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UNIT I

SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROCESS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

SOFTWARE:

Software is a set of instruction used to perform a specific task.

ENGINEERING:

It comprises analysis,design,construction,verification and management of technical

entities.

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:

IEEE: International Electrical and Electronic Engineer

It is a systematic,disciplined,quantifiable approach for the

development,operation,maintenance of software.

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM:

A combination of software engineering layers and generic view of software engineering

is called Software Engineering Paradigm.
Tools
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LAYERS:

Methods

Process

Quality

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SOFTWARE VIEW OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:

1.Analysis

2.Design

3.Implementation

4.Testing

5.Maintenance

SOFTWARE PROCESS MODELS:

Waterfall life cycle model

RAD model
Prototype model
Spiral model
Incremental model
Object oriented model
Winwin spiral model

1.1 S/W Engineering Paradigm

The term "software engineering" was coined in about 1969 to mean "the establishment
and use of sound engineering principles in order to economically obtain software that is reliable
and works efficiently on real machines".

This view opposed uniqueness and "magic" of programming in an effort to move the
development of software from "magic" (which only a select few can do) to "art" (which the
talented can do) to "science" (which supposedly anyone can do!). There have been numerous
definitions given for software engineering (including that above and below).
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Software Engineering is not a discipline; it is an aspiration, as yet unachieved. Many

approaches have been proposed including reusable components, formal methods, structured
methods and architectural studies. These approaches chiefly emphasize the engineering product;
the solution rather than the problem it solves.

Software Development current situation:

 People developing systems were consistently wrong in their estimates of time, effort, and
costs
 Reliability and maintainability were difficult to achieve
 Delivered systems frequently did not work
 1979 study of a small number of government projects showed that:
 2% worked
 3% could work after some corrections
 45% delivered but never successfully used
 20% used but extensively reworked or abandoned
 30% paid and undelivered
 Fixing bugs in delivered software produced more bugs
 Increase in size of software systems
 NASA
 StarWars Defense Initiative
 Social Security Administration
 financial transaction systems
 Changes in the ratio of hardware to software costs
 early 60's - 80% hardware costs
 middle 60's - 40-50% software costs
 today - less than 20% hardware costs
 Increasingly important role of maintenance
 Fixing errors, modification, adding options
 Cost is often twice that of developing the software
 Advances in hardware (lower costs)
 Advances in software techniques (e.g., users interaction)
 Increased demands for software
 Medicine, Manufacturing, Entertainment, Publishing
 Demand for larger and more complex software systems
 Airplanes (crashes), NASA (aborted space shuttle launches),

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 "ghost" trains, runaway missiles,

 ATM machines (have you had your card "swallowed"?), life-support systems, car
systems, etc.
 US National security and day-to-day operations are highly dependent on computerized
systems.
Manufacturing software can be characterized by a series of steps ranging from concept
exploration to final retirement; this series of steps is generally referred to as a software lifecycle.

Steps or phases in a software lifecycle fall generally into these categories:

 Requirements (Relative Cost 2%)

 Specification (analysis) (Relative Cost 5%)
 Design (Relative Cost 6%)
 Implementation (Relative Cost 5%)
 Testing (Relative Cost 7%)
 Integration (Relative Cost 8%)
 Maintenance (Relative Cost 67%)
 Retirement
Software engineering employs a variety of methods, tools, and paradigms.

Paradigms refer to particular approaches or philosophies for designing, building and maintaining
software. Different paradigms each have their own advantages and disadvantages which make
one more appropriate in a given situation than perhaps another (!).

A method (also referred to as a technique) is heavily depended on a selected paradigm and may
be seen as a procedure for producing some result. Methods generally involve some formal
notation and process(es).

Tools are automated systems implementing a particular method.

