Advanced Application 9
Single Span Composite Precast
Beams & Deck Bridge
Civ il
CONTENTS
Summary 1
Bridge Dimensions / 1
Materials / 2
Loads / 3
File Opening and Preferences Setting 3
Material and Section Properties 4
Material Properties / 4
Time Dependent Material Properties / 6
Section Properties / 9
Structural Modeling Using Nodes and Elements 12
Precast Beams / 13
Cross Beams / 14
Change Element Dependent Material Property / 15
Structure Support Conditions 16
Loading Data 18
Load Groups / 18
Static Loads / 18
Prestress Loads / 22
Moving Loads / 30
Construction Stage Data 38
Groups / 38
Define Construction Stages / 39
Performing Structural Analysis 45
Verification and Interpretation of Results 46
Load Combinations / 46
Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graphs / 50
Pretension Losses in Tendons / 51
Tendon Elongation / 52
Influence Line / 53
Moving Load Tracer / 54
Stresses in Precast Beams during Construction Stages / 55
Bending Moment Diagrams in Precast Beams / 57
Shear Force Diagrams in Precast Beams / 59
Reactions / 60
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Summary
This example shows the analysis of a 120- ft single span AASHTO bulb-tee beam bridge
with no skew, according to the AASHTO LRFD specifications. The structure consists of
six precast, pretensioned beams spaced at 9’-0” centers. Beams are designed to act
compositely with the 8-in. cast-in-place concrete deck to resist all superimposed dead
loads, live loads and impact. A ½ in. wearing surface is considered to be an integral part
of the 8-in. deck. A 2 in. wearing surface will be installed in the future.
This example is similar to the one presented in the PCI Bridge Design Manual.
Bridge Dimensions:
Figure 1a Bridge Cross-Section
Figure 1b Precast Beam Dimensions
1
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Materials:
Concrete – Deck and Cross Beams
ASTM C4000
Modulus of elasticity: 3834 ksi
Poisson’s ratio: 0.2
Density: 0.150 kcf
Concrete strength (28-day) 4.0 ksi
Deck total thickness 8.0 in
Deck structural thickness 7.5 in
Cross beam depth 7.5 in (same as thickness of deck)
Interior cross beam width 10 ft (c/c distance between adjacent cross-beams)
End cross beam width 5 ft
Concrete – Precast Beams
ASTM C6500
Modulus of elasticity: 4888 ksi
Poisson’s ratio: 0.2
Density: 0.150 kcf
Concrete strength (28-day) 6.5 ksi
Steel – Prestress Tendons: ½ in. dia., seven-wire, low-relaxation
Modulus of elasticity: 28500 ksi
Ultimate strength: 270.0 ksi
Yield strength: 243.0 ksi
Loads:
Dead Load
Concrete deck
Exterior PC Beam (8/12ft) (7.5ft) (0.150kcf) = 0.750 kip/ft
Interior PC Beam (8/12ft) (9.0ft) (0.150kcf) = 0.900 kip/ft
Haunch above beam (0.5/12ft) (3.5ft) (0.150kcf) = 0.022 kip/ft
Barrier
(2 barriers)(0.300 kip/ft)/(6 beams) = 0.100 kip/ft
Future wearing surface
(2/12ft)(0.15kcf)(48ft)/(6 beams) = 0.200 kip/ft
Prestress Load
Stress in tendon before transfer = 202.50 ksi (75% of ultimate strength)
Assumed initial loss due to elastic shortening = 9.2 % (18.6 ksi)
Therefore: Stress in tendon after transfer = 183.90 ksi
Moving Loads (AASHTO LRFD)
HL-93
2
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
File Opening and Preferences Setting
> New Project
> Save (PSC Single Span)
Tools Tab > Unit System
Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
Figure 2 File Opening and References Setting
3
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Material and Section Properties
In this section the materials and sections used to model the structure are defined.
Material Properties:
The following materials are defined:
Deck
Precast Beams
Tendons
Cross Beams.
Go to Properties Tab > Material Properties
Properties dialog box>Material tab> Click
Name>Deck
Type of Design>Concrete
Standard>None
Modulus of Elasticity>3834 (calculated for Grade C4000 as per AASHTO formula)
Poisson’s Ratio>0.2
Weight Density>0
Click
Note:
Deck weight density is assigned a value of zero, because we want to treat deck
weight as beam load, as opposed to self weight calculated automatically by the
program after Composite Section for Construction Stage is created (refer page 40).
