CHAPTER 2 (sample only)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Mathematics is an integral part of human learning. This subject is being
perceived as one of the crucial subject to be learned and even to be taught. However,
many teachers have attempted to teach it in a variety of ways; likewise they did not
become successful in attaining their goals. Due to such notions, many had tried to come
up with different new strategies that will enable students to heighten their index of
mastery in learning the subject. Many articles had theorized that good preparation is
indeed one of the salient points to start the active engagement of students in math. In
accordance, Mathematics gives a puzzling effect to students because of its complicated
structure and competencies; hence teachers must equip their students with routines of
progressive drills that aid them to be prepared in answering complex mathematical
equations. (Ocampo A., 2016)
Moreover the idea presented in that article shows that preparedness has been
one vital component of learning numbers, and teachers must offer various activities that
start from the basic until the most difficult section of the lesson. Mentors nowadays
should be reminded that instruction sets direction, answers basic questions and sets
moods and not just determining who is the fast learner and who is the one who
comprehends faster, because these might lead to pressure and later on to anxiety.
According to Castillo A. (2014), Innovation must be a great pursuit of new breed
of teachers since they are dealing with much sensitive students with lesser attention
span and greater amount of expectations.
With that statement of Castillo, teachers are focusing now on the essential
component of every curriculum but they did not look over on the students’ changing
needs and wants which should be addressed. Every day must be a day for teachers to
grow and to expand their capabilities in order to serve students better by analyzing the
students nowadays and put themselves in the students’ situations in order to give them
a more authentic learning which they can fundamentally use.
 90% of the competencies in school that students should learn revolve in analysis
and understanding but this skill have been the least being practiced.(Austyn, et al.,
2016).
As supported by Craig, J. (2016), teachers must innovate themselves and break
the monotony of teaching specialized subject because innovation starts from finding
something new and make it parallel to students’ learning needs.
Based on the findings from the two studies, it is observable nowadays that the
challenge in teaching content subjects is real for it requires careful selection of
instructional materials, proper organization of learning courses and ensuring mastery
among students. With that, on the context of Philippine Education, teaching specialized
subjects should be revisited in order to give students a just quality of learning that they
should and must acquire. Teachers have a great role in the improvement of students’
learning skill.
The researchers have found out that the idea for each cited work enable
teachers to revisit teaching strategies since students depend upon good teaching styles
coming from their mentors. Moreover, those ideas have strengthened the notion that if
there is a good innovative teaching particularly in Mathematics, it may lead to a higher
degree of analytical skills among learners. But each cited work lack some key idea that
link more associations between innovation and teaching Mathematics but with the
efforts of the researchers, they have founded logical links as they become much closer
to the niche of every readings they had adhered upon.
 B. SYNTHESIS

Since the research study has focused on the innovativeness of teaching

strategies in Mathematics and its effects on the behavioral performance of
students in the Math subject, there are some readings that supported the
possible impacts of innovation in the classroom settings that will lead to a much
retention of knowledge that had been given by the facilitators. It encompasses
the theory of Constructivism, which entails the activation of the ability of the
students to perform the learning by integrating actual problem solving case
activities and/or investigatory situations that will increase attention among
students.
Also it is much important to consider the theory of Zone of Proximal
Development in which if the students became familiar in attempting to solve a
problem, he/she will be more practical in learning concepts and able to perform it
much on a better extent.

C. CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
FIGURE 1
IPO DIAGRAM

Teaching Strategies Survey Qestionnaire Seminars about

Behavioral Performance
innovative teaching in
Internal Math
Innovation Consistency Reliability
Test Regular Teacher
Teaching Styles Evalauation
Weighted Mean
Learning Styles Seminars about Math
Z – test Proficiency
Academic
Performance Hypothesis testing Math Camp
Data Collection

Fig.1. shows the IPO diagram for this research study

 Based on the diagram, the researchers had conducted their study in order
to know if innovative teaching strategies could affect behavioural performance of
students in Mathematics. However, there are some variables that should be considered
such as learning styles, teaching styles, and even academic performance. Moreso, to
acquire results, several statistical treatments are used in determining the causality
between innovative teaching strategies and mathematical performance. Some of these
are z- test, weighted mean and hypothesis testing. For instance, if the test will state that
there is an effect that innovative teaching strategies bring to the mathematical
performance, then an institution should consider conducting seminars, regular
evaluation and curricular activities that will increase innovation in the teaching – learning
process particularly in Math subjects.

D. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The researchers of this study present these assumptions that had been
created from the scheme of the research questions and by the parts of the Chapter
4, it will be tested using statistical tools but will not be proved since hypotheses are
just expected answers produced by the researchers’ curious and exploratory mind.
1. Innovative Teaching in Mathematics will not significantly affect the level of
the students’ behavioral performance in Mathematics ;
2. There is no significant difference between Innovative Teaching of
Mathematics of a novice and veteran teacher ;

