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10 Derivative of A Function

The document defines the derivative of a function f(x) as the limit of the average rate of change as the change in x approaches 0. This limit gives both the slope of the tangent line to the function's curve at a point, as well as the instantaneous rate of change of the function at that point. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the derivative of functions and using it to find the equation of a tangent line. The sign of the derivative indicates whether the function is increasing or decreasing at a given point.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
77 views28 pages

10 Derivative of A Function

The document defines the derivative of a function f(x) as the limit of the average rate of change as the change in x approaches 0. This limit gives both the slope of the tangent line to the function's curve at a point, as well as the instantaneous rate of change of the function at that point. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the derivative of functions and using it to find the equation of a tangent line. The sign of the derivative indicates whether the function is increasing or decreasing at a given point.

Uploaded by

sichhaha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Derivative of a Function

0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011

1
2
4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
The average rate of change of f(x) as x varies from x = c to
x = c + h, which is given by the ratio
change in f x  f c  h   f c 

2
Rateave  
change in x


c  h  c
f c  h   f c 
1
4
h
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at x = c is determined
by finding the limiting value of the average rate as h tends to 0;
that is
f c  h   f c 

1
2
Rateins  lim rateave  lim
h 0 h 0 h

4
This limit also gives the slope of the
tangent line to the curve y = f(x)
at the point P(c, f(c)).
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
The Derivative of a Function

■ The derivative of the function f(x) with respect to x is the


function f ' x  given by

f ' x   lim
h 0
f c  h   f c 
h 1
2
4
[read f ' x  as “f prime of x]. The process of computing the
derivative is called differentiation, and we say that f(x) is
differentiable at x = c if f ' x  exists; that is, if the limit that
defines f ' x  exists when x = c .
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
EXAMPLE 1

Find the derivative of the function f x   16 x 2 .

1
2
4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Solution
The difference quotient for f(x) is

f x  h   f x  16x  h   16 x 2
2

1
2

h h


 
16 x 2  2hx  h 2  16 x 2

4
h
16 x 2  32hx  16h 2  16 x 2

h
32hx  16h 2
  32 x  16h
h
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Thus, the derivative of f x   16x is the function
2

f x  h   f x 
f ' x   lim
h 0 h

1
2
 lim 32 x  16h 
h 0

 32 x

4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Slope as a Derivative

■ The slope of the tangent line to the curve y = f(x) at the


point (c , f(c)) is mtan  f ' c .

Instantaneous Rate of Change as a Derivative


1
2
4
■ The rate of change of f(x) with respect to x when x = c is given
by f ' c .
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
EXAMPLE 2

Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y  x 3 at the


point where x = –1.

1
2
4
Derivative of a Function
0011Solution
0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011

According to the definition of the derivative


f x  h   f x   x  h  x3
3
f ' x   lim

2
 lim
h 0

 lim

h h 0


x 3  3x 2 h  3xh 2  h 3  x 3
h

1
4
h 0 h
3x 2 h  3xh 2  h 3
 lim
h 0 h
 
 lim 3x 2  3xh  h 2  3x 2
h 0
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Thus, the slope of the tangent line to the curve y  x 3 at x = –1 is

f '  1  3 1  3.
2

2
To find an equation for the tangent line, we also need the y
coordinate of the point of tangency; namely,
y  x3   1  1.
3 1
Using the point – slope formula,
y   1  3x   1
y  3x  2

4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
EXAMPLE 3
A manufacturer determines that when x thousand units of a
particular commodity are produced, the profit generated will be

Px   400 x 2  6,800 x  12,000


1
2
dollars. At what rate is profit changing with respect to the level

4
of production x when 9,000 units are produced?
Derivative of a Function
Solution
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
We find that
Px  h   Px 
P' x   lim

2
h 0

1
h

 lim
  
 400x  h   6,800x  h   12,000   400 x 2  6,800 x  12,000
2

h 0 h

4
 lim
 800hx  400h 2  6800h
h 0 h
 lim  800 x  400h  6,800
h 0

 800 x  6,800
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Thus, when the level of production is x = 9 (9,000 units), the profit
is changing at the rate of
P' 9   8009  6,800  400

1
2
dollars per thousand units.

