Manufacture of Sulphuric acid
Stage III
Stage II
Sulphur enter a roasting
tower
Stage I
Raw Material:
Sulphur
Oxygen
Water water
Stage IV
air supply from bottom
produces sulphur dioxide
HABER PROCESS
Suitable/optimum condition :
sulphur dioxide oxidised by
Temperature : 450 0C
air to form sulphur trioxide Pressure : 1 atm
Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Sulphur Stage I Sulphur dioxide Stage II Sulphur trioxide
S + O2 SO2
Sulphur burnt in air to
2SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
produce sulphur dioxide
Stage III Sulphur trioxide dissolve
in conc. Sulphuric acid to
Uses H2SO4 form oleum
Making fertilizer
Making detergent
Making electrolyte Sulphuric acid Sulphur trioxide not
Stage IV Oleum
dissolve in water because
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2S2O7 very vigorous and produce
Oleum dilute in water to large amount of heat
form sulphuric cid
Environmental Pollution
Effect of acid
Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric Effect of acid Rain:
water/water vapour/rain water to produce a acid corrodes concrete buildings
rain. Depletes essential nutrients for plant growth
Makes the soil acidic
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 ( sulphurous acid) Lower the pH of water in rivers and lakes
2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 (sulphuric acid )
Change red
litmus paper
Make nitric Prevent coagulation
Very soluble to blue Pungent smell of latex
in water
Detergent
Properties Uses Make fertilizer
Colourless
• Urea
Base • ammonium sulfat
• ammonium nitrat
Ammonia + acid Soap
→ salt + water Produce thick
white fume with AMMONIA
hydrogen NH3
chloride gas
Plants need
various
Ammonium
Manufactures nutrients for
Fertilizer
healthy growth.
One of the
Can be prepared essential
Haber Process through nutrients is
neutralization nitrogen.
process
Volume ratio N2 : H2 = 1: 3
Nitrogen in air + H2 from 2NH3(ak) + H2SO4(ak)→ (NH4)2SO4 (ak)
natural gas NH3(ak) + HNO3(ak) → NH4 NO3(ak)
N2 (g) + H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
Catalyst : iron filling % nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4
Pressure : 200 atm
= Mass nitrogen x 100
Temperature : 450 oC RMM
= 28 x 100
132
= 21. 2 %
Ammonia (Haber Process)
Properties Uses
Process
Make fertilizer Very soluble in water
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Make soap and Colourless gas
detergent Pungent smell
Temperature
Prevent the Produce thick white
450 -550 oC
coagulation of latex fume with hydrogen
Catalyst : Iron
chloride gas
Pressure : 200 atm
Production of Ammonium Fertilizer Examples:
• Plants need various nutrients for healthy growth. 1. Percentage of nitrogen (by weight) in ammonium
One of the essential nutrients is nitrogen. sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
• Ammonium fertilizers contains nitrogen in [ RAM : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ]
different percentage
. = 2(14) × 100
Preparation: 2 [14 + 4(1) ] + 32 + 4(16)]
(a) Ammonium sulphate
Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid through = 21.21 %
neutralization reaction to produce ammonium 2. Percentage of nitrogen (by weight) in urea,
sulphate. (NH2)2CO
2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 [ RAM : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; C = 12 ]
Formula to calculate % of nitrogen : = 2(14) × 100
12 + 2(14) + 16 + 1(4)
Mass of nitrogen
Relative molecular mass of the fertilizer
× 100 %
= 46.67 %
Aim
Defination
*To increase hardness
*To improve An alloy is a mixture two or more elements
ALLOY with a certain atom of impurities in which
appearance.
*To prevent rusting the major component is a metal
Experiment Composition and uses of alloy
Weight Alloy Composition Usage
Steel Fe, C Vehicle, ,bridge
Iron ball Electrical
Brass Cu,Zn
componen
Metal block Bronze Cu, Sn Medal, statue
Duralumi Al, Mg/Cu Airplanes
Cupronickel Cu, Ni Coin
Pewter Sn , Cu/Sb Souvenir
Pure Metal Alloy
Draw the atoms
arrangement
Pure atom has similar size and The presences of impurities
Explain the atoms atoms disturb the orderly
shape and arranged orderly but
arrangement above arrangement of atoms in pure
still space between atoms
metal.
When force is applied to pure When force is applied the layers
Explain the atoms of atoms, its prevent from slide
atoms, atom slide one another
arrangement when one another easily
easily
forces is applied
Question Copper
Explain why bronze harder than pure copper?
- The presence of tin atom disturb the orderly
Tin
arrangement of pure metal
- The layer of metal prevent from sliding one another
easily
Use biodegrable
Recycle polymer Reuse Polymer Monomer Uses
Starch glucose food
Protein amino acid food
Way to solve problem:
Natural rubber isoprene Tyre
They are exist in living things in nature
Most of the synthetic
example:
polymers are non-
Protein, natural rubber
biodegradable and producing
poisonous gas on burning
POLYMERS
Environmental
Natural
pollution
polymers
They are made in laboratory through chemical
process. Example: Synthetic
Plastic and nylon polymers
Polymer Monomer Uses
Polyethene Ethene Plastic bags, film, plastic cup
Polychloroethene Chloroethene Pipe, wire
Polypropene Propene Bottle, Toy
Polystyrene Styrene Disposable cup and plate,
packaging material
Type of glass Composition Properties Uses
1. Hard
2. Transparent Lab. Glassware,
Fused silica High meting point
3. Water impermeable. Silicon dioxide lenses, optical
glass Point High viscosity
4. Brittle fiber
5. Compress resistance Silicon dioxide,
Soda lime Low melting point, Bottle, mirror,
6. Electrical insulation sodium oxide,
glass easy broken light bulb
7. Heat insulation. calcium oxide
8. Inert to chemical substance. Silicon dioxide, Transparent, high Dishes,Laboratory
Borosilicate boron oxide, melting point, Apparatus (boiling
glass sodium oxide, withstand heat and tube, conical flask
calcium oxide chemical reaction etc)
Silicon dioxide, Soft and easy to
Lead crystal Crystal, prism and
lead(II) oxide, melt, transparent,
Properties of glass glass lenses
sodium oxide high density
Main component of glass:
Silica (silicon dioxide)
Type of glass, special properties
Construction materials
GLASS and uses
Ornamental articles
Semiconductor
Electric insulation. Ceramic is produced by heating
Artificial limbs, bones and GLASS AND clay at high temperature.
teeth CERAMICS Main component: silicate
Basic composition :
Uses Al, Si, O.
CERAMICS
Properties of Ceramic Composite Material
structural material that is formed by combined two or more different material
Very hard.
High melting and boiling
point.
Type of glass Composition Properties Uses
Able to extend high Reinforced Cement, gravel, Strong, high tensile,
pressure. Building, bridge
concrete sand, water, iron strength and cheap
Very good as heat Alloy of metal
insulation/ electric compound or No electrical Transportation and
Superconductor
insulation. ceramic of metal resistance telecomunication
Inert toward chemicals. oxide
Weak toward extension. Silica, sodium
Density less than most of carbonate and Good insulator heat Racket, helmet,
Fiber glass
calcium and electrical small boat
metals.
carbonate
Silica, copper Transmitted in light
Fiber optic Electrical cable
and Aluminium form at high speed
Dark in colour
Photo chromic Silica and silver when exposed to Optical lenses,
glass chloride bright light and glass window
bright in dark
Plastic
Plastic and glass Very strong, light, Body car,
strengthened
fiber withstand corrosion aeroplane, rod
with glass fiber
