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Quantization Noise

Quantization noise can take four forms: overload noise, random noise, granular noise, and hunting noise. Overload noise occurs when the analog signal exceeds the maximum allowable value. Random noise is from normal quantization errors. Granular noise has a harsh sound and can be reduced by more quantization levels or non-uniform quantization. Hunting noise occurs for nearly constant signals and can be reduced by filtering or step design in the quantizer.

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Iván Raña
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110 views

Quantization Noise

Quantization noise can take four forms: overload noise, random noise, granular noise, and hunting noise. Overload noise occurs when the analog signal exceeds the maximum allowable value. Random noise is from normal quantization errors. Granular noise has a harsh sound and can be reduced by more quantization levels or non-uniform quantization. Hunting noise occurs for nearly constant signals and can be reduced by filtering or step design in the quantizer.

Uploaded by

Iván Raña
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quantization noise :

Quantization noise can be categorized into 4 types –

1. Overload noise
2. Random noise.
3. Granular noise.
4. Hunting noise

ECE 1
1. Overload noise: The level of the analog waveform at the input of
the PCM encoder needs to be set so that its peak level does not
exceed the design peak of V volts. If the peak input does exceed V,
then the recovered analog waveform at the output of the PCM system
will have flat-tops near the peak values. This produces Overload noise.

Example: This type of distortion can be heard on a PCM telephone


system when they are high levels such as dial tones, busy signals or
off-hook signals.

2. Random noise: Random noise is produced by the Random


quantization errors in the PCM system under normal operating
conditions when the input level is properly set. It has a white hissing
sound.

ECE 2
3. Granular noise: If the input level is reduced further to a relatively
small value with respect to the design level, the error values are not
equally likely from sample to sample, and the noise has a harsh sound
resembling gravel being poured into a barrel. This is called granular
noise.

 This noise can be randomized (noise power decreased) by


increasing the number of quantization levels and PCM bit rate.

 Alternatively , it can be reduced by using a nonuniform quantizer


as µ-law or A-law quantizer.

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4. Hunting noise: It can occur when the input analog waveform is
nearly constant , including when there is no signal (i. e. 0 level). For
these conditions, the sample values at the quantizer output can
between 2 adjacent quantization levels, causing an undesired
sinusoidal type tone of frequency fs/2 at the output PCM system.

 It can be reduced by filtering out the tone or by designing the


quantizer so that there is no vertical step at the “constant” value
of the input.

 For no signal case, it is also called idle channel noise which can be
reduced by using a horizontal step at the origin of the quantizer
output-input characteristics instead of a vertical step .

ECE 4
 SNR is an indication of the quality of the received signal. It can vary
widely depending on –
Talker
Length of circuit

 it will be low most of the time

These problem can be solved by using smaller steps for smaller


amplitudes (nonuniform quantizing), as shown in Fig 6.11a .

 The same result is obtained by first compressing signal samples and


then using a uniform quantization. The input output characteristics of a
compressor are shown in Fig 6.11b .

ECE 5
Nonuniform quantizing:

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Effects of Nonuniform quantizing:

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Compression laws: 2 Compression laws have been accepted as
desirable standards by the CCITT -

1) µ-law: used in North America and Japan.

2) A-law: used in Europe and the rest of the world and international
routes

ECE 8
Both the law curves have odd symmetry about the vertical axis.

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Compandor:

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ECE 11
Digital signaling: The voltage (or current) waveforms for digital
signals can be expressed as an orthogonal series with a finite number of
terms, N such as

Where,
wk = The digital data
φk (t), k= 1, 2, ….N are N orthogonal functions that give the
waveform its waveshape.
N = Number of dimensions required to describe the waveform.
w(t) = A PCM word or any message of the M message digital
source.

ECE 12
Two types of signal are -

1. For the case when wks have binary values, n=N, w(t) is said to be
binary signal.

2. When the wks are assigned more than 2 possible values (i. e. not
binary), w(t) is said to be a multilevel signal.

ECE 13
ECE 14
The absolute BW if sin (x)/x pulse multilevel waveform, Fig 3-14b is

Thus each of these L=4 multilevel waveform has ½ the bandwidth of the
corresponding binary signal . In general, an L level multilevel signal would
have 1/l the BW .

ECE 15

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