Wortschatzes (2 vols; Berlin,

2001–8) [the published volumes cover the eighth and ninth centuries]

Old Saxon

O. Behaghel and B. Tæger, Hêliand und Genesis (9th ed.; Tübingen, 1984)

* J. E. Cathey, Old Saxon (Languages of the World/Materials 252; Munich, 2000)

J. E. Cathey, ed., The Hêliand: Text and Commentary (Morgantown, 2002)

A. N. Doane, ed., The Saxon Genesis: An Edition of the West Saxon Genesis B and the
Old Saxon Genesis (Madison and London, 1991)
[edits both OE and OS Genesis poems, and contains a useful summary of the language
of the OS, at pp. 425-36]

J. H. Gallée, Altsächsische Grammatik (Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer

Dialekte, A:6; 3rd ed.; Tübingen, 1993)
 19

F. Holthausen, Altsächsisches Elementarbuch (Sammlung germanischer

Elementarbücher, I:5; 2nd ed.; Heidelberg, 1921)

G. R. Murphy, trans., The Heliand. The Saxon Gospel (New York, 1992)

I. Rauch, The Old Saxon Language: Grammar, Epic Narrative, Linguistic Interference
(Berkeley Models of Grammars 1; New York, 1992)

• The text of the OS Heliand is available online at

<http://www.wulfila.be/lib/sievers/1878/>

Reference

S. Berr, An Etymological Glossary to the Old Saxon Heliand (Berne, 1971)

E.H. Sehrt, Vollständiges Wörterbuch zum Heliand und zum altsächsischen Genesis
(Göttingen, 1966)

H. Tiefenbach, Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary

(Berlin, 2010)

Old Frisian

T. L. Markey, Frisian (Trends in Linguistics: State-of-the-Art Reports 13; the Hague,

1981)

D. Boutkan, A Concise Grammar of the Old Frisian Dialect of the First Riustring
Manuscript (NOWELE supplement 16, 1996)

R. H. Bremmer, G. van der Meer and O. Vries, eds., Aspects of Old Frisian Philology
(Amsterdam, 1990)

R. H. Bremmer, Jr, T. S. B. Johnston and O. Vries, eds., Approaches to Old Frisian

Philology (Amsterdam, 1998)

R. H. Bremmer, S. Laker and O. Vries, eds., Advances in Old Frisian Philology

(Amsterdam, 2007)

* R. H. Bremmer, An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader,

Glossary (Amsterdam, 2009)

H. H. Munske, ed., Handbuch des Friesischen (Tübingen, 2001)

Reference

D. Hofmann and A. T. Popkema, Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch (Heidelberg, 2008)

D. Boutkan and S. M. Siebinga, Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden, 2005)