OHM’S LAW / POWER FORMULAS

P = watts, I = amp, R = ohms E = Volts

Here are some Transformer formulas that may be useful.

To better understand the following formulas review the rule of transposition in

equations.
Es x Is Es x Is
Ep = Ip =
Ip Ep
1. Voltage and Current:
Ep x Ip
Ep x Ip
Primary (p) secondary (s) Is = Es Es ==
Is
Power (p) = power (s) or Ep x Ip = Es x Is

Es x Ip Es x Tp
Ep = Ts =
2. Voltage and Turns in Coil: Ts Ep
Voltage (p) x Turns (s) = Voltage (s) x Turns (p)
or Ep x Ts = Es x Ip Ep x Ts Ep x Ts
Tp = Es =
Es Tp
Is x Ts Is x Ts
3. Amperes and Turns in Coil: Ip = Tp =
Tp Ip
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Ip x Tp Ip x Tp
Ts = Is =
Is Ts
 Amperes (p) x Turns (p) = Amperes (s) x Turns (s)
or Ip x Tp = Is x Ts

Here are some Motor formulas that may be useful.

Calculating Motor Speed:

A squirrel cage induction motor is a constant speed device. It cannot operate for any
length of time at speeds below those shown on the nameplate without danger of burning
out.

To calculate the speed of an induction motor, apply this formula:

Srpm = 120 x F
P

Srpm = synchronous revolutions per minute.

120 = constant
F = supply frequency (in cycles/sec)
P = number of motor winding poles

Example: What is the synchronous of a motor having 4 poles connected to a 60 hz power supply?

Srpm = 120 x F
P Srpm = 120 x 60 Srpm = 7200 = Srpm = 1800 rpm
4 4

Calculating Braking Torque: Full-load motor torque is calculated to determine the required
braking torque of a motor.
To Determine braking torque of a motor, apply this formula:

T= 5252 x HP
rpm

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T = full-load motor torque (in lb-ft)
5252 = constant (33,000 divided by 3.14 x 2 = 5252)
HP = motor horsepower
rpm = speed of motor shaft

Example: What is the braking torque of a 60 HP, 240V motor rotating at 1725 rpm?

T = 5252 x HP = T = 5252 x 60 = T = 182.7 lb-ft

rpm 1725

Calculating Torque:

Torque is the force that produces rotation. It causes an object to rotate. Torque consists of
force acting on distance. Torque, like work, is measured is pound-feet (lb-ft). However, torque,
unlike work, may exist even though no movement occurs.

To calculate torque, apply this formula:

T=FxD

T = torque (in lb-ft)

F = force (in lb)
D = distance (in ft)

Example: What is the torque produced by a 60 lb force pushing on a 3' lever arm?

T=FxD , T = 60 x 3 , T = 180 lb ft

Calculating Full-load Torque:

Full-load torque is the torque to produce the rated power at full speed of the motor. The
amount of torque a motor produces at rated power and full speed can be found by using a
horsepower-to-torque conversion chart. When using the conversion chart, place a straight edge
along the two known quantities and read the unknown quantity on the third line.To calculate
motor full-load torque, apply this formula:

T = HP x 5252
rpm

T = torque (in lb-ft) HP = horsepower, 5252 = constant

rpm = revolutions per minute

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Example: What is the FLT (Full-load torque) of a 30HP motor operating at 1725 rpm?

T = HP x 5252 = T = 30 x 5252 = T = 91.34 lb-ft

rpm 1725 T Calculating Horsepower:

Electrical power is rated in horsepower or watts. A horsepower is a unit of power equal to 746
watts or 33, 0000 lb-ft per minute (550 lb-ft per second). A watt is a unit of measure equal to
the power produced by a current of 1 amp across the potential difference of 1 volt. It is 1/746
of 1 horsepower. The watt is the base unit of electrical power. Motor power is rated in
horsepower and watts.
Horsepower is used to measure the energy produced by an electric motor while doing work.

