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TEST CODE 01253020

FORM TP 2009081 MAY/JUNE 2009

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATI ONS COUNCIL

SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

Paper 02 - General Proficiency

2 hours

READ THE FOLLOWING OlRECTIONS CAREFULLY

1. This paper consists of FOURTEEN questions in TWO sections.

2. SECTION A consists ofTEN questions. Answer ALL TEN questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this answer booklet. Each
question is worth 10 marks.

3. SECTION B consists of FOUR questions. Answer ONLY TWO

questions. Write your answers on the pages provided at the end of thi s
booklet. Each question is worth 20 marks.

DO NOT TURN T HIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

Copyright© 2008 Caribbean Examinations Council ®

All rights reserved.
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SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in this section.

1. Living things use materials from the environment. Some of these materials are cycled in nature
and returned to the environment.

(a) Carbon is one element which is cycled in nature. Figu1·e 1 shows a part of the carbon cycle.

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

/
1 --------------------- n ---------

P lan ts
J
Animals

Feeding

Figure 1. Part of the carbon cycle

(i) From the list given in brackets below, identify the processes at I and II in
Figure 1. Write your answers in the spaces provided in Figure 1.

(respiration, digestion, osmosis, photosynthesis). ( 2 marks)

(ii) The lungs are responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the body. Which
structure in the lungs is responsible for gaseous exchange?

( 1 mark)

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(b) Nitrogen is another element which is cycled in nature. Plants use nitrogen in the form of
nitrates.

(i) Explain the role of nitrifying bacteria in making nitrates available to plants.

( 3 ma rks)

(ii) Explain how nitrates in the soil are returned to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas.

( 2 marks)

(c) Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, feed on dead organisms and waste droppings from
animals, and release nutrients into the soil.

One way human beings can utilize decomposers is in the production of biogas.

Suggest TWO OTHER ways in which human beings can utilize decomposers to benefit
their daily lives.

( 2 marks)

TotallO ma rks

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2. (a) Figure 2 shows an outline o f part of the human body.

_ brair
---- A

- B

C
kidney

pancreas

Figure 2. Outline of part of the human body

(i) Name the endocrine glands labelled A. B and C in Figure 2.

A : _________________________________________________

B : _________________________________________________

C: _________________________________________________
( 3 marks)

(ii) W hy is the pancreas considered as BOTH an endocrine gland and an exocrine

gland?

Endocrine: ___________________________________________________________

Exocrine:

( 3 marks)

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(b) Diabetes mell itus is a common disease among Caribbean people.

(i) Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, is likely to be deficient in people

suffering from diabetes mellitus?

( 1 mark )

(ii) Explain how the hormone named in 2 (b) (i) above functions to lower blood
glucose levels.

( 3 marks)

Total 10 marks

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3. Human beings need a variety of foods for healthy living.

(a) (i) Define the term 'malnutrition'.

( 2marks)

(ii) Fashion models tend to view limming as very important for their profession.
When taken to the extreme. slimming can lead to a mental iII ness called anorexia
nervosa.

Describe THREE effects of anorexia nervosa on an individual.

( 3 marks)

(b) Your friend, Ancil, thinks that human beings should not have fibre in their diet.

(i) Name ONE food which is high in fibre.

( 1 mark )

(ii) Advise Ancil of ONE reason why fibre is important to his diet.

( 1 mark )

(c) Ancil drinks water with all his meals. Suggest THREE function of water in the human
body.

( 3 marks)

TotallO marks

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4. Many countries in the Caribbean use family planning as a means of controlling population. This
is achieved by the use of natural or artificial methods.

(a) (i) Name ONE natural method of birth control.

Natural method:
( 1 mark )

(ii) Name TWO artificial methods of birth control. OTHER THAN the contraceptive
pill.

Artificial methods:

( 2marks)

(b) Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word from the list given in
brackets below.
(medical. natural. genetic, abuse, rape)
Spontaneous abortion is nature's way of controlling population. Sometimes, spontaneous

abortion occurs when the foetus has a - - - - - - - - -- - - problem.

In orne countries. a - - - - - - - - - - - - abortion may be performed in cases

of - - -- - - - - - - - - , or if the foetus is deformed in some way.
( 3 m arks)

(c) Mrs. Wise believes lhat the most reliable method of birth control is the contraceptive pill.
Explain how the contraceptive pill fu nctions to prevent pregnancy.