4
Derivative of a Function
Since P' 9  400 this means that the tangent line to the profit
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011

curve y = P(x) is sloped downward at the point Q.

Since the tangent line at Q is

1
2
sloped downward, the profit
curve must be falling at Q,
so profit must be decreasing

4
when 9,000 units are being
produced.
Derivative of a Function

Significance of the Sign of the Derivative f ' x 


0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011

If the function f is differentiable at x = c, then

1
2
f is increasing at x = c if f ' c   0 and

f is decreasing at x = c if f ' c   0.

4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011

1
2
4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Derivative Notation

The derivative f ' x  of y = f(x) is sometimes written as dy or


dx

2
df (read as “dee y, dee x” or “dee f, dee x”).
dx
1
In this notation, the value of the derivative at x = c [that is, f ' c 
is written as
dy
dx x c
or
df
dx x c

4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
EXAMPLE 4

If y  x 2 , then find dy .
dx

2
x  3

1
4
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Solution

f x  h   f x   x  h  x 2
2
dy
 lim  lim
dx h0 h h 0 h

1
2
x 2  2hx  h 2  x 2 2hx  h 2
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
 lim 2 x  h

4
h 0

 2x
dy
 6
dx x  3
Derivative of a Function
for derivative suggests slope, y and can also
0011 0010 1010 1101 dy
0001 0100 1011
The notation
dx x
be thought of as “the rate of change of y with respect to x .”

1
2
Sometimes it is convenient to condense a statement such as

“when y  x 2 , then dy  2 x “

4
dx
which reads, “the derivative of x 2 with respect to x is 2x.”
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
EXAMPLE 5

Find the derivative of f x   x and then use it to:

1
2
a. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y  x
at the point where x = 4.

4
b. Find the rate at whichy  x is changing with respect to x
when x = 1.
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Solution

The derivative of y  x with respect to x is given by

 x   lim f x  hh  f x  lim x  hh 


1
2
d x
dx h 0 h 0

 x  h  x  x  h  x 

4
 lim
h 0 h x  h  x 
xhx h
 lim  lim
h 0 h   
x  h  x h 0 h x  h  x 
1 1
 lim 
h 0 xh  x 2 x
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
a. When x = 4, the corresponding y coordinate on the graph
of f x   x is y  4  2 , so the point of tangency is
P(4, 2).
Since f ' x  
1
, the slope of the tangent line to the

1
2
2 x
graph is given by f ' 4 
1 1

2 4 4

4
and by substituting into the point-slope formula, we find
that the equation of the tangent line at P is
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101
1 0001 0100 1011
y2  x  4 or
4
1
y  x 1
4

b. The rate of change of y  x when x = 1 is


1
2
4
dy 1 1
 
dx x 1 2 1 2
Derivative of a Function
EXAMPLE
0011 0010 6 0001 0100 1011
1010 1101
A business manager determines that the cost of producing x
units of a particular commodity is C thousands of dollars,
where

1
2
C x   0.04 x 2  5.1x  40
a. Find the average cost as the level of production changes

4
from x = 10 to x = 11 units.

b. Use calculus to find the instantaneous rate of change of


cost with respect to production level when x = 10 and
compare with the average cost found in part (a). Is the
cost increasing or decreasing when 10 units are being
produced?
Derivative of a Function
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Solution
C x2   C x1  C 11  C 10
a. Average cost  
x2  x1 11  10

1
2
100.94  95
  5.94
1
C x  h   C x 

4
b. C ' x   lim
h 0 h

 lim
 
0.04x  h   5.1x  h   40  0.04 x 2  5.1x  40
2

h 0 h
Derivative of a Function
0.04x  h
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001
C ' x   lim
2 0100 1011
  
 5.1 x  h   40  0.04 x 2  5.1x  40
h 0 h

 lim
 
0.04 x 2  0.08hx  0.04h 2  5.1x  5.1h  40  0.04 x 2  5.1x  40 

2
h 0 h

 lim
h 0
0.08hx  h 2  5.1h

C ' x   0.08 x  5.1


h
 lim 0.08 x  h  5.1
h 0
1
C ' 10  0.0810   5.1  5.9

The cost is increasing when 10 units are being produced.

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