Done By : Dania AlKasasbeh

Edited By : Noor Ibrahim

Lect. Date : 3-12-2017

Doctor : Hanan Al-Zraikat

Period : Final

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#5
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 Denture Base Resins
Part 2

• Acrylic resin material basically considered as polymethyl methacrylate material , consist

of pigments , it has cross linking agents , it can be heat cured , chemical cured , light
cured . the powder mixed with a liquid which is a monomer and then activation
(initiation) of the polymerization reaction will occur and cross linking of the polymer
changes happens due to the reactivity of the free radicals.

• So the reaction keeps going on until all free radicals or all the monomer has been
converted to the polymer.

• At the end, there will be a rigid and hard material which is the material used to make the
denture complete or partial

Physical properties
1-Thermal conductivity.

- It is a disadvantage of acrylic resin material because it law , it will be better if it was higher
in order to allow the heat to reach soft tissue and worn the patient if he is eating or
drinking hot foods or beverages.

- it isolates tissue from temperature sensation .

-inclusion of sapphire whiskers increase conductivity.

2-coefficient of thermal expansion: High , affects fit of denture.

3-Heat distortion temperature :Resins deform above their glass transition temperature
.Distortion temp

• It is the heat or temperature at which the material will distort after processing , if the
denture is placed in a very hot water this can cause distortion due to the softening of
the material itself ,and this can lead to distortion which will affect the fitting of the
denture later on ,so we always tell the patient that never ever put the denture or keep
it on hot solution or water or try to clean it in a boiling water.

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• Heat distortion temperature also sometimes we called it glass transition temperature
(Tg ) it is higher for heat cured material which is more stable but still we don’t place this
material in hot water to avoid distortion,

Tg for heat cured is 105 C Tg for cold cure is 90 C

4- Water absorption &solubility :

• when this denture is kept in a moist environment (in water or in solution) it will absorb
some of that solution but in a very small amount(1-2%) ,at same point later on in the
future there will be no more resorption there will be stability but it will not affect the
fitting of the denture.
• insoluble in oral fluids ,,, soluble in ketones, esters .
• alcohol causes crazing.

5-Specific gravity (mean the heaviness after processing): it's not heavy ,it has low specific
gravity which helps in retention because if it was heavy or specific gravity is high ,the
fitting or the retention of the denture specially the upper it can be affected.

Chemical properties

1 -One of the issues related to dentures belongs to the category of chemical properties is
that it can be affected by fungal infection

-it is more common in elderly patient because they have low immunity.

-Candida albicans may colonize denture surface( called denture stomatitis)

-it's related to immunity and hygiene (maintain a good oral hygiene is important)

- prevented by proper cleaning

2-Another issue related to chemical properties is denture bleaching or denture whitening

It occurs due to either:

1. improper networking between polymer beads and matrix phase, and mistakes in the
processing and the structure of the material.

2. the denture was placed in hot water (so bleaching out for pigments) .

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 3. contact happened between the denture and certain solvents (ketone, acetone
,chloroform…… will affect the color)

Denture stomatitis

Denture whitening

This is cross section

Alternative polymers
• The best choice is the acrylic resin material ,sometimes we avoid using acrylic in the
patient who has an allergy to acrylic so there are alternative polymers which are
available

1-Polycarbonate : processed by injection moulding (processed at high temperatures)

2- vinyl polymers ( low Tg temperature)

• These alternative have problems in processing (difficult to process) and distortion (they
are prompt to distortion )

Artificial teeth
• Related to acrylic resin material >> when we make the wax up of the denture (complete
or partial) we make sitting of the teeth according to occlusal relationship .

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 Requirements (specification NO 15)

-Good appearance

-Good bonding with denture base

-Resistance to abrasion ,distortion and crazing

-Strength and toughness

-Allow adjustment when checking occlusion

-Biocompatible

-Resistance to stain and wear

• There are 2 types of Artificial teeth (Acrylic and porcelain) ,they have differences in
manufacturing of these teeth and properties of them.

