ENERGY RESOURCES
AVAILABILITY, MANAGEMENT,
and
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Kenneth J. Skipka
Louis Theodore
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Croup
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Contents
Series Preface xvii
Series Editor xxi
Preface xxiii
The Authors xxv
Section I Basic Principles
1. Introduction to the Issues 3
Introduction 3
Energy Terms 4
Conservation Law for Energy 6
Enthalpy 8
Heat Transfer 10
Net Energy Analysis 11
Developing a National Energy Policy 13
Short Term 14
Long Term 14
References 15
2. Thermodynamic Principles: Entropy Analysis 17
Introduction 17
Qualitative Review of the Second Law 18
Describing Equations 19
The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 22
Applications 26
Concluding Comments 29
References 30
3. Energy Demand 31
Introduction 31
Early History 32
The First Humans 33
The Industrial Revolution 34
Recent Years 35
Effect of Demand of Energy Resources 36
Goal 36
Oil 37
Natural Gas 38
OilShale 38
vii
viii Contents
Nuclear Energy 39
Solar 39
Hydroelectric 40
Geothermal 40
Canada 41
Energy Needs 41
Energy Resources 41
Tar Sands 42
Future Energy Demands 42
Concluding Remarks 47
References 48
4. Sustainability and Green Science/Engineering 49
Introduction 49
Sustainability 50
Historical Perspective 50
Resource Limitations 51
Sustainable Development Considerations 53
Resources for Sustainability 57
Future Trends 57
Green Science/Engineering 58
Introduction to Green Chemistry 58
Introduction to Green Science/Engineering 61
Green Chemistry versus Green Engineering 62
Green Resources (Internet Sources) 64
References 65
5. Energy Regulations 67
Introduction 67
The Regulatory System 68
Laws and Regulations: The Differences 69
The Role of the States 71
The Department of Energy (DOE) 73
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 75
Energy Information Administration (EIA) 76
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 77
The 2013 New York State Energy Plan 80
Overview of New York's State Energy Plan 81
References 88
6. The Modern Energy Matrix: An Overview 89
Introduction 89
Energy System Components 90
Resources 90
Production 91
Contents ix
Transportation/Transmission 92
Goal 93
Oil 94
Natural Gas 95
Utilization 95
Energy Matrix Overview 97
References 102
Section II Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels
7. Coal 105
Introduction 105
Early History 107
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 108
Availability/Distribution 109
Characterization 112
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 119
Extraction 119
Processing 124
Transportation/Transmission 125
Environmental Issues 126
Future Prospects and Concerns 127
References 130
8. Oil 131
Introduction 131
Early History 132
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 133
Availability/Distribution 133
Characterization 134
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 140
Extraction 140
Processing 144
Transportation/Transmission 147
Pipelines 147
Ships 148
Trains 148
Environmental Issues 148
Future Prospects and Concerns 150
References 150
9. Natural Gas 151
Introduction 151
x Contents
Early History 152
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 153
Availability/Distribution 153
Characterization 155
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 157
Extraction 157
Processing 158
Transportation/Transmission 158
Environmental Issues 159
Future Prospects and Concerns 160
References 161
10. ShaleOil 163
Introduction 163
Early History 164
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 165
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 166
Extraction 166
Processing 167
Transportation/Transmission 168
Environmental Issues 168
Future Prospects and Concerns 170
References 171
11. Tar Sands 173
Introduction 173
Early History 174
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 175
Availability/Distribution 175
Characterization 176
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 176
Extraction 176
Processing 178
Transportation/Transmission 179
Environmental Issues 179
Future Prospects and Concerns 180
References 181
Section III Other Energy Resources
12. Solar Energy 185
Introduction 185
Early History 186
Contents xi
Availability, Distribution, and Characterization 187
Availability 187
Distribution 188
Characterization 189
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 190
Extraction 190
Processing 192
Transportation/Transmission 192
Environmental Issues 193
Future Prospects and Concerns 194
References 195
13. Nuclear Energy 197
Introduction 197
Early History 199
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 202
Availability/Distribution 202
Characterization 203
Extraction, Conversion, and Transportation/Transmission 203
Extraction and Conversion 203
Transportation/Transmission 207
Environmental Issues 207
Waste Disposal 208
Plant Accidents/Safety 209
Radiation Effects 209
Future Prospects and Concerns 212
References 213
14. Hydroelectric Energy 215
Introduction 215
Early History 217
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 218
Availability/Distribution 218
Characterization 220
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 221
Extraction 221
Processing 222
Transportation/Transmission 223
Environmental Issues 224
Future Prospects and Concerns 225
References 226
15. Wind Energy 227
Introduction 227
Early History 228
xii Contents
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 229
Availability/Distribution 229
Characterization 230
