Lecture 5
Prism Meshing
14. 0 Release
Introduction to ANSYS
ICEM CFD
1 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. March 21, 2012 Release 14.0
Prism Meshing
Inflation layers
• To better simulate boundary layer effects
• Mesh orthogonal to surface with faces perpendicular to
boundary layer flow direction
Procedure
• Set Global Prism Parameters
• Select Parts to grow layers from
– Typically wall boundaries and holes
• Set Local Parameters for each part
– Local overrides global
– Zero or blank entries will defer to global settings
• Run mesher
– From existing mesh
• Extrude into tetra/hexa mesh
• Extrude from surface tri mesh, then fill volumes
– Run automatically during Volume Mesh creation
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Prism ‐ Global Parameters
Global Prism Parameters
• Growth law
– exponential: height = h(r)(n‐1) [n is layer #]
– linear: height = h(1+(n‐1)(r‐1))
– wb‐exponential: height = h*exp((r‐1)(n‐1))
• Initial height of first layer – h in formulae above
– Auto calculated if not specified
• Based on factor of edge length of base triangle/quad
• Height determined so that top layer volume is
slightly less than that of tetra/hex just above it
• Number of layers n Other global parameters
• Height ratio r explained later
• Total height ‐ of all layers
• Usually specify 3 of the above 4 parameters Height
– Compute params will calculate the remaining parameter Total ratio (r)
height
(total height usually left blank)
• Or specify only Height ratio and Number of layers for auto
calculation of initial height
Initial
• Individual surface/curve height/ratio/layers will override height (h)
these global defaults if set
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Growth Law Comparison
• The growth rate of Wb-exponential is greater than exponential
• The growth rate of exponential is greater than linear
Linear Exponential Wb‐Exponential
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Smooth Tetra/Prism Transition
Leave initial height as “0”
• This causes the initial height to float in order to reduce
the volume change between the last prism and adjacent
tetra.
Initial Initial
height height = 0
specified
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Setting Prism Parameters on Parts
Prism extrusion areas defined by the parts
• Mesh > Part Mesh Setup
• Toggle on Prism for parts where inflation layers are desired
– Surface mesh (tri/quad) gets extruded into prisms
• Set Height, Height Ratio, Num Layers
– Will use global defaults if not set or zero
Applying these
settings causes
these parameters to
be applied to each
individual surface
within each part
If Apply inflation
parameters to
curves is toggled
on, they will also be
set on each curve
within each part
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Setting Prism Parameters on Volume Parts
• Normally toggle prism on only for parts that Only one
contain surfaces (becomes surface mesh) volume part
selected
• Can also toggle on prism for parts that
contain material points (becomes volume
mesh)
– For interior surface mesh, this defines the
allowable volumes for extrusion
– Selecting no volume parts has the same result
as selecting all volume parts
Edge of Interior surface
Both or no volume
parts selected
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Setting Prism Parameters on Surfaces
• Mesh > Surface Mesh Setup
• You can specify different local height and ratio
on any selected surface without moving the
surface to a new part
• Usually set height and/or ratio smaller on
specific surfaces to avoid collision
Height on part = 0.4 Height = 0.2
Collisions occurred when the
No collisions after
height was 0.4 on all surfaces
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Setting Prism Parameters on Curves
• Mesh > Curve Mesh Setup
– You can get Prism to transition linearly across a surface by
not setting a height (height = 0) on the surface, but instead
set a different height on each curve on the opposite sides of
the prism surface
– Height ratio and Num. of layers have no affect on prism for
curve settings
Height =
0.01
Height = 0 on
surface
Height = 0.003
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Run Prism
Can run separately
• Mesh > Compute Mesh > Prism Mesh
• The Select Parts for Prism Layer button pops up the same
menu as the Part Mesh Setup, except non‐prism related
columns aren’t displayed
• Input
– Existing Mesh
– From File (saves memory by not not
loading mesh)
Or run automatically linked into volume mesh
• Toggle on Create Prism Layers when tetra meshing
• Not advisable if this is the first mesh for a particular
geometry
• Must be confident about setup parameters and sizing
• Running prism separately allows you to smooth and error‐
check the tri or tetra mesh first.
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Input as Surface or Volume Mesh
• Input can be a surface mesh or volume mesh
– Surface mesh
– Must be a closed boundary mesh
– Must specify a volume part
– Use tetra fill methods after:
– Delaunay
– Advancing Front
– Ansys TGrid
– Volume mesh
Delaunay
– Moves and reconnects tetras
fill
Prism extrudes
into existing
tetras
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Prism – Quality Control Options
Fix marching direction
• Maintains normal from surface
• Can cause intersections with other mesh
Min prism quality
• Either re‐smooth directionally or cap/replace with pyramids if
quality not met (minimum allowed = 1x10‐6)
Ortho weight
• Weighting factor for node movement from 0 ‐ improving
triangle quality, to 1 ‐ improving prism orthogonality
Fillet ratio
Max prism angle
Max height over base See next slides
Prism height limit factor
Ratio multiplier (m)
• For varying exponential growth: height = h(r)(n‐1) (m)(n‐1)
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Prism Options – Fillet Ratio
– Blends prism grid lines around sharp corners
• 0 = no fillet
• 1 = fillet ratio equals last prism height
– Improves angles further away from the corner
– Orients prisms more in direction of flow
– If meshing tight spaces with tight curves (less than 60o), may not have space
for a fillet ratio
Fillet Ratio = r/h
r h
Fillet Ratio = 0.0 Fillet Ratio = 0.5 Fillet Ratio = 1.0
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Prism options – Max Prism Angle
– Controls prism layer growth around bends or adhering to adjacent surfaces
– If the Max (internal) Prism Angle is not met, the prism layers will end and
be capped off with pyramids in those locations
– Usually set in the 120o to 179o range
– Experience pays off here. If extruding from one part and not its neighbor,
and the angle between the two surfaces is greater than the Max Prism
Angle, the prisms will detach and be capped off with pyramids. This
prevents bending the prisms that might create lower‐quality internal
angles. However, the pyramids are usually of lower quality, too.
