DESIGN OF U-TROUGH

1.0 DESIGN OF U-TROUGH 2.0M HEIGHT

DESIGN CONSTANT Cover 75 mm

Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa

WALL for Ht = 2.00 cantilever length of wall 2.00 m

thickness of wall at bottom 0.25 m
thickness of wall at top 0.25 m

Pressure at Bottom Moment Shear

(kN/m2) (kNm) (kN)
for earth pressure = 11.88 9.98 11.88
for sur charge = 7.13 14.26 14.26

for ULS Combi = 32.08 34.93

for Rare Combi = 21.38
for Frequent Combi = 9.98

(i) DESIGN - ULS CASE

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment 32.08 kNm
1st 10 6.7 80 mm Width of Slab ws 1000 mm
2nd 10 0 100 mm Depth of slab ts 250 mm
3rd 10 0 120 mm Width of web bw 1000 mm
4th 10 0 140 mm Depth of girder D 250 mm
5th 10 0 160 mm Effective depth of girder d 170 mm
6th 10 0 180 mm Depth of neutral axis xu 21 mm OK
7th 10 0 200 mm
Total 6.7 80 mm Cover 75 mm
Area of bottom steel (mm2) = 524 Dia of shear stirrup 0 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
0.21 Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa
Shape factor 0.80
h 1.00
f cd 13.40 Mpa
gs 1.15
xu / d 0.46

Calculations of force and moment capacity of concrete -

Section Area(mm^2) Cg from top(mm) Fc=ɳFcd*A(Kn) Moment=Fcd*Cg (KNm)
deck slab 16989 8.5 227.7 1.9
Total 16989 227.7 1.9

Calculations of force and moment capacity for steel

Fs=fyk/ɣs*As 227.7 kN
Moment about top fibre 38.7 KN-m
Comparision of total compression = total tension FC = FT
Difference in compression and tension which has to be be Zero as mentioned above FC=FT 0.00KN

Taking moments about top of fibre gives moment of resistance Mr 36.8 kNm OK
(ii) SHEAR CHECK - ULS CASE

V ED is ultimate design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading 34.93 KN

V Rd,c is the design shear reinforcement of the member without shear reinforcement
(0.12k (80r l f ck )1/3+ k 1 s cp)b w d [ Clause 10.3.2]
subject to a minimum of (ν min + 0.15 s cp )b w d

fck is the concrete cylinder strength M30 Mpa

d effective depth 170 mm
K= 1+ sqrt(200/d) <=2.0 2.000
r = A sl /b w d <=0.02 0.00308
Asl is the area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement which extends a minimum of design 524 mm2
anchorage length and an effective depth beyond the section considered
bw is the smallest width of cross-section in the tensile zone 1000 mm
d effective depth of tensile reinforcement 170 mm
s cp N ED /A c (in MPA) 0

ν min = 0.031K 3/2 f ck 1/2 0.480

(νmin + 0.15scp)bwd 81.6 kN

Thus ignoring any axial load V Rd,c 81.6 KN

Shear reinforcement is not required

0
Try vertical links where a = 90 and a strut angle q of 45 :

a cw is a co-efficient taking in to account of the state of the stress in the compressive chord 1.00
where scp = 0

V1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 0.60

V 1 = 0.6 for f ck <= 80MPa
V 1 = 0.9-f ck /250 for f ck => 80MPa
Z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for R.C . Section and to be calculated for PSC section 153 mm

f cd 13.400 Mpa
q = 45.00 o
cot q 1.00
tan q 1.00
bw 1000 mm
V RD.max design value of maximum shear force a cw b w z v 1 f cd / (cot q +tan q ) 615 KN
Hence Ok
(iii) DESIGN - SLS CASE - STRESS CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 21.38 kNm
1st 10 6.666666667 80 mm
2nd 10 0 100 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 10 0 120 mm Depth of slab T = 250 mm
4th 10 0 140 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 10 0 160 mm Depth of girder D = 250 mm
6th 10 0 180 mm Effective depth of girder d = 170 mm
7th 10 0 200 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 125.58 mm
Total 6.666666667 80 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 524 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 250000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 1 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = Fe500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
m = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 1.31E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus ZT = 1.04E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 2.95E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 2.05 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 4.54 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 4.54 Mpa

