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Inverse Laplace Transform by Partial Fractions

1) Inverse Laplace transforms can be calculated using partial fractions or convolution. 2) Partial fractions involve expressing the transform as a sum of simpler fractional components. 3) Convolution uses the fact that the inverse Laplace transform of two functions multiplied in the time domain is equal to the convolution of their individual inverse transforms.

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396 views

Inverse Laplace Transform by Partial Fractions

1) Inverse Laplace transforms can be calculated using partial fractions or convolution. 2) Partial fractions involve expressing the transform as a sum of simpler fractional components. 3) Convolution uses the fact that the inverse Laplace transform of two functions multiplied in the time domain is equal to the convolution of their individual inverse transforms.

Uploaded by

bessam123
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Inverse Laplace Transform can be done by partial fraction or using

Convolution

Inverse Laplace Transform by partial fractions


Integrals involving fractions can often by simplified by expressing the
integral as the sum or difference of two or more partial fractions which
then lend themselves to easier integration. For example:
3𝑥 + 4 3𝑥 + 4
=
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)

can be expressed as the partial fractions


3𝑥 + 4 1 2
= +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 2)

When the degree of the denominator is greater than that of the


numerator then an expression can be directly resolved into partial
fractions. The form taken by the partial fractions depends on the type
of denominator concerned.
 If the denominator contains a linear factor, i.e. a factor of the
form (x + a), then for each such factor there will be a partial
fraction of the form:
𝐴
(𝑥 + 𝑎)
where A is some constant.

 If the denominator contains repeated linear factors, i.e. a factor


of the form (x + a)n, then there will be partial fractions:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ + ⋯ +
(𝑥 + 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛

with one partial fraction for each power of (x + a).

 If the denominator contains an irreducible quadratic factor, i.e. a


factor of the form ax2 + bx + c, then there will be a partial fraction
of the form:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
for each such factor.

 If the denominator contains repeated irreducible quadratic


factors, i.e. a factor of the form (ax2 + bx + c)2, there will be partial
fractions of the form:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹
+ + ⋯ +
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛

with one for each power of the quadratic.

The values of the constants A,B,C, etc. can be found by either making
use of the fact that the equality between the fraction and its partial
fractions must be true for all values of the variable x or that the
coefficients of xn in the fraction must equal those of xn when the partial
fractions are multiplied out.
When the degree of the denominator, i.e. the power of its highest term,
is equal to or less than that of the numerator, the denominator must be
divided into the numerator until the result is the sum of terms with the
remainder fraction term having a denominator which is of higher degree
than its numerator.
Consider, for example, the fraction:
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2

The numerator has a degree of 3 and the denominator a degree of 2.


Thus, dividing has to be used. Thus

𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥−3
= 𝑥 + 2 +
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
The fractional term can then be simplified using partial fractions.
𝑥−3 𝑥−3 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2
to give:
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 2 1
= 𝑥 + 2 + −
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥−1 𝑥−2

Ex: Simplify into its partial fraction form:


3𝑥 + 4
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
This has two linear factors in the denominator and so the partial
fractions are of the form:
𝐴 𝐵
+
𝑥+1 𝑥+2
with one partial fraction for each linear term. Thus for the expressions
to be equal we must have:
3𝑥 + 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)
= + =
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)

Thus
3𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)

Consider the requirement that this relationship is true for all values of
x. Then, when x = -1 we must have:
−3 + 4 = 𝐴(−1 + 2) + 𝐵(−1 + 1)

Hence A=1. When x = -2 we must have:

−6 + 4 = 𝐴(−2 + 2) + 𝐵(−2 + 1)
Hence B=2
Alternatively, we could have determined these constants by multiplying
out the expression and considering the coefficients, i.e.
3𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) = 𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵

Thus, for the coefficients of x to be equal we must have 3 = A + B and


for the constants to be equal 4 = 2A + B. These two simultaneous
equations can be solved to give A and B. The partial fractions are thus:

3𝑥 + 4 1 2
= +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2

Ex: Determine the inverse Laplace Transform


1
𝑡2 − 1
The fraction 1/(t2 – 1) can be written as
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑡 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑡 − 1)
= + =
(𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 1) (𝑡 − 1) (𝑡 + 1) (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 1)

Hence, equating coefficients of t gives A + B = 0 and equating integers


gives A - B = 1. Thus A = ½ and B = -½. Hence the integral can be expressed
as:
1 1 1 1 1
ℒ −1 [ 2 ] = ℒ −1 [ ] − ℒ −1 [ ]
𝑥 −1 2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥+1

We can determine these inverse transforms by comparing to the table.


As a homework complete the above example

Ex: Determine the inverse transform by


𝑥3
𝑥−2
This fraction has a numerator of higher degree than the denominator
and so the numerator must be divided by the denominator until the
remainder is of lower degree than the denominator. Thus:
Hence the inverse transform becomes:
−1
𝑥3 8
ℒ [ ] = ℒ −1 [𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 + ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

Ex: Determine the inverse Laplace transform


1
ℒ −1 [ ]
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)

Expressed as a partial fraction


1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥
= + =
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)

Equating the constant terms gives A = 1. Equating the coefficients of x


gives C = 0. Equating the coefficients of x2 gives A + B = 0, and so B = -
1. Thus the inverse transform becomes:

1 1 𝑥
ℒ −1 [ ] = ℒ −1
[ − ]
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥2 + 1
Inverse Laplace Transform by Convolution: Repeat the above examples
using Convolution after you look at the following videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HIJQBSECGE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnwAG0K90vQ&list=PLX2gX-
ftPVXUTRZd8HNBr5FAeKVL_WCKY&index=46

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YCOKl7pEbQ&list=PLX2gX-
ftPVXUTRZd8HNBr5FAeKVL_WCKY&index=47

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wLpiZB4zrg&list=PLX2gX-
ftPVXUTRZd8HNBr5FAeKVL_WCKY&index=48

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