Figure 3 Material Data Window
4
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Name> Precast Beams
Type of Design>Concrete
Standard>None
Modulus of Elasticity>4888 (calculated for Grade C6500 as per AASHTO formula)
Poisson’s Ratio (0.2)
Weight Density (8.681e-005) kips/in3 (i.e., 0.150 kcf)
Click
Name> Tendon
Type of Design>User Defined
Standard>None
Modulus of Elasticity>28500
Poisson’s Ratio (0.3)
Weight Density (8.681e-005) kips/in3 (i.e., 0.150 kcf)
Click
Note:
In this tutorial the density of tendons is considered to be the same as the density of
concrete, since it will be easier to compare results with the example presented in
the PCI Bridge Design Manual. The example in the PCI Bridge Design Manual
does not consider separate density for tendons.)
Name> Cross Beams
Type of Design>Concrete
Standard>None
Modulus of Elasticity>3834 (calculated for Grade C4000 as per AASHTO formula)
Poisson’s Ratio (0.2)
Weight Density (0)
Click
Note:
Weight density of cross beams has been assigned a value of zero because these are
fictitious beams used only for generating moving loads (refer to page 32).
Click
5
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Time Dependent Material Properties:
Properties Tab > Time Dependent Material Section > Creep / Shrinkage
Time Dependent Material (Creep / Shrinkage) dialog box > Click
Name>CEB-FIP
Code>CEB-FIP(1990)
Compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days>6.5
Relative Humidity of ambient environment (40–99)>70
Notational size of member>10 (This is a provisional value that will be replaced later
after calculation by the program).
Type of cement>Normal or rapid hardening cement (N, R)
Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage>3
Click
Click
Click
Click
Figure 4 Creep and Shrinkage Data
6
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Figure 5 Creep Coefficient
Properties Tab > Time Dependent Material Section > Comp. Strength
Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength) dialog box > Click
Name>C6500
Type>Code
Development of Strength>Code>CEB-FIP
Concrete Compressive Strength at 28 Days>7.66
Cement Type(s)> N, R: 0.25
Click
Click
Click
7
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 6 Compressive Strength Data
Properties Tab > Time Dependent Material Section > Material Link
Time Dependent Material Type>Creep/Shrinkage>CEB-FIP
Time Dependent Material Type>Comp. Strength>C6500
Select Material to Assign>Materials>2:Precast Beams
Click
Click
Click
Figure 7 : Time Dependent Material
Link Window
8
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Section Properties:
The following sections are defined:
Interior Precast Beams
Exterior Precast Beams
End Cross Beams
Interior Cross Beams
Interior and exterior precast beams differ from each other in their effective deck width.
Interior and end cross beams differ from each other in their width.
Properties Tab > Section
Properties dialog box>Section tab> Click
Click Composite tab
Name>Interior Precast Beams
Section Type>Composite-I
Slab Width>612
Girder>Num>1
Girder>CTC>0 (For details refer online help)
Slab>Bc>108
Slab>tc>7.5
Slab>Hh>0.5
By comparing the section shown in the PSC Vie wer with the cross section of the
Interior PC Beams, determine the points (J1, JL1…JL4, JR1…JR4) that are
required to define the section.
Girder>J1, JL1 (on)
Girder>Symmetry (on)
Scroll down the Girder window and enter the following section geometry data:
H1 72.0
HL1 3.5
HL2 4.0
HL2-1 2.0
HL3 54.0
HL4 4.5
HL5 6.0
BL1 3.0
BL2 21.0
BL2-1 16.0
BL4 13.0
Table 1.1 Girder Section Geometry Data
9
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 8 Section Data Window
Egd/Esb>1.2749
Dgd/Dsb >0
Consider Shear Deformation>(on)
Click
Note:
Egd/Esb represents the ratio of Modulus of Elasticity for both types of concrete –
girder and slab. Therefore, Egd/Esb = 4888/3834 = 1.2749.
Dgd/Dsb is the ratio of unit weight for both types of concrete – girder and slab. It
has been assigned a value of zero because we want to treat deck weight as beam
loads as opposed to self weight calculated automatically by the program.
Properties dialog box >Section tab>ID 1 (Interior Precast Beams)
Click
Click ID 2 (Interior Precast Beams)
Click
Name>Exterior Precast Beams
Slab>Bc>90 (this is the only difference between the two sections).
