Lecture 6
STATEMENTS
TRANSFER OF CONTROL
The process of transferring control from one
location of program to another;
Two types of transfer of control:
Unconditional Transfer of Control
Conditional Transfer of Control.
TYPES OF STATEMENT
Three types of statement:
Sequential statement: in which commands are
executed sequentially.
Selection Statement: in which one choice is
selected on the bases of some known condition.
Loop Statement: Which repeat some statement to
satisfy certain condition.
Types of Statements
Conditional Statement
The IF….Statement
The IF….Else Statement
The Nested IF…..Statement
The Switch Statement.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Provide
Ability to control whether a statement list is
executed
Two constructs
If statement
if
if-else
Switch statement
THE BASIC IF STATEMENT
Syntax
if (Expression)
Action; Expression
false
If the Expression is true true
then execute Action
Action is either a single Action
statement or a group of
statements within braces
THE IF…… STATEMENT
Enables to test for a condition to
perform some action:
For Single Statement:
if (condition)
Statement;
For multiple Statement:
if (condition)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
.
.
.
}
Program to check whether the number is divisible
by 3.
main()
{
int n;
cout<< “Enter a number”;
cin>> n;
If (n%3 ==0)
{
Cout<<“Number is divisible”;
}
}
EXAMPLE
Program to take two values from keyboard and
then to print the largest value, using if
statement.
WHAT IS THE OUTPUT?
int m = 5;
int n = 10;
if (m < n)
{
++m;
++n;
}
cout << " m = " << m << " n = " n << endl;
}
THE IF-ELSE STATEMENT
Syntax
if (Expression)
Action1
else
Action2 Expression
If Expression is true then execute
Action1 otherwise execute Action2 false
true
if (v == 0)
{
cout << "v is 0"; Action1 Action2
}
else
{
cout << "v is not 0";
}
IF…….ELSE STATEMENT
Use for making two way
decision.
For Single Statement:
if (condition)
Statement-1;
Else
Statement-2;
For multiple Statement:
if (condition)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
}
Else
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
}
FINDING THE MAX
int Value1;
int Value2;
int Max;
cout << "Enter first integers: ";
cin >> Value1;
cout << "Enter second integers: ";
cin >> Value2;
if (Value1 < Value2)
{
Max = Value2;
}
else
{
Max = Value1;
}
cout << "Maximum of inputs is: " << Max << endl;
MULTIPLE SELECTION
It is often the case that depending upon the
value of an expression we want to perform a
particular action
Two major ways of accomplishing this choice
if-else-if statement
if-else statements “glued” together
Switch statement
An advanced construct
MULTIPLE SELECTION
Sometimes it is necessary to branch in more
than two directions.
We do this via multiple selection.
The multiple selection mechanism in C++ is the
if-else-if and switch statement.
MULTIPLE SELECTION WITH IF
if (day == 0 ) (continued)
{
cout<< “Sunday”; if (day == 4)
} {
cout<< “Thursday” ;
if (day == 1 ) }
{ if (day == 5)
cout<< “Monday” ; {
} cout<< “Friday” ;
}
if (day == 2)
if (day == 6)
{ {
cout<< “Tuesday” ; cout<< “Saturday” ;
} }
if (day == 3) if ((day < 0) || (day > 6))
{
{ cout<<“Error - invalid day.\n” ;
cout<< “Wednesday”; }
}
MULTIPLE SELECTION WITH IF-ELSE
if (day == 0 )
{
cout<< “Sunday” ;
}
else if (day == 1 )
{
cout<< “Monday” ;
}
else if (day == 2)
{ This if-else structure is more
cout<< “Tuesday” ;
}
else if (day == 3)
efficient than the corresponding
{
}
cout<< “Wednesday”; if structure. Why?
else if (day == 4)
{
cout<< “Thursday”;
}
else if (day == 5)
{
cout<< “Friday”;
}
else if (day = 6)
{
cout<< “Saturday”;
}
else {
cout<< “Error - invalid
day.\n”;
}
AN IF-ELSE-IF STATEMENT
if ( number < 0 )
{
cout << number << " is negative" << endl;
}
else if (number > 0 )
{
cout << number << " is positive" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << number << " is zero" << endl;
}
Write a program that inputs test score of a
student and display his grade on the following
criteria:
Test Score Grade
>= 90 A
80 – 89 B
70 – 79 C
60 – 69 D
Below 60 F
Write a program that input a salary. If the salary
is 20000 or more, it deducts 7% of salary. If
the salary is 10000 or more but less than
20000, it deducts 1000 from the salary. If
salary is less than 10000, It deduct nothing.
THE SWITCH MULTIPLE-SELECTION STRUCTURE
switch ( integer expression )
{
case constant1 :
statement(s)
break ;
case constant2 :
statement(s)
break ;
...
default: :
statement(s)
break ;
}
A SWITCH STATEMENT
Char ch;
Cout<<“Enter any character”;
Cin>>ch;
switch (ch)
{
case 'a': case 'A':
cout << ch << " is a vowel" << endl;
break;
case 'e': case 'E':
cout << ch << " is a vowel" << endl;
break;
.
.
.
case 'u': case 'U':
cout << ch << " is a vowel" << endl;
break;
default:
cout << ch << " is not a vowel" << endl;
}
Write a program that input number of day of
week and displays the name of the day. For
example if user enters 1, it displays “Monday”
and so on.
Int n;
Cout<<“Enter any number”;
Cin>>n;
switch (n)
{
case 1:
cout << “Monday" << endl;
break;
case 2:
cout << “Tuesday” << endl;
break;
.
.
.
case 7:
cout << Sunday" << endl;
break;
default:
cout << “ Invalid Number”;
}
Write a program that inputs grade of a student
and display his test score on the following
criteria:
Test Score Grade Test Score
>= 90 A >= 90
80 – 89 B 80 – 89
70 – 79 C 70 – 79
60 – 69 D 60 – 69
Below 60 F Below 60
THE SWITCH STATEMENT
switch (grade)
{
case ‘A’:
cout << “Grade is between 90 & 100”;
break;
case ‘B’:
cout << “Grade is between 80 & 89”;
break;
case ‘C’:
cout << “Grade is between 70 & 79”;
break;
case ‘D’:
cout << “Grade is between 60 & 69”;
break;
case ‘F’:
cout << “Grade is between 0 & 59”;
break;
default:
cout << “You entered an invalid grade.”;
}
