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Sampling Theorem: - Presented By., - S.Shanmathee

The sampling theorem states that a continuous-time signal can be reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency component of the signal. Specifically: 1) The sampling frequency must be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal to avoid aliasing when reconstructing the original signal. 2) If the sampling frequency is lower than the Nyquist rate of twice the highest frequency, aliasing will occur and information will be lost, distorting the reconstructed signal. 3) Reconstructing the original signal from its samples involves representing the signal using interpolation between the discrete sample points.

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Sarah Kadhim Mohsen
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107 views

Sampling Theorem: - Presented By., - S.Shanmathee

The sampling theorem states that a continuous-time signal can be reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency component of the signal. Specifically: 1) The sampling frequency must be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal to avoid aliasing when reconstructing the original signal. 2) If the sampling frequency is lower than the Nyquist rate of twice the highest frequency, aliasing will occur and information will be lost, distorting the reconstructed signal. 3) Reconstructing the original signal from its samples involves representing the signal using interpolation between the discrete sample points.

Uploaded by

Sarah Kadhim Mohsen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling Theorem

• Presented by.,
• S.Shanmathee
2/6/2015
ADC

• Generally signals are analog in nature (eg:speech,weather


signals).
• To process the analog signal by digital means, it is essential
to convert them to discrete-time signal , and then convert
them to a sequence of numbers.
• The process of converting an analog to digital signal is
‘Analog-to-Digital Conversion’.
• The ADC involves three steps which are:
1)Sampling
2)Quantization
3)coding

2/6/2015
TYPES OF SIGNALS
• Analog signals: continuous in time and amplitude
– Example: voltage, current, temperature,…
• Digital signals: discrete both in time and amplitude
– Example: attendance of this class, digitizes analog
signals,…
• Discrete-time signal: discrete in time, continuous in
amplitude
– Example: hourly change of temperature in Austin

2/6/2015
• During sampling process, a continuous-time signal is
converted into discrete -time signals by taking samples
of continuous-time signal at discrete time intervals.

x(nTs)  x(t )
T=Sampling Interval
x (t)=Analog input signal

2/6/2015
•Sampling theorem gives the criteria for minimum number
of samples that should be taken.
•Sampling criteria:-”Sampling frequency must be
twice of the highest frequency”

fs=2W
fs=sampling frequency
w=higher frequency content 2/6/2015
2w also known as Nyquist rate
•Nyquist rate is defined as the minimum sampling rate for the
perfect reconstruction of the continuous time signals from
samples.
•Nyquist rate=2*highest frequency component
=2*W
•So sampling rate must be greater than or equal to nyquist rate

2/6/2015
•There are two parts,
representation of x(t) in its samples
reconstruction of x(t)
Representation of x(t) in its samples
1.Define x∂(t)
2.Take fourier transform of x∂(t)) (i.e) x∂(f)
3.Relation between x(f) and x∂(f)
4.Relation between x(t) and x(nTs)

2/6/2015
Reconstruction of x(t)
1.Take inverse fourier transform of x∂(f)
2.Show that x(t) is obtained back with the help of
interpolation function

2/6/2015
•While providing sampling theorem we considered fs=2W
•Consider the case that fs < 2W

2/6/2015
Effects of Aliasing,
1.Distortion.
2.The data is lost and it cannot be recovered.
To avoid Aliasing,
1.sampling rate must be fs>=2W.

2.strictly bandlimit the signal to ’W’.

2/6/2015
2/6/2015
s(t )  5 cos(50t )  20 sin(300t )  10 cos(100t )
In general form, any continuous signal can be written as
S(t)=A1 cos(jw1t)+ A2 cos(jw2t)+ A3 cos(jw3t)

F1= w1/2∏ = 50∏/2∏ = 25HZ


F2= w2/2∏ = 300∏/2∏ = 150HZ
F3= w3/2∏ = 100∏/2∏ = 50HZ
Here, highest frequency component=150HZ
Hence Nyquist rate=2*150HZ=300HZ

2/6/2015
s(t )  5 cos(200t )
•What is the minimum sampling rate(nyquist rate)?
Highest frequency=100HZ
So, Nyquist rate=2W=2*100=200HZ
•If sampling frequency is 400HZ then what is the discrete
time signal obtained?
f=freq of continuous signal/sampling freq
=100/400=1/4
Discrete time signal=5 cos(2∏fn)=5 cos (2∏*1/4 n)
=5 cos(∏n/2)
2/6/2015
“SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS”
by Dr.J.S.Chitode

2/6/2015
Optimist: "The glass is
half full."
Pessimist: "The glass is
half empty."
Engineer: "That glass is
twice as large as it
needs to be."
2/6/2015

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