Click
10
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Properties dialog box >Section tab>Click
Click DB/User tab
Name>End Cross Beams
Click User
Select Solid Rectangle ( )
H>7.5
B>60
Click
Properties dialog box >Section tab>Click
Click DB/User tab
Name>Interior Cross Beams
Click User
Select Solid Rectangle ( )
H>7.5
B>120
Click
Click
Note:
The depth of the Cross Beams is taken as the thickness of deck slab and width of the
Cross Beams is taken as the center-to-center distance between the Cross Beams.
11
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Structural Modeling Using Nodes and Elements
Tools / Unit System
Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips
Click Top View
Go to Nodes/Elements > Create
Coordinates (x,y,z)>0,0,0
Copy>Number of Times>5
Copy>Distances (dx,dy,dz)>0,9,0
Click
Click
Figure 9 Create Nodes Window
12
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Precast Beams:
Click Auto Fitting
Click Node Number
Node / Element Tab > Extrude
Select Window >Nodes 1 and 6
Extrude Type>Node Line Element
Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam
Material>2: Precast Beams
Section>2: Exterior Precast Beams
Generation Type>Translate
Translation>dx,dy,dz>10, 0, 0
Number of Times>12
Click
Figure 10 Extrude Elements Window
13
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Select Window >Nodes 2to5
Extrude Type>Node Line Element
Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam
Material>2: Precast Beams
Section>1: Interior Precast Beams
Generation Type>Translate
Translation>dx,dy,dz>30, 0, 0
Number of Times>4
Click
Cross Beams:
Select Window >Nodes 1 and 29
Extrude Type>Node Line Element
Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam
Material>4: Cross Beams
Section>3: End Cross Beams
Generation Type>Translate
Translation>dx,dy,dz>0, 9, 0
Number of Times>5
Click
Select Window >Nodes 7to27by2
Extrude Type>Node Line Element
Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam
Material>4: Cross Beams
Section>4: Interior Cross Beams
Generation Type>Translate
Translation>dx,dy,dz>0, 9, 0
Number of Times>5
Click
Click
Toggle on the Element Number to check the model geometry and the numbering
of nodes and elements, and then toggle it off.
14
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Change Element Dependent Material Property:
This function is related to the Notational Size of Members and should be applied once the
elements have been generated.
Properties Tab > Time Dependant Material Section > Change Property
Click Select All
Element Dependent Material>Notational Size of Member
Select Auto Calculate
Click
Click
Figure 11 Change Element Dependent Material Property Window
15
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Structure Support Conditions
Boundaries Tab> Supports
Select Window >Node 1
Options>Add
Support Type (Local Direction)>D-ALL
Click
Figure 12 Supports Window
Select Window >Node 29
Support Type (Local Direction)> Dy, Dz
Click
Select Window >Nodes 2to6
Support Type (Local Direction)> Dx, Dz
Click
Select Window >Nodes 30, 75to78
Support Type (Local Direction)> Dz
Click
16
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Click
Figure 13 Model Boundary Conditions
17
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Loading Data
The following items are defined in this section:
Load groups
Static loads
Prestress loads
Moving loads
Load Groups:
To perform Construction Stage analyses it is required to define groups of elements,
boundary conditions and loads. Load groups are defined here to facilitate the assignment
of loads to their respective groups.
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab
Right-click Load Group
Select New…
Name>PC & C/B
Click
Name> Deck
Click
Name> Barrier
Click
Name> Wearing surface
Click
Name> Prestress
Click
Click
Static Loads:
Load Tab > Static Load Cases
Name>Deck
Type>Dead Load of Component and Attachments (DC)
Click
Name>Wearing surface
Type>Dead Load of Wearing Surfaces and Utilities (DW)
Click
Name>Barrier
Type> Dead Load of Component and Attachments (DC)
Click
Name>PC & C/B
Type> Dead Load of Component and Attachments (DC)
18
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Click
Name>Prestress
Type>Prestress (PS)
Click
Click
Figure 14 Static Load Cases Window
Click Iso View
Click Select Identity-Elements
Select Identity dialog box>Select Type>Section
Click “1: Interior Precast Beams”
Click
Click
Load Tab > Beam Load Section > Element
Load Case Name>Deck
Load Group Name>Deck
Direction>Global Z
Projection>No
Value>Relative
w>-0.922 (0.900 deck + 0.022 haunch)
Click
19
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 15 Element Beam Loads Window
The loading is displayed in the Model View window.