( 2 marks)

(d) Suggest TWO benefits to a family of having a small number of children.

( 2 marks)
Total 10 marks

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s. (a) Gastroenteritis is caused by typhoid, cholera and amoebic dysentery.

(i) Complete the following cntences by writing the correct word from the list given
in brackets below.
(damage, pain, lungs, intestines, bacterium, virus)

Gastroenteritis results from - - - - - - -- - - - - to the walls of the

stomach and - - - - - -- - - - - - by inflammation.

Typhoid is caused by a - - - - - -- - - - - -

( 3marks)

(ii) Suggest ONE method of treating someone who has typhoid.

( 1 mark )

(b) Your friend.lndar, has dengue fever. which is caused by a pathogen, and the doctor says
that he needs a lot of fluids and rest.

(i) A pathogen is a disease-causing organism, for examp le, a virus or bacterium. How
is a vector d iffcrent from a pathogen?
Vector:

( 2 marks)
(i i) Identify the pathogen and the vector for fndar's disease (dengue fever).
Pathogen: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ ___

Vector:
( 2 marks)
(iii) Suggest TWO symptom of the dengue fever which lndar may be experiencing.

( 2 m a rks)

TotallO marks

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6. (a) (i) What is meant by the term 'drug abuse'?

( 1 mark)

(ii) Name TWO commonly abused legal (social) drugs in the Caribbean.

( 2 marks)

(b) A woman who smokes gives birth to a small baby, who dies within one week of its birth.
(i) Suggest how smoking cau cs babies to be smaller than normal.

( 2 marks)

(ii) Nicotine passes across the placental barrier to the foetus. Describe the effect of
nicotine on infan ts.

( 1 mark )

(iii) Name ONE OTHER way in which nicotine may be passed to an infant from the
mother.

( 1 m ar k )

(c) Suggest TWO effects of alcohol consumption on the foetu .

( 2 marks)

(d) Breast feeding is the recommended form of nutrition for babies.

What form of immunity is passed from the mother to the baby by breast milk?

( 1 mark )

Total10 m arks

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7. Hum an beings in early civilization did not pollute their environm ent. They m aintained the
balance o f nature.

(a) (i) Define the term ‘pollution’.

( 2 marks)

(ii) ONE type o f pollution is air pollution. Name O N E O TH ER type o f pollution.

( 1 mark )

(b) V ehiculartranspoitcauses pollution by the pollutant, carbon dioxide, CO,. Suggest TW O

OTHER pollutants resulting from vehicles.

( 2 marks)

(c) A vast amount of carbon dioxide. C O r is produced by hum an activities. This C 0 2 forms
a blanket over the earth, leading to what is described as the greenhouse effect. Figure 3
is a diagram m atic representation of how the greenhouse effect may be responsible for
global warming.

Sun

Carbon dioxide, C 0 2 layer

F ig u re 3. T h e g reen h o u se effect

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(i) Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word from the list given
in brackets below.
(heat, light. C02 , radiation)
The un radiates - - - - - - - - - - - - energy which passes through
the C02 layer. This is converted to energy

which cannot pass through the C02 layer. T h i s - - - - - - - - - - - -

becomes trapped in the atmosphere over the earth's surface. causing global
warming.

( 3 marks)

(ii) Suggest TWO possible effects of global warming.

( 2 marks)

Total lO marks

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8. In the Caribbean, waste disposal is becoming increasingly important to maintaining a healthy

society .

(a) Solid waste may be categorized as biodegradable or non-biodegradable.

(i) What is meant by ' non-biodegradable'?

( 1 mark )

(ii) Give ONE example of a biodegradable waste material and ONE example of a non-
biodegradable waste material.

Biodegradable:

Non-biodegradable:
( 2 marks)

(b) It is possible to reuse, reduce or recycle household waste. Write ONE word from the list
in brackets, which BEST applies to EACH of the following situations. EACH word must
be used ONCE.

(reuse, reduce, recycle)

(i) Mrs. Karing puts all her empty bottles in a green bin, and all old newspapers and
magazines in a blue bin, for the garbage collector.

( 1 mark )

(H) Mr. Atkin takes hi s water bottle to the supermarket to have it refilled.

( 1 mark )

(iii) Mrs. Ram takes her basket to the market. She does not buy vegetables from Mr.
Daniel because he packages his vegetables in plastic bags. She buys from Mr.
Peter, who does not use plastic bags. She puts all the vegetables which she buys
in her basket.

