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Electric Generator

A dc generator converts mechanical energy to direct current electricity through electromagnetic induction. There are three main types of dc generators based on how their magnetic fields are produced: 1) Permanent magnet dc generators use permanent magnets to create flux in the magnetic circuit. They are small and used in applications like motorcycles. 2) Separately excited dc generators have field magnets energized by an external dc source like a battery. 3) Self-excited dc generators energize their own field magnets through current supplied by the generator itself, achieving excitation through residual magnetism.

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Rahul Shivu
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317 views7 pages

Electric Generator

A dc generator converts mechanical energy to direct current electricity through electromagnetic induction. There are three main types of dc generators based on how their magnetic fields are produced: 1) Permanent magnet dc generators use permanent magnets to create flux in the magnetic circuit. They are small and used in applications like motorcycles. 2) Separately excited dc generators have field magnets energized by an external dc source like a battery. 3) Self-excited dc generators energize their own field magnets through current supplied by the generator itself, achieving excitation through residual magnetism.

Uploaded by

Rahul Shivu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into

direct current electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle of


production of dynamically induced emf.

It is classified based on how their fields are excited (i.e. produced). There
are three methods of excitation, and thus three main types of DC generators:

1.Permanent Magnet DC Generator

When the flux in the magnetic circuit is created through the use of permanent
magnets, then it is known as a Permanent magnet DC generator. It consists of
an armature and one or several permanent magnets situated around the
armature. This type of DC generator generates does not generate much power.
As such they are rarely found in industrial applications. They are normally used
in small applications – like dynamos in motorcycles.
Permanent Magnet DC Generator as a Wind Power Generator

An electrical generator is a rotational machine that converts the mechanical


energy produced by the rotor blades (the prime mover) into electrical energy
or power. This energy conversion is based on Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction, that dynamically induces an e.m.f. (electro-motive
force) into the generators coils as it rotates. There are many different
configurations for an electrical generator, but one such electrical generator
which we can use in a wind power system is the Permanent Magnet DC
Generator or PMDC Generator.
Permanent magnet direct current (DC) machines can be used as either
conventional motors or as DC wind turbine generators as constructionally there
is no basic difference between the two. In fact, the same PMDC machine may be
driven electrically as a motor to move a mechanical load, or it may be driven
mechanically as a simple generator to generate an output voltage. This then
makes the permanent magnet DC generator (PMDC generator) ideal for use as
a simple wind turbine generator.
If we connect a DC machine to a direct current supply, the armature will rotate
at a fixed speed determined by the connected supply voltage and its magnetic
field strength thereby acting as a “motor” producing torque. If however, we
mechanically rotate the armature at a speed higher than its designed motor
speed by using rotor blades, then we can effectively convert this DC motor into
a DC generator producing a generated emf output that is proportional to its
speed of rotation and magnetic field strength.
Generally with conventional DC machines, the field winding is on the stator and
the armature winding is on the rotor. This means that they have output coils
that rotate with a stationary magnetic field that produces the required magnetic
flux. Electrical power is taken directly from the armature via carbon brushes with
the magnetic field, which controls the power, being supplied by either
permanent magnets or an electromagnet.
The rotating armature coils pass through this stationary, or static magnetic field
which in turn generates an electrical current in the coils. In a permanent magnet
DC generator, the armature rotates so the full generated current must pass
through a commutator or slip-rings and carbon brushes arrangement providing
electrical power at its output terminals as shown.
2.Separately Excited DC Generator
These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by some external
DC source, such as a battery.
A circuit diagram of separately excited DC generator is shown in the figure
below. The symbols below are:

 Ia = Armature current
 IL = Load current
 V = Terminal voltage
 Eg = Generated EMF (Electromagnetic Force)

3.Self Excited DC Generators


Self-excited DC generators are generators whose field magnets are energized
by the current supplied by themselves. In these types of machines, field coils
are internally connected with the armature.Due to residual magnetism, some
flux is always present in the poles. When the armature is rotated, some EMF is
induced. Hence some induced current is produced. This small current flows
through the field coil as well as the load and thereby strengthening the pole
flux.
As the pole flux strengthened, it will produce more armature EMF, which
cause the further increase of current through the field. This increased field
current further raises armature EMF, and this cumulative phenomenon
continues until the excitation reaches the rated value.

According to the position of the field coils, these may be classified as:
1. Series Wound Generators
2. Shunt Wound Generators
3. Compound Wound Generators

1.Series Wound Generator


In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in series with
armature conductors, as shown in the figure below.Whole current flows
through the field coils as well as the load. As series field winding carries full
load current it is designed with relatively few turns of thick wire. The electrical
resistance of series field winding is therefore very low (nearly 0.5Ω ).
Here:
 Rsc = Series winding resistance
 Isc = Current flowing through the series field
 Ra = Armature resistance
 Ia = Armature current
 IL = Load current
 V = Terminal voltage
 Eg = Generated EMF

Applications of Series-Wound DC Generators


These types of generators are restricted for the use of power supply because
of their increasing terminal voltage characteristic with the increase in load
current from no load to full load. We can clearly see this characteristic from
the characteristic curve of series wound generator. They give constant current
in the dropping portion of the characteristic curve. For this property they can
be used as constant current source and employed for various applications.
1. They are used for supplying field excitation current in DC locomotives for
regenerative breaking.
2. These types of generators are used as boosters to compensate
the voltage drop in the feeder in various types of distribution systems
such as railway service.
3. In series arc lightening this type of generators are mainly used.

2. Shunt Wound DC Generators


In these type of DC generators, the field windings are connected in parallel
with armature conductors, as shown in the figure below. In shunt wound
generators the voltage in the field winding is same as the voltage across the
terminal.

Here:

 Rsh = Shunt winding resistance


 Ish = Current flowing through the shunt field
 Ra = Armature resistance
 Ia = Armature current
 IL = Load current
 V = Terminal voltage
 Eg = Generated EMF

Here armature current Ia is dividing in two parts – one is shunt field


current Ish, and another is load current IL.
So,
3.Compound Wound DC Generator
In series wound generators, the output voltage is directly proportional
with load current. In shunt wound generators, the output voltage is
inversely proportional with load current.
A combination of these two types of generators can overcome the
disadvantages of both. This combination of windings is called compound
wound DC generator.

Compound wound generators have both series field winding and shunt
field winding. One winding is placed in series with the armature, and the
other is placed in parallel with the armature. This type of DC generators
may be of two types- short shunt compound-wound generator and long
shunt compound-wound generator.

Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator

Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generators are generators where only the
shunt field winding is in parallel with the armature winding, as shown in the
figure below.

Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator


Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator are generators where the shunt
field winding is in parallel with both series field and armature winding, as
shown in the figure below.

In a compound wound generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series
field. When the series field assists the shunt field, generator is said to be
commutatively compound wound.

On the other hand, if the series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is
said to be differentially compound wound.

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