1-Acrylic teeth:

-Produced in reusable molds using dough technique or injection(they used molds and
reuse them again and again to produce these teeth) .

-Made from highly cross-linked resin to resist crazing and to give rigidity and toughness .

-Pigments added to stimulate natural teeth color.

-Base and core made from lightly cross-linked to allow softening when in contact with
monomer from denture base (to aid in chemical bond between base of tooth and acrylic
dew itself)

-Chemical retention

2-Porcelain teeth:

-Larger than required molds are used to allow for shrinkage during firing .

-Small pins are added to the base for retention to the denture base .

-Mechanical retention .

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 Properties of Acrylic and porcelain teeth
Acrylic teeth :

-Chemical bond to denture base material.

-Easy to grind during occlusal adjustment.

-Do not wear natural ,artificial opposing teeth.

-Easily repolished

-Compatible with denture base material (same CTE) >>this property will prevent
debonding and formation of stress

-Stain over time -Easily wear -Lighter in weight

-Much more easier to adjust (to make on them occlusal adjustment and trimming).

-lighter in weight

Porcelain teeth :

-Better esthetics -Biocompatible -Mechanical retention to denture base

-Difficult to adjust(because it's a hard surface so when we make any occlusal adjustment
or modification to the shape or height it's very difficult)

-Produce clicking sound -Wear opposing natural teeth

-Transmit greater forces to supporting tissue -Heavy -Hard material

-Don’t wear easy over the time

-Types of porcelain teeth may cause loss of natural tooth structure ,if the patient has a
single denture (upper complete denture and lower natural teeth) it can cause wear to the
enamel because it's very hard.

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 NOTE the pin at the
base of porcelain
teeth

Instructions for patients on denture care

1-Maintaing a good oral hygiene.

2-Regular visit to dentist >> in order to make scaling, calculus deposits , polishing.

3-The denture itself it shouldn't be left in a mid site of table without be in a moist
environment (we always advice the patient to put it in cup of water with few drops of
mouth wash or from solutions that bought from pharmacies to keep the denture hygienic
and fresh ).

4-Keep it away from contact with solvents.

5-They should NO abrasive brushing of the fitting surface of the denture.

patient shouldn't use any bleach to clean the denture because it will
damage the surface and cause scratching

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Maxillofacial materials
- We use some modifications of acrylic material for other applications in dentistry specially
surgeons and prosthodontists.
‫هاي الساليد تابعة للصفحة الي قبل‬
- Maxillofacial surgery : for
patients who lost part of their
face structures or muscles due
to the accidents ,trauma
,cancers and other types of
diseases .

-The material that can be used

it isn't the regular or the
conventional poly methyl
methacrylate. it's modification
of it , because we don’t want
the material to be very hard
(any prosthesis we put it in face
must be elastic and flexible
because anything in the face is moving )>>SO the material that are used it contain rubber or
a bit of silicone to give a high tensile strength).

Materials used:

1-PMMA:hard and stiff

2-polyurethane

3-Room temperature vulcanized silicones: good physical and mechanical properties

,similar to addition silicon.

Fabrication : Similar to denture construction >> impression then model ,fabrication in lab
then fabrication of the actual prosthesis that is going to be adapted or given to the patient
(wax pattern ,try in ,investment and flasking).

It may be done to ear ,nose ,part of ear , it depends on the organ that was missed.

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 -So as we said acrylic resin material is used in many applications : make denture ,special
tray ,base plate …etc.

-Modifications of the material can be used to repair denture or to line them (‫ )تبطين‬,
sometimes they are used in case of tissue injury underneath the denture.

Denture lining materials

Denture lining materials are divided into:

1-Hard reline materials.

2-Semi-permanent soft lining materials.

3-Temporary soft lining materials.

4-Tissue conditioners.

• These are requirements from ISO or ADA that must be in these materials (relining
material):

(about using , curing , how long can they be used , porosity , hardness , color stability,
polish , smoothness….).