Thus, the following phases are heavily affected by selected software paradigms

 Design
 Implementation
 Integration
 Maintenance
The software development cycle involves the activities in the production of a software system.
Generally the software development cycle can be divided into the following phases:

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 Requirements analysis and specification

 Design
 Preliminary design
 Detailed design
 Implementation
 Component Implementation
 Component Integration
 System Documenting
 Testing
 Unit testing
 Integration testing
 System testing
 Installation and Acceptance Testing
 Maintenance
 Bug Reporting and Fixing
 Change requirements and software upgrading

Software lifecycles that will be briefly reviewed include:

 Build and Fix model

 Waterfall and Modified Waterfall models
 Rapid Prototyping
 Boehm's spiral model

1.2 VERIFICATION VS VALIDATION

 Verification:
"Are we building the product right"

 The software should conform to its specification

 Validation:
"Are we building the right product"

 The software should do what the user really requires

The V & V process

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 Is a whole life-cycle process - V & V must be

applied at each stage in the software process.

 Has two principal objectives

o The discovery of defects in a system

o The assessment of whether or not the system is usable in

an operational situation.

Static and dynamic verification

 Software inspections Concerned with analysis of

the static system representation to discover problems (static verification)

o May be supplement by tool-based document and code analysis

 Software testing Concerned with exercising and

observing product behaviour (dynamic verification)

o The system is executed with test data and its operational behaviour is observed

V& V goals

 Verification and validation should establish confidence that the software is fit for purpose

 This does NOT mean completely free of defects

 Rather, it must be good enough for its intended use and the type of use will determine the
degree of confidence that is needed

V & V planning

 Careful planning is required to get the most out of testing and inspection processes

 Planning should start early in the development process

 The plan should identify the balance between static verification and testing

 Test planning is about defining standards for the testing process rather than describing
product tests

The V-model of development

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Software validation

o Verification and validation (V & V) is intended to show that a system conforms to

its specification and meets the requirements of the system customer.
o Involves checking and review processes and system testing.
o System testing involves executing the system with test cases that are derived from
the specification of the real data to be processed by the system.

1.3 Life Cycle models

o The waterfall model

 Separate and distinct phases of specification and development.

o Evolutionary development
 Specification, development and validation are interleaved.

o Component-based software engineering

 The system is assembled from existing components.

o There are many variants of these models e.g. formal development where a
waterfall-like process is used but the specification is a formal specification that is
refined through several stages to an implementable design.
Waterfall model phases

 Requirements analysis and definition

 System and software design
 Implementation and unit testing
 Integration and system testing
 Operation and maintenance

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 The main drawback of the waterfall model is the difficulty of accommodating

change after the process is underway. One phase has to be complete before
moving onto the next phase.
Waterfall model

Waterfall model problems

o Inflexible partitioning of the project into distinct stages makes it difficult to

respond to changing customer requirements.
o Therefore, this model is only appropriate when the requirements are well-
understood and changes will be fairly limited during the design process.
o Few business systems have stable requirements.
o The waterfall model is mostly used for large systems engineering projects where a
system is developed at several sites.
Evolutionary development

o Exploratory development

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 Objective is to work with customers and to evolve a final system from an

initial outline specification. Should start with well-understood
requirements and add new features as proposed by the customer.

o Throw-away prototyping
 Objective is to understand the system requirements. Should start with
poorly understood requirements to clarify what is really needed.

Evolutionary development

Evolutionary development

o Problems
 Lack of process visibility;

 Systems are often poorly structured;

 Special skills (e.g. in languages for rapid prototyping) may be required.

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o Applicability
 For small or medium-size interactive systems;
 For parts of large systems (e.g. the user interface);
 For short-lifetime systems.
Incremental development

Incremental development advantages

 Customer value can be delivered with each increment so system functionality is

available earlier.
 Early increments act as a prototype to help elicit requirements for later
increments.
 Lower risk of overall project failure.
 The highest priority system services tend to receive the most testing.

Spiral development

 Process is represented as a spiral rather than as a sequence of activities with

backtracking.
 Each loop in the spiral represents a phase in the process.
 No fixed phases such as specification or design - loops in the spiral are chosen
depending on what is required.
 Risks are explicitly assessed and resolved throughout the process.