(iv) DESIGN - SLS CASE - CRACK CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 9.98 kNm
1st 10 6.666666667 80 mm
2nd 10 0 100 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 10 0 120 mm Depth of slab T = 250 mm
4th 10 0 140 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 10 0 160 mm Depth of girder D = 250 mm
6th 10 0 180 mm Effective depth of girder d = 170 mm
7th 10 0 200 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 125.58 mm
Total 6.666666667 80 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 524 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 250000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 1 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = 500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
modular ratio = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 1.31E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus at top of deck ZT = 1.04E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 2.95E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 0.96 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 2.12 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 2.12 Mpa
Maximum crack width

Wk = S r,max ( e sm - e cm ) = 0.000 Hence OK

S r,max = Maximum crack spacing 3.4c + 0.425k 1k 2j is applicable = 304.0 mm

r r .eff
where spacing of bonded reinforcement with in the tension zone <=5*(C+ j /2) = 400 mm

j = is the bar diameter.Where different diameters are used = 10 mm

in section an equivalent diameter canbe used j eq

C = Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm

K1 = is the co-efficient which takes account of the bond properties = 0.8

of the bonded reinforcement

K2 = is a co-fficient which takes into account of the distribution of strain = 0.5

= s sc - k 1 f ct.eff / r r. eff (1+a e r r .eff ) = 0.0000

>=0.6 s sc / Es
Es

s sc = is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section = 2.12 Mpa

ae = is the ratio Es/Ec = 6.250

r r. eff = A s /A c.eff = 0.0347

A c.eff = is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement = 15086.87 mm2
of depth h c.eff , where h c.eff is the lesser of following
b = 1000 mm
1 One third of the tension zone depth of the cracked section,(h-x)/3, h = 250 mm
with x negative when whole section is in tension d = 170 mm
x = 205 mm
2 half of section depth,h/2, or

3 2.5*(h-d)

As = Area of tension reinforcement = 524 mm2

f ct.eff = is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the = 2.200 Mpa
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur f ct.eff = f ctm
 2.0 DESIGN OF U-TROUGH 2.5M HEIGHT

DESIGN CONSTANT Cover 75 mm

Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa

WALL for Ht = 2.50 cantilever length of wall 2.50 m

thickness of wall at bottom 0.25 m
thickness of wall at top 0.25 m

Pressure at Bottom Moment Shear

(kN/m2) (kNm) (kN)
for earth pressure = 14.85 19.49 18.56
for sur charge = 7.13 22.28 17.82

for ULS Combi = 55.97 49.23

for Rare Combi = 37.31
for Frequent Combi = 19.49

(i) DESIGN - ULS CASE

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment 55.97 kNm
1st 12 8 81 mm Width of Slab ws 1000 mm
2nd 12 0 105 mm Depth of slab ts 250 mm
3rd 12 0 129 mm Width of web bw 1000 mm
4th 12 0 153 mm Depth of girder D 250 mm
5th 12 0 177 mm Effective depth of girder d 169 mm

6th 12 0 201 mm Depth of neutral axis xu 37 mm OK

7th 12 0 225 mm
Total 8 81 mm Cover 75 mm
Area of bottom steel (mm2) = 905 Dia of shear stirrup 0 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
0.36 Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa
Shape factor 0.80
h 1.00
f cd 13.40 Mpa
gs 1.15
xu / d 0.46

Calculations of force and moment capacity of concrete -

Section Area(mm^2) Cg from top(mm) Fc=ɳFcd*A(Kn) Moment=Fcd*Cg (KNm)
deck slab 29357 14.7 393.4 5.8
Total 29357 393.4 5.8

Calculations of force and moment capacity for steel

Fs=fyk/ɣs*As 393.4 kN
Moment about top fibre 66.5 KN-m
Comparision of total compression = total tension FC = FT
Difference in compression and tension which has to be be Zero as mentioned above FC=FT 0.00KN

Taking moments about top of fibre gives moment of resistance Mr 60.7 kNm OK
(ii) SHEAR CHECK - ULS CASE

V ED is ultimate design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading 49.23 KN

V Rd,c is the design shear reinforcement of the member without shear reinforcement
1/3
(0.12k (80r l f ck ) + k 1 s cp)b w d [ Clause 10.3.2]
subject to a minimum of (ν min + 0.15 s cp )b w d

fck is the concrete cylinder strength M30 Mpa

d effective depth 169 mm
K= 1+ sqrt(200/d) <=2.0 2.000
r = A sl /b w d <=0.02 0.00535
Asl is the area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement which extends a minimum of design 905 mm2
anchorage length and an effective depth beyond the section considered
bw is the smallest width of cross-section in the tensile zone 1000 mm
d effective depth of tensile reinforcement 169 mm
s cp N ED /A c (in MPA) 0