Click Select Identity-Elements
Select Identity dialog box>Select Type>Section
Click “2: Exterior Precast Beams”
Click
Click
Load Case Name>Deck
Load Group Name>Deck
w>-0.772 (0.750 deck + 0.022 haunch)
Click
Click Select Identity-Elements
Select Identity dialog box>Select Type>Section
Click “1: Interior Precast Beams”
Click
Click “2: Exterior Precast Beams”
Click
Click
20
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Load Case Name>Wearing surface
Load Group Name>Wearing surface
w>-0.2
Click
Click Select Previous
Load Case Name> Barrier
Load Group Name> Barrier
w>-0.1
Click
Click
Load >Structure Loads/Masses Section > Self Weight
Load Case Name> PC & C/B
Load Group Name> PC & C/B
Self Weight Factor>Z>-1
Click
Click
Figure 16 Self Weight Window
21
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Prestress Data and Loads:
Figure 17 Strand Pattern
Figure 18 Longitudinal Strand Profile
Figure 19 Profile Insertion Points
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab
Right-click Tendon Group
Select New…
Name>Tendon
Suffix>1to12
Click
Click
22
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Tools / Unit System
Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
Load Tab >Temp/Prestress Option> Tendon Property
Tendon Property dialog box>Click
Tendon Name>TH
Tendon Type>Internal (Pre-Tension)
Material>3: Tendon
Click to the right of Total Tendon Area
Tendon Area dialog box> Strand Diameter>12.7mm (0.5”)
Number of Strands>14
Click
Select Relaxation Coefficient
Relaxation Coefficient>Magura>45
Ultimate Strength>270
Yield Strength>243
Click
Figure 20 Add/Modify Tendon Property Window
23
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Tendon Property dialog box>Click
Tendon Name>TS
Tendon Type>Internal (Pre-Tension)
Material>3: Tendon
Click to the right of Total Tendon Area
Tendon Area dialog box> Strand Diameter>12.7mm (0.5”)
Number of Strands>34
Click
Select Relaxation Coefficient
Relaxation Coefficient>Magura>45
Ultimate Strength>270
Yield Strength>243
Click
Toggle off Node Number
Toggle on Element Number
Click Top View
Click Select Identity-Elements
Select Identity dialog box>Select Type>Section
Click “1: Interior Precast Beams”
Click “2: Exterior Precast Beams”
Click
Click
Go to View Tab > Click Activate
24
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Load>Temp./Prestress Option> Tendon Profile
Tendon Profile dialog box>Click
Tendon Name>TH1
Group>Tendon1
Tendon Property>TH
Click in Assigned Elements
Select Window > Elements 1to23by2
Input Type>3-D
Curve Type>Spline
Profile>Reference Axis>Straight
Enter the following data in the Profile window:
Figure 21 TH Tendon Profile Data
Profile Insertion Point>-6, 0, -52.79
x-Axis Direction>X
Click
Note:
An insertion point is used as a point of reference for the tendon profile in the Global
Coordinate System (GCS). Only one profile is needed for a precast beam in spite of
the number of elements (four in this example) that we are using to model it.
As it is shown in Figure 19, the insertion points of both exterior and interior girders
are located at the bottom of the lower flanges. However, the vertical (Z-axis)
coordinate of these points are different. This is because the distances from the
neutral axis to the bottom fiber are not the same due to the differences in their
respective effective widths of concrete slab.
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TH1
Distance>0, 108, 0
Click
Select TH1-Copy
Click
Tendon Name>Change to TH2
Group> Change to Tendon2
Click in Assigned Elements
Click Unselect All
Select Window > Elements 25to69by4
Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 108, -54.57
25
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Click
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TH2
Click
Select TH2-Copy
Click
Tendon Name> Change to TH3
Group> Change to Tendon3
Click in Assigned Elements
Click Unselect All
Select Window > Elements 26to70by4
Click
Use the same method described above to generate profiles for tendons TH4 & TH5.
Change Group to Tendon4 and Tendon5 for TH4 and TH5, respectively.