From slides:
-Concerned with requirements for self-cure denture repair and temporary relining resin
respectively

-Example for repair material : resin maybe clear or pink , should fulfill certain requirements
for solubility polish , porosity ,toxicity…etc

-For relining materials: requirements for color stability, smoothness, polish, porosity,
hardness etc.

HARD LINING MATERIALS

-Hard mean when it sets it becomes rigid ,almost as the rigid as the denture material itself
after processing .

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• It's used when the denture has :

1-poor retention and stability (you made the denture and something wrong happen or the
patient has been using the denture for a long time in decabable use).

2-loss of vertical dimension (if after few years due to bone resorption >the vertical
dimension was decreased , so the patient facial expression will change ,has more wrinkles)

3-if part of the denture was damaged .

4-Degradation of the denture base .

5-for older patients for whom getting use to a new denture base would be difficult .

6-Lack of denture extension into mucobuccal fold areas (important for facial support).

There are 2types of materials classified according to how they are cured

1-Heat cured resin , in the lab>>-more color stability ,stronger, it last for a long period of
time, better taste ,doesn’t annoy the patient.

2-Cold cure resin , in the clinic>>it is easier because you can do it chair side (mean in the
clinic),you don’t have process it in the lab.

Disadvantages :
Poor taste , Poor color stability , Can't control how much you are placing on the fitting
surface of the denture, Exothermic reaction (so when you place it inside patient mouth it
can heat a little bit and maybe irritate his tissue).

-they are powder and liquid mixed together

placed on the fitting surface of the denture
,when we placed inside patient mouth we ask to
bite then excess is removed

-usually is placed in a warn water to continue

setting outside the patient mouth (in order to
exothermic reaction doesn’t annoy soft tissue

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2 types of cold cure resin used and the difference between them is the type of monomer

TYPE I TYPE II
(low irritant and high
MW)

POWDER 1.PMMA 1.PEMA

2.BENZOYL PERPXIDE 2.BENZOYL PEROXIDE
3.PIGEMENTS 3. PIGEMENTS

LIQUID MMA BUTYL MA

(methyl methacrylate) (butyl methacrylate)
AMINE AMINE

Di-n-utylphalate
(plasticizer)

Soft lining materials>>2 types

1-Temporary: If any discomfort soreness of denture ,we can use temporary as a cushion
because the patient can still use the denture but the presence of soft lining material will
protect injury site, specially for the patient who have like knife edge residual ridge because
of bone resorption over time

The uses :

1 -it can last up to a month maybe two , so if the patient can’t come every day or every
few days to place a new lining material you can use it (when frequent replacement of
conditioner is not possible).

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2 -sometimes it is used to ascertain if permanent liners would be beneficial .

3 -to improve fit of denture until a new denture is made.

-Maintenance : For all soft lining material it similar to maintenance to denture (avoiding
abrasive cleaning ,avoiding bleaching ,keep it in a good quality for a long period of time)

From slides:

-slightly viscoelastic.

-Not as soft as tissue conditioners but remain soft for up to month or two.

-Similar to tissue conditioners in application and composition.

2-Semi-permanent
-There is not permanent because permanent is to make a new denture (when there is a
problem in the old denture).

Permanent soft liners

- long term solution it can last up to six months.

- When is it used: in cases of discomfort and soreness from an otherwise satisfactory

denture.

- This discomfort is usually associated with the mandible due to small surface area,
possibility of sharp, thin resorbed ridge

- Soft liners absorb some of the masticatory forces.

-Desirable qualities in materials used:

-Rubbery -Resilient -Should adhere to fitting surface

-Low elastic modulus(mean it's elastic) -Non toxic ,non-irritant

-Plasticizers : act as lubricants for polymer chains and make it easier for them to slide over
one another ,so material can deform easily ,also they improve the flow of the material .