Spiral model of the software process

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RAD MODEL:

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Business Business
Modeling Modeling

Data Data
Modeling Modeling

Process Process
Modeling Modeling

Application Application
Generation Generation

Testing & Testing &

Turnover Turnover

60 – 90 Days

PROTOTYPE MODEL:

It has 6 steps, They are as follows:

Requirement collection
Quick Design
Prototype creation(or)modification
Assessment
Prototype refinement

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LISTEN REUSE / REBUILD

TOWARDS THE MOCK-UP
CUSTOMER

CUSTOMER TEST
DRIVES MOCK - UP

1.4 BUSINESS PROCESS ENGINEERING

o Concerned with re-designing business processes to make them more responsive
and more efficient
o Often reliant on the introduction of new computer systems to support the revised
processes
o May force software re-engineering as the legacy systems are designed to support
existing processes

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The re-engineering process

Re-engineering approaches

1.5 SYSTEM ENGINEERING

What is a system?

o A purposeful collection of inter-related components working together towards

some common objective.
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o A system may include software, mechanical, electrical and electronic hardware

and be operated by people.
o System components are dependent on other
system components
o The properties and behaviour of system components are inextricably inter-
mingled
Problems of systems engineering

o Large systems are usually designed to solve 'wicked' problems Systems

engineering requires a great deal of co-ordination across disciplines
o Almost infinite possibilities for design trade-offs across components

o Mutual distrust and lack of understanding across engineering disciplines

o Systems must be designed to last many years in a changing environment

Software and systems engineering

 The proportion of software in systems is increasing. Software-driven general

purpose electronics is replacing special-purpose systems
 Problems of systems engineering are similar to problems of software engineering
 Software is (unfortunately) seen as a problem in systems engineering. Many large
system projects have been delayed because of software problems
The system engineering process

o Usually follows a ‘waterfall’ model because of the need for parallel development
of different parts of the system
 Little scope for iteration between phases because hardware changes are
very expensive. Software may have to compensate for hardware problems

o Inevitably involves engineers from different disciplines who must work together
 Much scope for misunderstanding here. Different disciplines use a
different vocabulary and much negotiation is required. Engineers may
have personal agendas to fulfil

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The systems engineering process

1.6 COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEMS

Definition

A set or arrangement of elements that are organized to accomplish some predefined goal
by processing information.

The goal may be to support some business function or to develop a product that can be
sold to generate business revenue. To accomplish the goal, a computer-based system
makes use of a variety of system elements:

Software. Computer programs, data structures, and related documentation that serve to
effect the logical method, procedure, or control that is required.

Hardware. Electronic devices that provide computing capability, the interconnectivity

devices (e.g., network switches, telecommunications devices) that enable the flow of
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data, and electromechanical devices (e.g., sensors, motors, pumps) that provide external
world function.

People. Users and operators of hardware and software.

Database. A large, organized collection of information that is accessed via software.

Documentation. Descriptive information (e.g., hardcopy manuals, on-line help files, Web
sites) that portrays the use and/or operation of the system.

Procedures. The steps that define the specific use of each system element
or the procedural context in which the system resides.

The elements combine in a variety of ways to transform information. For example, a

marketing department transforms raw sales data into a profile of the typical purchaser of a
product; a robot transforms a command file containing specific instructions into a set of control
signals that cause some specific physical action. Creating an information system to assist the
marketing department and control software to support the robot both require system engineering.

1.7 Product Engineering Overview

Product Engineering

Product engineering is a crucial term in the sphere of software development. It is through product
engineering that the future of a product is decided. The purpose of software Product Engineering
is to consistently and innovatively perform a well-defined engineering process that integrates all
software engineering activities to effectively and efficiently develop correct, consistent software
products. Software Engineering tasks include analyzing the system requirements allocated to
software, developing software architecture, designing the software, implementing the software in
the code, integrating software components, and testing the software to verify whether it specifies
specific requirements.

Product Conceptualization Engineering

o Write product marketing/business requirements specifications (MRS, BRS, PRD),

system requirements specifications and functional specifications (SRS, FS)
o Identify and design key features
o Select architecture and design
o Provide UI prototypes

Product Architecture Consulting

o Construct the technology foundations needed to build robust products

o Consult on Enterprise Application Integration, Distributed Computing,
Transaction Management

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o Select architectural styles and patterns

Product Design and Implementation

 Draw a development strategy

 Integrate and customize products to meet requirements
 Train the end-user on product skills
 Reinforcing product best practices
 Testing for any technical issue

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