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TH5
Click
Select TH5-Copy
Click
Tendon Name> Change to TH6
Group> Change to Tendon6
Click in Assigned Elements
Click Unselect All
Select Window > Elements 2to24by2
Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 540, -52.79
Click
Tendon Profile dialog box>Click
Tendon Name>TS1
Group>Tendon7
Tendon Property>TS
Click in Assigned Elements
Select Window > Elements 1to23by2
Input Type>3-D
Curve Type>Spline
Profile>Reference Axis>Straight
Enter the following data in the Profile window:
26
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Figure 23 TS Tendon Profile Data
Profile Insertion Point>-6, 0, -52.79
x-Axis Direction>X
Click
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TS1
Distance>0, 108, 0
Click
Select TS1-Copy
Click
Tendon Name>Change to TS2
Group> Change to Tendon8
Click in Assigned Elements
Click Unselect All
Select Window > Elements 25to69by4
Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 108, -54.57
Click
27
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TS2
Click
Select TS2-Copy
Click
Tendon Name> Change to TS3
Group> Change to Tendon9
Click in Assigned Elements
Click Unselect All
Select Window > Elements 26to70by4
Click
Use the same method described above to generate profiles for tendons TS4 & TS5.
Change Group to Tendon10 and Tendon11 for TS4 and TS5, respectively.
Tendon Profile dialog box>Select TS5
Click
Select TS5-Copy
Click
Tendon Name> Change to TS6
Group> Change to Tendon12
Click in Assigned Elements
Click Unselect All
Select Window > Elements 2to24by2
Profile Insertion Point>Change to -6, 540, -52.79
Click
Click
Visually verify that the tendon profiles have been entered correctly.
Click Iso View
In the Tree Menu: Click Works tab
Prestressing Tendon> Tendon Profile
Right-click mouse and select Display
Click Initial View
Load Tab >Temp./Prestress Option > Tendon Prestress
Load Case Name>Prestress
Load Group Name>Prestress
Select Tendon for Loading>Tendon> Select all tendons (TH1~TH6, TS1~TS6)
Click
Stress Value>Stress
1st Jacking>Begin
Begin>183.9
End>0
28
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Click
Click
Figure 24 Tendon Prestress Loads Window
Moving Loads:
Click Initial View
Click Top View
Click Activate All
Click Element Number
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab
Right-click Structure Group
Select New…
Name>Cross Beam
Suffix>1to5
Click
Click
29
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 25 Define Structure Group Window
View Tab > Select Option > Select Intersect > Elements 73to85
“Drag & Drop” Cross Beam 1 from the Tree Menu to Model View.
Figure 26 Assignment of Cross Beam Groups
30
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
View Tab > Select Option > Select Intersect > Elements 86to98
“Drag & Drop” Cross Beam 2 from the Tree Menu to Model View.
Repeat the steps to define Groups Cross Beam 3, Cross Beam 4 & Cross Beam 5.
The assignment of elements to groups can be verified by double-clicking each of
the Groups in the Tree Menu and displaying their elements in the Model View.
Note:
To increase the accuracy of vehicular live load analysis, the number of Cross
Beams may be increased. This can be done by providing large number of equally
spaced fictitious “Cross Beams” in the transverse direction, having weight density
= 0. The depth and width of these “Cross Beams” will be equal to the deck slab
thickness and center-to-center distance between the “Cross Beams”, respectively.