( 1 mark )

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(c) Dumps and landfills are used to dispose of solid waste. A dump is a hole in the ground
where garbage is thrown. Suggest TWO negative effects of a dump.

( 2 marks)

(d) Suggest TWO benefits of proper disposal of household and industrial waste.

( 2 marks)

TotallO marks

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9. Viruses and bacteria are pathogens, causing diseases like the common cold, AIDS and cholera.

(a) Determine whether EACH of lhe following statements is true or false. Write TRUE next
to the true statements and FALSE next to the false statements.

(i) All bacteria are parasites.

(ii) There are harmful and useful bacteria.

(iii) A virus is a non-celluJar organism.

( 3 marks)

(b) Zara's class tests a sample of water for bacteria. Zara explains that a similar test can be
used to test for the presence of bacteria in the mouth.

She sets up an experiment to demonstrate to her classmates that bacteria are present in the
mouth. Figure 4 shows the steps which Zara followed.

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

SteriJe nutrient Sterile cotton Observation
agar poured in swab rubbed after 24 hours
petri dish and on teeth
covered

Figure 4. Experim ent to demonstrate the presence of bacteria

(i) What does Zara do in Step 3?

( 1 mark)

(ii) Zara asks her classmates to set up a control for this experiment by changing
Step 2. What should her classmates do at Step 2?

( 1 mark)

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(c) After severe flooding, some villagers complain of having diarrhoea. This results from
an outbreak of cholera.

(i) Suggest ONE OTHER sign or symptom of cholera.

( 1 mark )

(ii) Explain how the villagers may have contracted cholera from the flood waters.

( 2 marks)

(d) (i) AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency viru (HIV), which affects the
T lymphocytes. How does this affect the immune system of a human being?

( 1 mark )

(ii) Suggest ONE method of preventing the spread of HIV .

( 1 mark )

TotallO marks

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10. The skeleton in human beings has many functions. One function is locomotion.
(a) (i) What is meant by ' locomotion' ?

( 1 mark )

(ii) State TWO OTHER functions of the skeleton.

( 2 marks)

(b) Suggest TWO reasons why locomotion is important to human beings.

( 2 marks)

(c) George is involved in a vehicular accident. which caused injury to the tendons and
ligaments in his legs.
What i the function of EACH of the following in the leg?

(i) Tendons

( 1 mark )

( i i) Ligaments

( 1 mark )

(d) Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease caused by wear and tear on the joints.
The cartilage in your grandfather's knee has become worn and thin.
(i) What is the function of cartilage in the knee?

( 1 mark )

(ii) Suggest TWO effects that the worn, thin cartilage will have on your grandfather
when he walks.

( 2 marks)

Total10 marks

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SECTION B

Answer ANY TWO questions.

Write your answers on the pages provided at the end of the booklet.

11. Cell division occurs by mitosis and by meiosis.

(a) Copy Table I on your answer page. Complete Table 1 to show THREE differences
between milo i and meiosis.

T ABLE 1: DIFFERENCES BETWE EN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Differences

Mitosis Meiosis

(i) Occurs in normal body cells (i)

(ii) Produces cells having the (ii)

diploid number of chromosomes

(iii) (i ii) Results in genetic variation

( 3marks)

(b) Meiosis results in genetic variation.

(i) In continuous variation there are small differences among individuals. Give ONE
example of continuous variation in human beings.

(ii) Di continuous variation shows distinct differences among individuals. Give

ONE example of discontinuous variation in human beings. ( 2 marks)

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(c) The genotype of Mr. Henry is X" Y" and the genotype o f Mrs. Henry is XH Xh. X and Y
represent the sex chrom osom es, H represents the dom inant normal allele, and h represents
the recessive allele for haemophilia. One o f their two children. John and Jenny, inherited
the sex-linked disorder, haemophilia.

(i) Using a clearly labelled diagram, show how the haem ophilia disorder is passed
from the parents to one of the children.

Y our diagram m ust include the genotype and phenotype of M r. and M rs. Henry,
and the children. The beginning o f the diagram has been done for you, as follows:

C arrier fem ale Normal male

Parents: X H X" X" Y- ( 8 m a rk s)

(ii) W hich o f the children, John or Jenny, inherited haem ophilia? Give a reason for
your answer. ( 2 m a rk s)

(d) H aem ophilia is a disease in which the blood does not clot. One of your classm ates, who
suffers from haem ophilia gets a cut on his hand.