ν min = 0.031K 3/2 f ck 1/2 0.480

(νmin + 0.15scp)bwd 81.2 kN

Thus ignoring any axial load V Rd,c 94.9 KN

Shear reinforcement is not required

0
Try vertical links where a = 90 and a strut angle q of 45 :

a cw is a co-efficient taking in to account of the state of the stress in the compressive chord 1.00
where scp = 0

V1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 0.60

V 1 = 0.6 for f ck <= 80MPa
V 1 = 0.9-f ck /250 for f ck => 80MPa
Z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for R.C . Section and to be calculated for PSC section 152 mm

f cd 13.400 Mpa
o
q = 45.00 cot q 1.00
tan q 1.00
bw 1000 mm
V RD.max design value of maximum shear force a cw b w z v 1 f cd / (cot q +tan q ) 611 KN
Hence Ok
(iii) DESIGN - SLS CASE - STRESS CHECK

Dia of
Layer No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment
Bar = 37.31 kNm
1st 12 8 81 mm
2nd 12 0 105 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 12 0 129 mm Depth of slab T = 250 mm
4th 12 0 153 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 12 0 177 mm Depth of girder D = 250 mm
6th 12 0 201 mm Effective depth of girder d = 169 mm
7th 12 0 225 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 125.97 mm
Total 8 81 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 905 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 250000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 1 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = Fe500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
m = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 1.31E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus ZT = 1.04E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 3.05E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 3.58 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 7.64 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 7.64 Mpa

(iv) DESIGN - SLS CASE - CRACK CHECK

Dia of
Layer No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment
Bar = 19.49 kNm
1st 12 8 81 mm
2nd 12 0 105 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 12 0 129 mm Depth of slab T = 250 mm
4th 12 0 153 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 12 0 177 mm Depth of girder D = 250 mm
6th 12 0 201 mm Effective depth of girder d = 169 mm
7th 12 0 225 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 125.97 mm
Total 8 81 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 905 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 250000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 1 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = 500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
modular ratio = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 1.31E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus at top of deck ZT = 1.04E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 3.05E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 1.87 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 3.99 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 3.99 Mpa
Maximum crack width

Wk = S r,max ( e sm - e cm ) = 0.000 Hence OK

S r,max = Maximum crack spacing 3.4c + is applicable

0.425k 1k 2j = 288.1 mm
r r .eff
where spacing of bonded reinforcement with in the tension zone <=5*(C+ j /2) = 405 mm

j = is the bar diameter.Where different diameters are used = 12 mm

in section an equivalent diameter canbe used j eq

C = Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm

K1 = is the co-efficient which takes account of the bond properties = 0.8

of the bonded reinforcement

K2 = is a co-fficient which takes into account of the distribution of strain = 0.5

= s sc - k 1 f ct.eff / r r. eff (1+a e r r .eff ) = 0.0000

>=0.6 s sc / Es
Es

s sc = is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section = 3.99 Mpa

ae = is the ratio Es/Ec = 6.250

r r. eff = A s /A c.eff = 0.0617

A c.eff = is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement = 14659.85 mm2
of depth h c.eff , where h c.eff is the lesser of following
b = 1000 mm
1 One third of the tension zone depth of the cracked section,(h-x)/3, h = 250 mm
with x negative when whole section is in tension d = 169 mm
x = 206 mm
2 half of section depth,h/2, or

3 2.5*(h-d)

As = Area of tension reinforcement = 905 mm2

f ct.eff = is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the = 2.200 Mpa
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur f ct.eff = f ctm
 3.0 DESIGN OF U-TROUGH 3.0M HEIGHT