To calculate the horsepower of a motor when current and efficiency, and voltage are known,
apply this formula:

HP = V x I x Eff Horsepower Formulas

746 To Example
Use Formula
Find Given Find Solution
HP = horsepower HP = 240V x 20A x 85%
V = voltage HP = I X E X
240V, 20A, 746
I = current (amps) HP Eff. HP
85% Eff. HP=5.5
Eff. = efficiency 746

I = 10HP x 746
Example: What is the 10HP, 240V,
I = HP x 746 240V x 90% x 88%
horsepower of a 230v I 90% Eff., I
E X Eff x PF I = 39 A
motor pulling 4 amps 88% PF
and having 82%
efficiency? Eff= efficiency, HP= Horse power, V= volts, A = Amps, PF = power factor

HP = V x I x Eff = 230 x 4 x0 .82 = 1HP

746 746

To calculate the horsepower of a motor when the speed and torque are known, apply this
formula:

HP = rpm x T(torque)
5252(constant)

Example: What is the horsepower of a 1725 rpm motor with a FLT 3.1 lb-ft?

HP = rpm x T = 1725 x 3.1 = HP = 1 hp

5252 5252

Calculating Synchronous Speed:

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AC motors are considered constant speed motors. This is because the synchronous speed of an
induction motor is based on the supply frequency and the number of poles in the motor winding.
Motor are designed for 60 Hz use have synchronous speeds of 3600, 1800, 1200, 900, 720, 600,
514, and 450 rpm.

To calculate synchronous speed of an induction motor, apply this formula:

Rpmsyn = 120 x f
Np

rpmsyn = synchronous speed (in rpm), f = supply frequency in (cycles/sec),

Np = number of motor poles

Example: What is the synchronous speed of a four pole motor operating at 50 Hz ?

rpmsyn = 120 x f = 120 x 50 = 1500 rpm

Np 4

AC Efficiency and Power Factor Formulas

To Find Single Phase Three Phase

746 x HP 746 x HP
Efficiency
E x I x PF E x I x PF x 1.732
Input Watts Input Watts
Power Factor
VxA E x I x 1.732

Voltage Drop Formulas

2xKxIxL K = ohms per mil foot, K value changes with
Single VD = CM temperature
Phase
2K x L x I
(2 or 3 wire) CM= VD (Copper = 12.9 at 75°)
1.73 x K x I x L (Alum = 21.2 at 75°)
VD= CM
L = Length of conductor in feet
Three Phase
1.73 x K x L x I
CM= VD
I = Current in conductor (amperes)

CM = Circular mil area of conductor

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 Electrical Equations - AC Equations
ALTERNATING CURRENT
DESIRED DIRECT
DATA Two-Phase* CURRENT
Single-Phase Three-Phase
Four-Wire
Amperes kva x 1000 kva x 1000 kva x 1000 kva x 1000
when E 2 x Es 1.73 x E E
KVA is shown
Amperes kw x 1000 kw x 1000 kw x 1000 kw x 1000
when E x pf 2 x E x pf 1.73 x E x pf E
kw are
shown
Amperes hp x 746 hp x 746 hp x 746 hp x 746
when E x %Eff x pf 2 x E x %Eff x pf 1.73 x E x %Eff x pf E x %Eff
hp is shown
Kilovolt- IxE IxEx2 I x E x 1.73 IxE
Amperes 1000 1000 1000 1000
Kilowatts I x E x pf I x E x 2 pf I x E x 1.73 x pf IxE
1000 1000 1000 1000
I x E x %Eff x I x E x 2 x %Eff x pf I x E x 1.73 x %Eff x I x E x %Eff
Horsepower pf 746 pf 746
746 746

POWER - AC CIRCUITS
Efficiency = 746 x Output HP / Input Watts

3ø KW = Volts x Amps x PF x 1.732 / 1000

3ø Amps = 746 x HP / 1.732 x Eff. x PF

3ø Eff. = 746 x HP / 1.732 x Volts x Amps x PF
3ø PF = Input Watts / Volts x Amps x 1.732
1ø KW = Volts x Amps x PF / 1000
1ø Amps = 746 x HP / Volts x Eff. x PF
1ø Eff. = 746 x HP / Volts x Amps x PF
1ø PF = Input Watts / Volts x Amps
HP (3ø) = Volts x Amps x 1.732 x Eff. x PF / 746
HP (1ø) = Volts x Amps x Eff. x PF / 746

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