Suggest ON E sign o f the disease, and how can it be treated. ( 2 m a rk s)

(e) Y our friend, Rita, is an albino.

(i) W hat kind o f alleles, dom inant or recessive, causes albinism ?

(ii) Suggest ON E characteristic that distinguishes Rita as an albino, and ONE

precaution which Rita m ust take in her daily life. ( 3 m a rk s)

T otal 20 m a rk s

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U. Human beings are surrounded by both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. Care must be
taken to prevent harmful microorganisms from affecting us.

(a) (i) What is meant by 'sterilization' as it relates to microorganisms?

(ii) Name TWO processes which use heat to preserve milk.

(iii) State ONE method of sterilizing instruments used in a hospital.

(iv) What is an 'antibiotic'? ( Smarks)

(b) A new student, Marsha, has joined your class. She has difficulty finding friends because
of her poor hygiene. Advise Marsha on how she can maintain good personal hygiene.
Your answer must include:

TWO reasons for maintaining good personal hygiene

TWO methods of hands hygiene
TWO methods of skin hygiene
ONE reason for EACH method of hands and skin hygiene (10 marks)

(c) Vectors, like the housefly, cause diseases in human beings.

(i) After feeding on faeces containing bacteria, the housefly can transmit bacteria to
us when it feeds, walks or defecates on our food.

Explain how the bacteria are traosmiued to our food when the housefly

a) feeds

b) walks

c) defecates.

(ii) Suggest TWO ways of controlling houseflies. ( 5 marks)

Total 20 marks

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13. Many disea e are caused by the activities of human being .

(a) Some infectious diseases are caused by drinking water which has been contaminated by
human beings. To prevent this, large-scale water purification is undertaken to supply
households with clean drinking water.

(i) The final stage in the water purification process is chlorination. List the first
THREE steps in the water purification process.

(ii) What is the function of chlorination?

(ii i) Why is fluoride sometimes added to drinking water? ( Smarks)

(b) Lifestyle diseases occur as a result of the way we live. Sometimes our choices lead to
obesity, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases.

(i) One effect of obesity, caused by eating too much animal fat, is an increase in
coronary heart ctisease. Suggest TWO OTHER effects of obesity.

(ii) Identify TWO school activities which you can undertake to prevent obesity.

(iii) Write a report on the effect of alcohol i m. Your report must include:

THREE effects of alcohol on the human body

TWO effects of alcoholism on society

(iv) Gonorrhoea and syphilis are two sexually transmitted diseases.

Identify TWO signs or symptoms of gonorrhoea and TWO signs or symptoms of
syphilis.

(v) Suggest ONE method of treatment for gonorrhoea and ONE for syphilis.
(15 marks)

Total 20 marks

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14. The hum an body has developed a very efficient transport system , with the heart functioning as a
double pump.

(a) Figure 5 is a diagram m atic representation o f the heart and major blood vessels.

Identify the parts labelled A, B. C, D and E. ( 5 m a rk s)

- A

B
E—
C

- D

F ig u re 5. D iag ram of th e h e a rt

(b) Explain how the heart functions as a double pum p. ( 4 m ark s)

(c) During one beat o f the heart, a series of events occurs in the cardiac cycle.

(i) W hat is the function of the special tissue in the heart, called the ‘pacem aker'?

(ii) The pulse rate of your friend. Kimran, during a Human and Social Biology class
is 72. How many tim es does his heart beat in one minute?

(iii) A fter lunch. K im ran's pulse rate is 82. Suggest TW O reasons why his pulse rale
may have increased. ( 4 m ark s)

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(d ) Figure 6 repre ents a transverse section of an artery howing atherosclerosis.

Fat

Lumen

Muscular wall

Figure 6. An artery with a therosclerosis

(i) Suggest ONE possible cause of atherosclerosis.

(ii) What effect do arteries, like the one in Figure 6, have on blood pressure?

(iii) One difference in structure between an artery and a vein is the thicker muscular
wall of the artery.

Identify ONE OTHER difference in structure. ( 3marks)

(e) Blood vessels in the skin (capillaries) assist the body in regulating its temperature.

Explain how vasodilation and vasoconstriction regulate body temperature.

( 4marks)

TotaJ 20 marks

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