E. DEFINITION OF VARIABLES
These following terms have been chosen by the researchers themselves and
define them accordingly to the context of the research study since these words have
a big role in stating the research purpose, problems and even typologies.
1. Behavioral Performance – This word is often regarded as any measurable skill
that denotes good span of attention, high interests and motivation, good behavior
and etiquette in a given context. With that, this word becomes the dependent
variable or the main target of the study which will be studied in the entire
 research process if it takes several effects from the Innovative Teaching in
Mathematics.
2. Innovative Teaching in Mathematics – A good and strategic way of teaching
Mathematics that involved skills enhancement and media utilization in order to
understand mathematical concepts but in the researchers’ point of view, this is
one of the fundamental term for their research since this is their independent
variable. The variable that concerns them regarding how it will be studied and its
causality to the behavioral performance.
3. PCU – Dasmariñas Campus – This academic Christian institution that is the
front runner of values of Faith, Character and Service will be the locale of this
research study, in which, here, all the research process will take place.
4. Selected SHS – STEM students – The Senior High School Students that belong
to the Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand of PCU –
Cavite Campus will be the respondents for the research study. They are the one
that will help the researchers to acquire primary and quantitative data.
5. Effect – This word is used to indicate that one variable takes something from a
particular variable and that is the goal of the researchers all throughout the
research study.
 CHAPTER 3 (sample only)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In order to acquire the data that can support the notion that the researchers have
regarding their study and lead to sufficient findings, they have considered these
methodological aspects in order for them to accumulate good data results.

A. RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers of this study configured that the structure of their paper revolves on
the ideas of the respondents regarding the research study and being classified into
intervals. With that aspect, their study is a quantitative research. Moreover, since it
focused on the effects of innovative teaching strategies in Math to the behavioural
performance of students in the subject, their study is a causal type of quantitative
research. Though, they have asked ideas from the respondents, it will not be the final
process that they will consider, since they will analyze and treat those responses using
statistical processes in order to formulate comprehensive hypothesis and results.

B. RESEARCH LOCALE

The research study has taken place in Philippine Christian University – Dasmariñas,
which is located at Sampaloc I, Dasmariñas City, and Cavite. This institution is the first
Christian University in the Philippines, and has practiced and inculcated, three tenets:
Faith, Character and Service. Moreover, this is the locus of the study because the
researchers and the respondents are currently enrolled as SHS students for Academic
Year, 2017 – 2018.

C. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES USED

Based on the computation of the sample size aided by the Slovin’s formula, 40
students will participate on the data gathering, and since the study is quantitative,
they have used survey. The chosen respondents are students from Philippine
Christian University – Dasmariñas and they are currently enrolled as Grade 12
 STEM students. After the sample size has been determined, the researchers
selected the respondents by the use of Stratified Purposive Sampling in which, they
have equally selected 4 respondents in each section and from the 4 respondents, 2
are males and two are females, respectively. Moreover, they assured that all are
STEM students so that they could able to answer the questionnaire
comprehensively.

D. INSTRUMENTATION
The researchers had prepared 40 – item questionnaire, that are focusing on the
thoughts of the students about various innovative strategies that their teacher could
use in executing Math lessons, as well as different behaviours in a classroom and
the reasons why. More so, the instrument contains letter of consent, that will protect
anonymity of the respondents’ credibility, then the demographic profiles and the
rating scale of 1 - 5, wherein 5 is the highest and 1, is the lowest. There are three
categories, (1) an evaluation of the innovative teaching strategies and how it would
be applicable in the classroom setting and (2) assessment of Mathematical
performance of students (3) situations that are bas on the teaching – strategies and
behavioural performance.
TABLE 1

RATING SCALE FOR EVALUATION ON DIFFERENT INNOVATIVE TEACHING

STRATEGIES IN MATH

Rating Remarks
5 Very Effective
4 Effective
3 Could be Considered Effective
2 Crucial to be Considered Effective
1 Not Effective
 TABLE 2

RATING SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT ON MATHEMATICAL PERFORMANCE OF

STUDENTS

Rating Remarks
5 With Excellent Proficiency
4 With Advancing Proficiency
3 With Enough Proficiency
2 With Low Proficiency
1 With Poor Proficiency

TABLE 3

RATING SCALE FOR OBSERVATION ON SITUATIONAL ASPECT OF TEACHING

LEARNING ROUTINES

Rating Remarks
5 Very Evident
4 Evident
3 Sometimes Evident
2 Rarely Evident
1 Not Evident

E. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

To assure that the data will be parallel to the research design, the researchers will
conduct a survey to 40 Senior High School (STEM) 12 students of Philippine Christian
University – Dasmariñas Campus. They will use this method to ensure that they can
able to generate more authentic ideas from the research participants’ viewpoints.
Moreover, prior to the conduct of the survey among respondents, the researchers have
catered various and fundamental information from published materials such as books
and journals, and even with the use of online sources in order for them to acquire
substantial theories that can strengthen their assumption and establish their research
methods.

F. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

The researchers had used these following statistical treatments in order to

acquire the necessary results for their quantitative study.
Since, they had used rating scales as a measuring aspect of their questionnaire,
they will use weighted mean, in order to determine the average of each responses in
every items.
X = ∑fx
n
∑= summation symbol
f= frequency for each given scale
x= value of each scale
n= number of frequency
Moreover, they also want to determine the reliability of the questionnaire so they will use
Internal Consistency Reliability test

αstandardized = rk
1 + ( k-1) r
The researchers will also use Chi –Square test to determine the significant
difference of responses based on gender.

x2= (O-E)2

where:

x2= chi – square values

O = observed values
E= expected values

Lastly, to test the hypothesis, they will use z –test, since the study is causal.
z=x -µ

𝛿
√n