DESIGN CONSTANT Cover 75 mm

Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa

WALL for Ht = 3.00 cantilever length of wall 3.00 m

thickness of wall at bottom 0.30 m
thickness of wall at top 0.25 m

Pressure at Bottom Moment Shear

(kN/m2) (kNm) (kN)
for earth pressure = 17.82 33.68 26.73
for sur charge = 7.13 32.08 21.38

for ULS Combi = 89.01 65.76

for Rare Combi = 59.34
for Frequent Combi = 33.68

(i) DESIGN - ULS CASE

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment 89.01 kNm
1st 12 10 81 mm Width of Slab ws 1000 mm
2nd 12 0 105 mm Depth of slab ts 300 mm
3rd 12 0 129 mm Width of web bw 1000 mm
4th 12 0 153 mm Depth of girder D 300 mm
5th 12 0 177 mm Effective depth of girder d 219 mm
6th 12 0 201 mm Depth of neutral axis xu 46 mm OK
7th 12 0 225 mm
Total 10 81 mm Cover 75 mm
Area of bottom steel (mm2) = 1131 Dia of shear stirrup 0 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
0.38 Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa
Shape factor 0.80
h 1.00
f cd 13.40 Mpa
gs 1.15
xu / d 0.46

Calculations of force and moment capacity of concrete -

Section Area(mm^2) Cg from top(mm) Fc=ɳFcd*A(Kn) Moment=Fcd*Cg (KNm)
deck slab 36696 18.3 491.7 9.0
Total 36696 491.7 9.0

Calculations of force and moment capacity for steel

Fs=fyk/ɣs*As 491.7 kN
Moment about top fibre 107.7 KN-m
Comparision of total compression = total tension FC = FT
Difference in compression and tension which has to be be Zero as mentioned above FC=FT 0.00KN

Taking moments about top of fibre gives moment of resistance Mr 98.7 kNm OK
(ii) SHEAR CHECK - ULS CASE

V ED is ultimate design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading 65.76 KN

V Rd,c is the design shear reinforcement of the member without shear reinforcement
(0.12k (80r l f ck )1/3+ k 1 s cp)b w d [ Clause 10.3.2]
subject to a minimum of (ν min + 0.15 s cp )b w d

fck is the concrete cylinder strength M30 Mpa

d effective depth 219 mm
K= 1+ sqrt(200/d) <=2.0 1.956
r = A sl /b w d <=0.02 0.00516
Asl is the area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement which extends a minimum of design 1131 mm2
anchorage length and an effective depth beyond the section considered
bw is the smallest width of cross-section in the tensile zone 1000 mm
d effective depth of tensile reinforcement 219 mm
s cp N ED /A c (in MPA) 0

ν min = 0.031K 3/2 f ck 1/2 0.464

(νmin + 0.15scp)bwd 101.7 kN

Thus ignoring any axial load V Rd,c 118.8 KN

Shear reinforcement is not required

0
Try vertical links where a = 90 and a strut angle q of 45 :

a cw is a co-efficient taking in to account of the state of the stress in the compressive chord 1.00
where scp = 0

V1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 0.60

V 1 = 0.6 for f ck <= 80MPa
V 1 = 0.9-f ck /250 for f ck => 80MPa
Z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for R.C . Section and to be calculated for PSC section 197 mm

f cd 13.400 Mpa
q = 45.00 o
cot q 1.00
tan q 1.00
bw 1000 mm
V RD.max design value of maximum shear force a cw b w z v 1 f cd / (cot q +tan q ) 792 KN
Hence Ok
(iii) DESIGN - SLS CASE - STRESS CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 59.34 kNm
1st 12 10 81 mm
2nd 12 0 105 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 12 0 129 mm Depth of slab T = 300 mm
4th 12 0 153 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 12 0 177 mm Depth of girder D = 300 mm
6th 12 0 201 mm Effective depth of girder d = 219 mm
7th 12 0 225 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 151.59 mm
Total 10 81 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 1131 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 300000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 2 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = Fe500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
m = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 2.28E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus ZT = 1.51E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 3.39E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 3.94 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 10.95 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 10.95 Mpa

(iv) DESIGN - SLS CASE - CRACK CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 33.68 kNm
1st 12 10 81 mm
2nd 12 0 105 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 12 0 129 mm Depth of slab T = 300 mm
4th 12 0 153 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 12 0 177 mm Depth of girder D = 300 mm
6th 12 0 201 mm Effective depth of girder d = 219 mm
7th 12 0 225 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 151.59 mm
Total 10 81 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 1131 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 300000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 2 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = 500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
modular ratio = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 2.28E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus at top of deck ZT = 1.51E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 3.39E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 2.24 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 6.22 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 6.22 Mpa
Maximum crack width