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 233
Extraction 233
Processing 234
Transportation/Transmission 236
Environmental Issues 236
Future Prospects and Concerns 237
References 238
16. Geothermal Energy 239
Introduction 239
Early History 240
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 241
Availability/Distribution 241
Characterization 243
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 244
Extraction 244
Processing and Transportation/Transmission 245
Environmental Issues 247
Future Prospects and Concerns 249
References 250
17. Hydrogen Energy 251
Introduction 251
Early History 252
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 253
Availability/Distribution 253
Characterization 253
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 254
Extraction 254
Processing 254
Transportation/Transmission 256
Environmental Issues 257
Future Prospects and Concerns 258
References 259
18. Biomass Energy 261
Introduction 261
Early History v 262
Availability/Distribution and Characterization 262
Availability/Distribution 262
Characterization 264
Refuse/Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 264
Contents xiii
Wood 265
Hazardous Wastes 265
Biof uels 268
Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission 270
Extraction 270
Processing 271
Transportation/Transmission 272
Environmental Issues 272
Future Prospects and Concerns 274
References 275
19. Other Energy Sources 277
Introduction 277
Fuels Derived from Coals and Oils 278
Coke 278
Coal Char and Liquids 278
Gaseous Fuels from Coal 279
By-Product Gas from Gasification 279
Coal-Water Mixture 280
Hydrocarbons 280
Hydrokinetic Energy 281
Tidal Energy 281
Ocean Thermal Energy 282
Wave Energy 283
References 283
Section IV Aspects of Energy Management
20. Energy Demand and Distribution Systems 287
Introduction 287
The Evolution of Energy Demand 288
Energy Stakeholders 291
The Role of Distribution Systems 294
References 295
21. Conservation, Sustainability, and Green Engineering 297
Introduction 297
Energy Conservation 298
Chemical Plant and Process Applications 298
Domestic Applications 300
Cooling 301
Heating 302
Hot Water 302
xiv Contents
Cooking 303
Lighting 303
New Appliances 304
Individual Efferts 304
Sustainability Approaches 305
Domestic Level 305
Benchmark Sustainability 306
Green Engineering 307
Buildings 307
Materials 308
Architects 309
Insulation 309
Ducts and Piping 310
Maintenance 310
Reduced Loads 311
Concluding Remarks 311
References 313
22. Environmental Considerations 315
Introduction 315
Environmental Management Topics 317
Environmental Factors 318
The Health Risk Evaluation Process 321
The Hazard Risk Assessment Process 325
Concluding Remarks 327
References 328
23. Economic Considerations 331
Introduction 331
Definitions 332
Simple Interest 332
Compound Interest 332
Present Worth 333
Evaluation of Sums of Money 333
Uniform Series of Payments 334
Depreciation 334
Fabricated Equipment Cost Index 335
Capital Recovery Factor 335
Present Net Worth 336
Perpetual Life 336
Break-Even Point 337
Approximate Rate of Return 337
Exact Rate of Return 337
Bonds 337
Incremental Cost 338
Contents xv
Capital Costs 338
Operating Costs 341
Energy Cost Data 342
Oil 342
Coal 342
Natural Gas 343
Renewables 343
Nuclear Energy 343
Hidden Economic Factors 344
Project Evaluation and Optimization 345
Principles of Accounting 345
Concluding Remarks 349
References 349
24. Political Considerations 351
Introduction 351
The Political Problem Associated with Natural Resource Wealth 353
Energy Politics 355
References 357
25. Challenges Pacing Future Energy Policy Makers 359
Introduction 359
Present Energy State 361
Energy Sources of the Future 362
Some Policy Suggestions for the Future 363
Incentives 364
Environmental Protection 365
Unnecessary Use of Energy 365
Capital Needs 365
Applying the Concept of Net Energy 366
Societal Concerns 367
Energy Forecasts for New York State and Canada 369
New York State Plan 369
Canadian Plan 370
Concluding Remarks 371
References 372
Section V Energy Management Solutions
26. Introduction to Energy Policy Issues 377
Introduction 377
Energy Policy Priority 378
Is Energy Independence a Legitimate Goal? 379
xvi Contents
The Responsibility of Government 381
Concluding Comments 383
References 384
27. Energy-Environmental Interactions 385
Introduction 385
U.S. Energy-Environmental Policy Issues 387
General Overview/Comments 388
Net Energy Concepts 389
Interaction with Other Goals 390
Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate 393
Individual State Energy Policies 394
Global Energy Policies 396
References 396
28. Quantitative Analysis of Energy Management Options 399
Introduction 399
Energy Resource Comparison Procedure 400
Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: United States (2015-2025)....404
Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Developed Nations
(2015-2025) 407
Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Underdeveloped Nations
(2015-2025) 409
References 411
29. Solving the Energy Management Policy Challenge 413
Introduction 413
Public or Private Control 414
Management Approach 417
The Tasks at Hand 419
Design Considerations for an Energy Management Plan 420
Phase 1—Structural Elements 421
Phase 2—Team Organization and Leadership 421
Phase 3—Establish Goal and Objectives 422
Phase 4—Analytics 423
Phase 5—Implementation Strategy 423
Phase 6—Critical Reviews 424
Factors for Consideration in Developing Energy Policy 425
References 427
Epilogue 429
Index 431