Tools / Unit System
Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips
Toggle on Node Number
Toggle off Element Number
Load Tab > Moving Load Option >Moving Load Code Dropbox
Select > AASHTO LRFD
Figure 27 Traffic Lanes and their Eccentricities
Load Tab > Moving Load Option > Traffic Line Lanes
Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click
Lane Name>Lane 1
Eccentricity>-4.5
Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam
Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 1
Moving Direction>Both
Selection by>2 points
31
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Click in the first box below
Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29
Click
Click
Figure 28 Definition of Design Traffic Line Lanes
Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click
Lane Name>Lane 2
Eccentricity>-16.5
Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam
Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 2
Moving Direction>Both
Selection by>2 points
32
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Click in the first box below
Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29
Click
Click
Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click
Lane Name>Lane 3
Eccentricity>-28.5
Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam
Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 4
Moving Direction>Both
Selection by>2 points
Click in the first box below
Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29
Click
Click
Traffic Line Lanes dialog box>Click
Lane Name>Lane 4
Eccentricity>-40.5
Vehicular Load Distribution>Cross Beam
Cross Beam Group>Cross Beam 5
Moving Direction>Both
Selection by>2 points
Click in the first box below
Select Window > Nodes 1 and 29
Click
Click
Click
33
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Load Tab > Moving Load Option > Vehicles
Vehicles dialog box>Click
Standard Name>AASHTO LRFD Load
Vehicular Load Name>HL-93TDM
Vehicular Load Type>HL-93TDM
Dynamic Allowance: 33 (%)
Click
Figure 29 Definition of Standard Vehicular Loads
Vehicles dialog box>Click
Standard Name>AASHTO LRFD Load
Vehicular Load Name>HL-93TRK
Vehicular Load Type>HL-93TRK
Dynamic Allowance: 33 (%)
Click
Click
34
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Load Tab > Moving Load Option > Moving Load Cases
Moving Load Cases dialog box>Click
Load Case Name>MLC
Enter the following data in the Multiple Presence Factor window:
Figure 30 Multiple Presence Factors
Sub-Load Cases>Loading Effect>Independent
Click
Sub-Load Case dialog box>Vehicle Class>VL:HL-93TDM
Scale Factor>1
Min. Number of Loaded Lanes>1
Max. Number of Loaded Lanes>4
Assignment Lanes>List of Lanes>Select all lanes (Lane 1, Lane 2, Lane 3, Lane 4)
Click
Click
Define Moving Load Case dialog box>Click
Sub-Load Case dialog box>Vehicle Class>VL:HL-93TRK
Scale Factor>1
Min. Number of Loaded Lanes>1
Max. Number of Loaded Lanes>4
Assignment Lanes>List of Lanes>Select all lanes (Lane 1, Lane 2, Lane 3, Lane 4)
Click
Click
Click
35
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 31 Definition of Moving Load Cases
36
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Construction Stage Analysis Data
Three stages are defined to model the bridge during construction. Details of the
construction stages are shown below:
Table 1.2 Construction Stages
Stage Day Description
Placing of precast beams and cross beams.
Stage 1 (30 days) 1
Prestressing of strands.
21 Pouring deck slab.
Stage 2 (30 days) 1 Composite beam & slab behavior takes place.
1 Installation of barrier.
6 Placing of wearing surface.
Stage 3 (10000 days) - -
Note: Age of all precast members (precast beams & cross beams) is 7 days at the time of
placing (1st day of Stage 1).
Groups:
In the Tree Menu: Click Group tab
Right-click Structure Group
Select New…
Name>All
Click
Click
Click Select All
“Drag & Drop” All from the Tree Menu to Model View
Right-click Boundary Group
Select New…
Name> Supports
Click
Click
Click Select All
“Drag & Drop” Supports from the Tree Menu to Model View
Select Boundary Type dialog box>Support
Click
37
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Define Construction Stages:
On the Upper-Left side of the Model View > Define Construction Stage
Construction Stage dialog box>Click
Stage>Name>Stage
Stage>Suffix>1to3
Save Result>Stage, Additional Steps (on)
Click
Construction Stage dialog box>Click
Stage>Stage 1
Name>Stage 1
Duration>30
Additional Steps>Day>21
Click in the Additional Steps window
Click Element tab
Group List>All
Activation>Age>7
Click in the Activation window
Click Boundary tab
Group List>Supports
Support/Spring Position>Deformed
Click in the Activation window
Click Load tab
Group List>PC & C/B
Click in the Activation window
Group List>Prestress
Click in the Activation window
Group List>Deck
Active Day>21
Click in the Activation window
Click
Construction Stage dialog box>Click
Stage>Stage 2
Name>Stage 2
Duration>30
Additional Steps>Day>6
38
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Click in the Additional Steps window
Click Load tab
Once activated, the Element, Boundary and Load groups remain active unless they
are specifically deactivated.
