1Limitation of Mixing

No concrete shall be mixed, placed or finished when natural light is insufficient, unless
an adequate and approved artificial lighting system is operated.
PLACING OR DEPOSITING CONCRETE
1. Concrete is deposited in such a manner as to require minimal re-handling. The concrete
shall be unloaded into an approved spreading device and mechanically spread inside the
form in such a manner as to prevent segregation of particles.
2. Placing of concrete mix should be continuous between transverse joints without the use
of intermediate bulkheads. Workers are not allowed to walk on the freshly mixed
concrete with boots or shoes coated with earth or foreign substances.
3. Where concrete is to be placed adjoining a previously constructed lane and mechanical
equipment will be operated upon existing lane, the previously constructed lane shall have
attained the strength of 14 day concrete. If only finishing equipment is carried on the
existing lane, paving in adjoining lanes may be permitted after 3 days.
4. Vibrators should not be allowed to be exposed to a joint assembly, grade or side form.
5. Concrete should be deposited as near as possible to the expansion and contraction joints
without disturbing them, but not from the hopper into a joint assembly unless it is well
centered on the joint assembly.
CONCRETE JOINT
Joints are constructed of the type, dimensions, and at the locations as indicated on plans
or special provisions. All joints shall be protected from the intrusion of injurious foreign material
until after sealed.
Concrete pavement joints are classified into:
1. Longitudinal joint
2. Transverse joint
3. Transverse contraction joint
4. Transverse construction joint
5. Load transfer device

1. Longitudinal joint
a) Deformed steel bars or special length, size, spacing and materials are placed
perpendicular to the longitudinal joints. Tie bar should not be painted or coated with
asphalt or other material or enclosed in tubes or sleeves.
b) Except those made of rail steel, tie bars maybe bend at right angles against the form of
the first lane constructed and straightened into final position before the concrete of the
adjacent lane is placed.
c) The longitudinal joint is sawed before the end of the curing period or shortly thereafter
and before any equipment or vehicles are allowed on the pavement.
d) Longitudinal pavement insert type joints should be formed by placing a continuous strip
of plastic material which will not react adversely with the chemical constituent of the
concrete.

2. Transverse Expansion Joint

a) The expansion joint filler should be continuous from form to form shaped to the subgrade
and to the key-way along the form.
b) Pre-formed joint filler should be furnished in lengths equal to the pavement width or
equal to the width of the lane
c) Finished joint should not deviate more than 6 mm from a straight line. If joint fillers are
assembled in sections, there should be no offsets between adjacent units.
d) No plugs of concrete should be permitted anywhere within the expansion space.

3. Transverse Contraction Joint – classified into :

 Transverse Strip Contraction Joint is formed by installing a parting strip to

be left in place as specified.
 Formed Groove is made by depressing an approved tool or device into the
plastic concrete.
 Sawed Contraction Joint is made by sawing grooves in the surface of the
pavement. Sawing is done as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to
permit sawing without excessive reveling.

a) Joints are sawed before uncontrolled shrinkage cracking take place.

b) If necessary, the sawing operations should be carried on during the day or night
regardless of weather conditions
c) The sawing of any joint is omitted if crack occurs at or near the joint location prior to the
time of sawing.
d) Sawing should be discontinued when crack develops ahead of the saw. In general, all
joints should be sawed in sequence.
e) If extreme condition exist making it impractical to prevent erratic cracking by early
sawing, the contraction joint groove is formed prior to the initial setting of concrete.

4. Transverse Construction Joint

a) Transverse construction joint is provided when there is an interruption of more than 30
minutes in the concreting operations.
b) No transvers joint should be located within 1.50 meters of an expansion joint, contraction
joint or plane or weakness.
c) If sufficient concrete has been mixed at the right time of interruption to form a slab of at
least 1.50 meters long the excess concrete from the last preceding joint should be
removed and disposed of as directed.
 5. Load Transfer Device
a) When dowel is used, it should be held in position parallel to the surface and center line of
the slab be a metal device that is left in the pavement.
b) The portion of each dowel painted with one coat of lead or tar should be thoroughly
coated with an approved bituminous material or and approved lubricant, to prevent the
concrete from binding to that portion of the dowel.
c) The sleeves for dowel should be metal designed to cover 50 mm plus or minus 5 m of the
dowel with watertight closed end and with a suitable stop to hold the end of the sleeves at
least 25 mm from the end of the dowel.
d) In lieu of using dowel assemblies at contraction joints, dowel may be place in the full
thickness of pavement by a mechanical device approved by the Engineer

TABLE 8-6 RECOMMENDED DIMENSION OF DOWEL FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Pavement Thickness Dowel Diameter Dowel Length Dowel Spacing
Centimeters mm Centimeters Centimeters
15.0 20 45 30
17.5 25 45 30
20.0 25 45 30
22.5 32 45 30
25.0 32 45 30
27.5 32 45 30
30.0 32 45 30
Source: AASHTO Interim Guide and proposed revision 1980

FINAL CONSOLIDATION AND FINISHING

The sequence of operation after placing of concrete at grade is the strike-off or
consolidation, floating and removal of laitance, straight edging and final surface finishing.
1. The addition of water to the surface of the concrete to assist in finishing operations
should not be permitted. If the application of water to the surface is allowed, it should be
applied as fog spray by means of an approved spray equipment.
2. The concrete placed adjacent to joints shall be compacted and firmly set without voids or
segregation under and around the load transfer devices, joint assembly units, and other
features designed to extend into the pavement.
3. Concrete which are adjacent to joints shall be mechanically vibrated. The finishing
machine is brought forward operating in a manner to avoid damage or misalignment of
joints.
4. If the uninterrupted operation of finishing machine over and beyond the joints causes
segregation of concrete, and misalignment of the joints, the finishing machine should be
stopped when the front screed is approximately 20 cm from the joint.
5. The front screed should be lifted and set directly on top of joint and the forward motion
of the finishing machine is resumed. When the second screed is closed enough to permit
the excess mortar in front of it to flow over the joint, it should be lifted and carried over
the joint
6. Thereafter, the finishing machine may be run over the joint without lifting the screed,
provided that there is no segregated concrete immediately between the joint and the
screed or on top of the joint.