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 Available materials

1-Acrylic:
Cold-cure: harden in a few weeks( PEMA powder and
plasticizer peroxide and tertiary amine +MMA liquid)

Heat-cure: processed in the lab , composition:

1-powder:PMMA, or Polybutyl.MA and peroxide initiator

2-liquid: butylmethacrylate and plasticizer (dibutylphalate)

2-Silicone:
Cold –cure: -2 pastes Addition

-condensation (paste and liquid catalyst)

Heat-cure: single paste (polydimethyl

siloxane)

3-polyphosphazine: these are high polymers (higher molecular weight >>to avoid
irritation), using ethylene glycol dimathacrylate as the cross linking agents, BASO4 as filler
,and peroxide as a thermal initiator.

**as powder and

liquid

Or

**base system
according to its
type(silicone or
acrylic)

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*So remain soft and flexible And fungal infection
for a long period of time

-Softer than acrylic

so>>resilient more

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 Another important differences bw them:

1-Acrylic : you don’t need a bonding agent to bond it to the denture base material
because it's basically the same material ,WHILE in silicone it needs to be bond ,so it will
lead to weakness(bond is not effective like in acrylic).

2-Acrylic after time become harder than silicone because plasticizer reach out so
become slightly hard ,WHILE silicone rubber material remain flexible and softer for a long
period of time.

3-Acrylic materials are more resistance to bacterial and fungal infections while silicone
materials are susceptible to growth of Candida albicans

Self-administered liners

-They placed by the patients himself (they buy them from drug stores or pharmacies and
they apply it on the fitting surface of the denture ).

-it's not a good choice ,it should be done only if absolutely necessary and for short period
of time because the patient can't control how the thick of liner needs to be ,so for example
if he uses a thick layer of liner underneath the denture and keep wearing it >>it will make
more pressure on the residual ridge or residual bone and leads to more bone resorption
with time ( it may irritate soft tissue ).

-SO in general :regular reviews are always necessary

-Mild cleansers are recommended

Tissue conditioners
-Last type of tissue liners.

-Solutions used in cases of tissue injury such as inflammation or ulceration ,functional

impression.

-Soft material applied to fitting surface of denture to allow better stress distribution ,but
they are applied only for a very short period of time 2-3 days ,if they remain longer they
may cause injury to soft tissue (so needs to be replaced every few days due to leaching out
solvent and plasticizer)

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 -IF your patient can't come to clinic every 2-3 days ,we need to use a permanent solution
(temporary soft line material can be used).

-SO if there is any injury because of something wrong with the denture (sharp edge
,sharp area……)tissue conditioners are mixed and applied to the fitting surface of the
denture ,then the patient can wear it for a few days ,the tissue will be allowed to heat and
the patient at the same time can keep wearing the denture.

-Otherwise, if the patient will not use a soft lining material or tissue conditioner he has to
take off the denture for a few days which might not be acceptable to the patient because
of the esthetic appearance .

-SO tissue conditioners what a special about them is that they don’t contain monomer so
they don’t cause any irritation due to their composition

-Composition : PEMA + ethyl alcohol solvent and plasticizer>>>NO monomer at all >>NO
irritation of soft tissue

-Requirements: soft and resilient , a degree of permanent deformation for functional

impression purposes

-Disadvantages:

1-Need for frequent replacement

2-Prone to microorganism colonization

4-sussetible to candida infections

3-Prone to damage by denture cleansers ,so patient should be instructed to use plain soap
and water

-Manipulation : Mixed and freshly applied to fitting surface then seated , should be
inspected after 2-3 days.

-Properties:

1-initially viscoelastic and soft

2-plasticizers leach out so the material become harder with time

3-provide a cushioning effect

4-Non-irritant due to absence of acrylic monomers

It can be damaged if the patient uses them in a wrong way ,SO we need to
instruct the patient or what to use if tissue conditioner is placed
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 Tissue
conditioner is
placed

NOTE

*Manipulation of Hard lining materials and Denture repair are not

required (Dr said you don't have to read about it) which are slide
#73-76 and slide #59

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