– It’s usually better to run prism along adjacent surfaces until it can meet at a
smaller angle, leaving quad faces. Pyramids will be avoided.
Pyramids
o
160
Original mesh Max prism angle = 180o Max prism angle = 140o.
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Prism Options – Max Prism Angle ‐ Continued
o
A high (up to 180 ) Max Prism Angle keeps the prism layers
connected around tight bends.
• Set this at 180 to prevent pyramids where possible
Max Prism Angle = 140 Max Prism Angle = 180
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Prism Options – Max Height Over Base
– Restricts prism aspect ratio
– Prism layers stop growing in regions where prism aspect Height
ratio would exceed specified value (h)
• Number of prism layers would not be preserved locally
– Mesh is made conformal with pyramids at prism Base
(b)
boundaries
h/b
– Acceptable values vary widely (typically 0.5 – 8) Largest height over
smallest base length
Pyramids
Max Height Over Base not set Max Height Over Base = 1.0
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Prism Options – Prism Height Limit Factor
– Restricts prism aspect ratio
• Prism height will not expand once this factor is met
Height
– Uses the same height over base factor as the previous (h)
metric except prism layers are not capped off with
pyramids Base
– Preserves the specified number of prism layers (b)
h/b
– Will fail if sizes of adjacent elements differ by more than
Largest height over
a factor of 2 smallest base length
– Acceptable values vary widely (typically 0.5 – 8)
Limit factor not set Limit factor = 0.5
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Prism Options‐Part Control
New volume part
Leaving
• Can specify new Part for prism elements these parts
– Must specify if extruding from surface‐ blank will
only mesh inherit the
names from
– If extruding into volume mesh, prism the current
will inherit tetra volume Part if not mesh
specified
Side part
• For quad faces on side boundary
Top part
• For tri faces capping off top of last prism
layer
Extrude into orphan region
• Extrude prisms away from existing
volume, not into it
• Must specify new volume, side and top
part, or they’ll be in ORFN
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Prism Options ‐ Smoothing
• Prepares tri/tetra for best prism quality
– Set surface/volume steps to 0 if only extruding
one layer or if tri/tetra mesh is already
smoothed
• Otherwise defaults adequate
• Value depends on model/user experience
– Set surface smoothing steps to zero for a
tri/tetra mesh that is already smoothed
– Triangle quality type
• Laplace typically best for eventual prism quality
• Other types may be better when marching
directions condense at inside corners
– Max directional smoothing steps
• Redefines extrusion direction based on initial
prism quality
• internally calculated for each layer
• Other Advanced Prism Meshing Parameters
– Detailed in Help menu (usually left default)
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Prism Parameters File
• Read a Prism Parameters File
– To set all prism values from a prism
settings file (*.prism_params)
– Written to the working directory every
time prism is run
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Smoothing a Tetra/Prism Mesh
After generating prisms:
Edit Mesh > Smooth Mesh Globally
– Prisms are smoothed during prism generation
– If input mesh was a tetra mesh, the tetras adjacent to the
last prism layer will be messed up
– First smooth only the tetras and tris
• Set PENTA_6 to Freeze 1st
• Don’t want to modify the prism layers at this point step
– Once tetra and tri elements are as smooth as possible,
smooth all elements
• Set PENTA_6 to Smooth
2nd
• Decrease the Up to quality value so as not to distort prism step
elements too much
The prisms get
compromised a bit when
everything is on smooth
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Splitting Prism Layers
– If many prism layers are desired, it is faster, but
less robust – to create “fat” layers and then split
them with mesh editing
– Edit Mesh > Split Mesh > Split Prisms
• Fix ratio: The layer is split such that its resulting
layers employ the given growth ratio (height is free
variable)
• Fix initial height: The layer is split such that its first
sub‐layer is of the given height (ratio is free variable)
– Specify the number of layers to result from each
existing layer
– Can split specified or all existing layers
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Redistributing Prism Layers
Redistribute prism layers after splitting
• Edit Mesh > Move Nodes > Redistribute Prism Edge
– Fix ratio: The initial height and subsequent layer heights
will be adjusted to achieve this growth ratio
– Fix initial height: The growth ratio is the variable that
will be adjusted to achieve this initial height
– The total prism thickness remains fixed and layers are
adjusted within this thickness
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Demo – 3D Pipe Junction
• Setting prism parameters
• Extrude prism into tetra mesh
• Initial height as zero
• Smoothing
• Cut plane
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Workshops
• Workshop 1 – Waterjacket Section
– Setting prism parameters
– Prism into tetra mesh
– Inspecting pyramids
– Setting local heights
– Remesh to get rid of pyramids
– Redistribute prisms
• Workshop 2 – Wingbody
– Prism from surface mesh
– Create a density region
– Delaunay fill
– Smoothing
– Hexa core fill
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