Wk = S r,max ( e sm - e cm ) = 0.000 Hence OK

S r,max = Maximum crack spacing 3.4c + 0.425k 1k 2j is applicable = 294.2 mm

r r .eff
where spacing of bonded reinforcement with in the tension zone <=5*(C+ j /2) = 405 mm

j = is the bar diameter.Where different diameters are used = 12 mm

in section an equivalent diameter canbe used j eq

C = Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm

K1 = is the co-efficient which takes account of the bond properties = 0.8

of the bonded reinforcement

K2 = is a co-fficient which takes into account of the distribution of strain = 0.5

= s sc - k 1 f ct.eff / r r. eff (1+a e r r .eff ) = 0.0000

>=0.6 s sc / Es
Es

s sc = is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section = 6.22 Mpa

ae = is the ratio Es/Ec = 6.250

r r. eff = A s /A c.eff = 0.0520

A c.eff = is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement = 21748.99 mm2
of depth h c.eff , where h c.eff is the lesser of following
b = 1000 mm
1 One third of the tension zone depth of the cracked section,(h-x)/3, h = 300 mm
with x negative when whole section is in tension d = 219 mm
x = 235 mm
2 half of section depth,h/2, or

3 2.5*(h-d)

As = Area of tension reinforcement = 1131 mm2

f ct.eff = is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the = 2.200 Mpa
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur f ct.eff = f ctm
 4.0 DESIGN OF U-TROUGH 3.50M HEIGHT

DESIGN CONSTANT Cover 75 mm

Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa

WALL for Ht = 3.50 cantilever length of wall 3.50 m

thickness of wall at bottom 0.35 m
thickness of wall at top 0.25 m

Pressure at Bottom Moment Shear

(kN/m2) (kNm) (kN)
for earth pressure = 20.79 53.48 36.38
for sur charge = 7.13 43.66 24.95

for ULS Combi = 132.61 84.51

for Rare Combi = 88.41
for Frequent Combi = 53.48

(i) DESIGN - ULS CASE

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment 132.61 kNm
1st 16 8 83 mm Width of Slab ws 1000 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Depth of slab ts 350 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Width of web bw 1000 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Depth of girder D 350 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Effective depth of girder d 267 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Depth of neutral axis xu 65 mm OK
7th 16 0 275 mm
Total 8 83 mm Cover 75 mm
Area of bottom steel (mm2) = 1608 Dia of shear stirrup 0 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
0.46 Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa
Shape factor 0.80
h 1.00
f cd 13.40 Mpa
gs 1.15
xu / d 0.46

Calculations of force and moment capacity of concrete -

Section Area(mm^2) Cg from top(mm) Fc=ɳFcd*A(Kn) Moment=Fcd*Cg (KNm)
deck slab 52190 26.1 699.3 18.2
Total 52190 699.3 18.2

Calculations of force and moment capacity for steel

Fs=fyk/ɣs*As 699.3 kN
Moment about top fibre 186.7 KN-m
Comparision of total compression = total tension FC = FT
Difference in compression and tension which has to be be Zero as mentioned above FC=FT 0.00KN

Taking moments about top of fibre gives moment of resistance Mr 168.5 kNm OK
(ii) SHEAR CHECK - ULS CASE

V ED is ultimate design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading 84.51 KN

V Rd,c is the design shear reinforcement of the member without shear reinforcement
(0.12k (80r l f ck )1/3+ k 1 s cp)b w d [ Clause 10.3.2]
subject to a minimum of (ν min + 0.15 s cp )b w d

fck is the concrete cylinder strength M30 Mpa

d effective depth 267 mm
K= 1+ sqrt(200/d) <=2.0 1.865
r = A sl /b w d <=0.02 0.00602
Asl is the area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement which extends a minimum of design 1608 mm2
anchorage length and an effective depth beyond the section considered
bw is the smallest width of cross-section in the tensile zone 1000 mm
d effective depth of tensile reinforcement 267 mm
s cp N ED /A c (in MPA) 0

ν min = 0.031K 3/2 f ck 1/2 0.433

(νmin + 0.15scp)bwd 115.5 kN

Thus ignoring any axial load V Rd,c 145.5 KN

Shear reinforcement is not required

0
Try vertical links where a = 90 and a strut angle q of 45 :

a cw is a co-efficient taking in to account of the state of the stress in the compressive chord 1.00
where scp = 0