Group List>Barrier
Click in the Activation window
Group List> Wearing Surface
Active Day>6
Click in the Activation window
Click
Figure 32 Definition of Construction Stage 1
39
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 33 Definition of Construction Stage 2
Construction Stage dialog box>Click
Stage>Stage 3
Name>Stage 3
Duration>10000
Click
Click
40
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Upper Left side of Model View > Composite Section for Construction Stage
Composite Section for Construction Stage dialog box>Click
Active Stage>Stage 1
Section>1: Interior Precast Beams
Composite Type>Normal
Construction Sequence>Part>1:
Material Type>Material
Material>2:Precast
Composite Stage>Active Stage
Age>7
Construction Sequence>Part>2:
Material Type>Material
Material>1:Deck
Composite Stage>Stage 2
Age>10
Click
Figure 34 Composite Section 1 (Interior Precast Beams) during Construction Stages
41
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Composite Section for Construction Stage dialog box>Click
Active Stage>Stage 1
Section>2: Exterior Precast Beams
Composite Type>Normal
Construction Sequence>Part>1:
Material Type>Material
Material>2:Precast
Composite Stage>Active Stage
Age>7
Construction Sequence>Part>2:
Material Type>Material
Material>1:Deck
Composite Stage>Stage 2
Age>10
Click
Click
Figure 35 Composite Section 2 (Exterior Precast Beams) during Construction Stages
42
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Analysis Tab / Construction Stage
Final Stage>Last Stage
Analysis Option>Include Time Dependent Effect (on) > Click on Time
Dependant Effect Control
Time Dependent Effect Control >Creep & Shrinkage (on)
Type>Creep & Shrinkage
Auto Time Step Generation for Large Time Gap (on)
Tendon Tension Loss Effect (Creep & Shrinkage) (on)
Variation of Comp. Strength (on)
Tendon Tension Loss (Elastic Shortening) (on)
Frame Output>Calculate Output of Each part of Composite Section (on)
Load Cases to be Distinguished from Dead Load for CS Output:
Load Case>Wearing Surface
Click
Click
Beam Section Property Changes>Change with Tendon
Save Output of Current Stage (Beam/Truss) (on)
Figure 36 Construction Stage Analysis Control Data
43
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Perform Structural Analysis
Analysis Tab / Perform Analysis
Verification and Interpretation of Results
Load Combinations:
Select the Post Construction Stage ( ).
Results Tab> Combinations
Load Combinations dialog box>General tab>Click
Option>Add
Add Envelope (on)
Code Selection>Concrete
Design Code>AASHTO-LRFD07
Manipulation of Construction Stage Load Case>CS Only
Note:
Do not select “ST+CS” option (Static Load + Construction Stage) since the output
will be misleading. “Bridge Deck”, “Barrier” and “PC & C/B” have been defined as
“Dead Load of Components and Attachments (DC)” as well as “Construction Stage
(CS) Loads”. Similarly, “Wearing Surface” has been defined as “Dead Load of
Wearing Surface and Utilities (DW)” as well as “Erection Loads (EL)”. (Refer to
“Loading Data” and Figure 36 for details). Thus, these dead loads will appear twice
in the output if the “ST+CS” option is selected.
Load Modifier>1
Load Factors for Permanent Loads (Yp):
Component and Attachments>Load Factor>Both
Wearing Surfaces and Utilities>Load Factor>Both
Click
44
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Figure 37 Generation of Load Combinations
45
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 38 Auto Generated Load Combinations
.
Figure 39 Definition of the Envelope
46
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Click
Change the load factors for the load combinations gLCB13, gLCB14, gLCB15 and
gLCB16 (Service I, II, III and IV respectively) as shown in Table 1.3.
This step is required to generate appropriate deformations as per AASHTO-LRFD07.
The factors for loads not listed in Table 1.3 are zero and their cells can be left blank.
Click
Table 1.3 Load Combinations for Construction Stages
Load Dead Erection Tendon Tendon Creep Creep Shrinkage Shrinkage
MLC
Comb. Load Load Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
gLCB1 1.75 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB2 1.75 1.25 0.65 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB3 1.75 0.90 1.50 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB4 1.75 0.90 0.65 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB5 1.35 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB6 1.35 1.25 0.65 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB7 1.35 0.90 1.50 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB8 1.35 0.90 0.65 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB9 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB10 1.25 0.65 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB11 0.90 1.50 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB12 0.90 0.65 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB13 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB14 1.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB15 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB16 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20
gLCB17 0.75
47
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph:
In this tutorial, the prefix TH stands for harped tendon and TS stands for straight tendon.
Animate button can be used to view the Loss Graphs for all the stages for the selected
tendon, sequentially.
Results Tab > Tendon Loss Graph
Graph for tendon “TH1” in Stage 1 is automatically displayed.
Tendon>TH2
Stage>Stage 1
Step>Last Step
Click
Figure 40 Tendon TH2 Loss Graph
48
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Tendon> TS2
Figure 41 TS2 Tendon Loss Graph
Click
49
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Pretension Losses in Tendons:
In the Tree Menu: Click Tables tab.
Result Tables > Tendon > Tendon Loss
Since losses are calculated using CEB-FIP code, they are different from those given
in the PCI Bridge Design Manual, where losses are calculated using AASHTO code.
Figure 42 Pretension Losses (Stress) in Tendons
Figure 43 Pretension Losses (Force) in Tendons
50
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Tendon Elongation:
Tools / Unit System
Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
In the Tree Menu: Click Tables tab.
Result Tables>Tendon> Tendon Elongation
Figure 44 Tendon Elongation
51
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Influence Line:
Click Model View tab.
Click Initial View
Click Iso View
Tools / Unit System
Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips
In the Tree Menu: Click Menu tab.
Results Tab > Influence Lines > Beam Forces/Moments
Line/Surface Lanes>LANE all
Key Element>13
Scale Factor>1
Parts>j
Components>My
Type of Display>Legend (on)
Click
The influence line diagram for moment (My) at the end of Element 13 is displayed.
This position corresponds to the mid-span of one of the interior girders.
Figure 45 Influence Line Diagram
52
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Moving Load Tracer:
Click Moving Tracer tab.
Select Beam Forces/Moments
Moving Load Cases>MVmax: MLC
Key Element>13
Scale Factor>1
Parts>j
Components>My
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) ; Applied Loads (on)
Click
Click
The position of moving loads that generate maximum moment (My) at the end of
Element 13 is displayed. This position corresponds to the mid-span of one of the
interior girders.
Figure 46 Moving Load Tracer
53
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Stresses in Precast Beams during Construction Stages:
Select Stage 1 in the Toolbar ( )
Tools Tab/ Unit System
Length>in; Force (Mass)>kips
In the Tree Menu: Click Table tab.
Result Tables>Composite Section for C.S.> Beam Stress
Records Activation dialog box:
Loadcase/Combination>Summation(CS)
Stage/Step>Stage 1:0003(last) (on) ; Stage 2:0003(last) (on)
Part Number>Part j
Click
Figure 47 Records Activation Dialog Window
The table showing axial, bending and combined stresses for the precast beams (elements
1to72) at their “j” end in construction stages 1 and 2 is displayed.
54
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Figure 48 Stresses in Precast Beams during Construction Stages
Bending Moment Diagrams in Precast Beams:
Tools Tab / Unit System
Length>ft; Force (Mass)>kips
Click Top View
Toggle on Element Number
Select Window > Elements 25to69by4
View Tab > Activate
Click Front View
Click Model View tab.
Results Tab> Forces > Beam Diagrams
Load Cases/Combinations>CS: Summation
Components>My
Display Options>5 Points (on) ; Solid Fill (on)
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on)
Click
The bending moment diagram (My) for the selected interior precast beams (elements
25to69by4) in the current construction stage (Stage 1), and under all the construction
stage loads applied simultaneously, is displayed.
55
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Figure 49 Stage 1 Bending Moment Diagram of Precast Beams
Toggle on Active Fix in the Status Bar
Select Post Construction Stage ( ).
Load Cases/Combinations> CBall: RC ENV_STR
Components>My
Click
The post-construction stage (Post CS) envelope of bending moment diagram (My)
under strength condition for the selected interior precast beams (elements 25to69by4),
is displayed.
Figure 50 Post-Construction Stage Bending Moment Diagram Envelope of Precast
Beam
56
SINGLE SPAN COMPOSITE PRECAST BEAMS AND DECK SLAB BRIDGE
Shear Force Diagrams in Precast Beams:
Load Cases/Combinations> CBall: RC ENV_STR
Components>Fz
Click
Click
The post-construction stage (Post CS) envelope of shear force diagram (Fz) under
strength condition for the selected interior precast beams (elements 25to69by4), is
displayed.
Figure 51 Post-Construction Stage Shear Force Diagram Envelope of Precast Beams
57
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Reactions:
In the Tree Menu: Click Tables tab.
Result Tables > Reaction
Records Activation dialog box>Loadcase Combination>gLCB1(CB:max)
Click
Figure 52 Records Activation Dialog Box
The table showing the maximum reactions corresponding to Load Combination LCB1
in the post construction stage (Post CS) is displayed.
Figure 53 Post-Construction Maximum Reactions due to Load Combination LCB1
58