V1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 0.60

V 1 = 0.6 for f ck <= 80MPa
V 1 = 0.9-f ck /250 for f ck => 80MPa
Z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for R.C . Section and to be calculated for PSC section 240 mm

f cd 13.400 Mpa
q = 45.00 o
cot q 1.00
tan q 1.00
bw 1000 mm
V RD.max design value of maximum shear force a cw b w z v 1 f cd / (cot q +tan q ) 966 KN
Hence Ok
(iii) DESIGN - SLS CASE - STRESS CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 88.41 kNm
1st 16 8 83 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Depth of slab T = 350 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Depth of girder D = 350 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Effective depth of girder d = 267 mm
7th 16 0 275 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 177.57 mm
Total 8 83 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 1608 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 350000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 3 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = Fe500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
m = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 3.66E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus ZT = 2.06E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 4.09E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 4.29 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 13.52 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 13.52 Mpa

(iv) DESIGN - SLS CASE - CRACK CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 53.48 kNm
1st 16 8 83 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Depth of slab T = 350 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Depth of girder D = 350 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Effective depth of girder d = 267 mm
7th 16 0 275 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 177.57 mm
Total 8 83 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 1608 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 350000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 3 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = 500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
modular ratio = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 3.66E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus at top of deck ZT = 2.06E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 4.09E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 2.60 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 8.18 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 8.18 Mpa
Maximum crack width

Wk = S r,max ( e sm - e cm ) = 0.000 Hence OK

S r,max = Maximum crack spacing 3.4c + 0.425k 1k 2j is applicable = 302.2 mm

r r .eff
where spacing of bonded reinforcement with in the tension zone <=5*(C+ j /2) = 415 mm

j = is the bar diameter.Where different diameters are used = 16 mm

in section an equivalent diameter canbe used j eq

C = Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm

K1 = is the co-efficient which takes account of the bond properties = 0.8

of the bonded reinforcement

K2 = is a co-fficient which takes into account of the distribution of strain = 0.5

= s sc - k 1 f ct.eff / r r. eff (1+a e r r .eff ) = 0.0000

>=0.6 s sc / Es
Es

s sc = is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section = 8.18 Mpa

ae = is the ratio Es/Ec = 6.250

r r. eff = A s /A c.eff = 0.0576

A c.eff = is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement = 27931.71 mm2
of depth h c.eff , where h c.eff is the lesser of following
b = 1000 mm
1 One third of the tension zone depth of the cracked section,(h-x)/3, h = 350 mm
with x negative when whole section is in tension d = 267 mm
x = 266 mm
2 half of section depth,h/2, or

3 2.5*(h-d)

As = Area of tension reinforcement = 1608 mm2

f ct.eff = is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the = 2.200 Mpa
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur f ct.eff = f ctm
 5.0 DESIGN OF U-TROUGH 4.0M HEIGHT

DESIGN CONSTANT Cover 75 mm

Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa

WALL for Ht = 4.00 cantilever length of wall 4.00 m

thickness of wall at bottom 0.40 m
thickness of wall at top 0.25 m

Pressure at Bottom Moment Shear

(kN/m2) (kNm) (kN)
for earth pressure = 23.76 79.83 47.52
for sur charge = 7.13 57.02 28.51

for ULS Combi = 188.18 105.49

for Rare Combi = 125.45
for Frequent Combi = 79.83

(i) DESIGN - ULS CASE

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment 188.18 kNm
1st 16 8 83 mm Width of Slab ws 1000 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Depth of slab ts 400 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Width of web bw 1000 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Depth of girder D 400 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Effective depth of girder d 317 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Depth of neutral axis xu 65 mm OK
7th 16 0 275 mm
Total 8 83 mm Cover 75 mm
Area of bottom steel (mm2) = 1608 Dia of shear stirrup 0 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
0.40 Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa
Shape factor 0.80
h 1.00
f cd 13.40 Mpa
gs 1.15
xu / d 0.46

Calculations of force and moment capacity of concrete -

Section Area(mm^2) Cg from top(mm) Fc=ɳFcd*A(Kn) Moment=Fcd*Cg (KNm)
deck slab 52190 26.1 699.3 18.2
Total 52190 699.3 18.2

Calculations of force and moment capacity for steel

Fs=fyk/ɣs*As 699.3 kN
Moment about top fibre 221.7 KN-m
Comparision of total compression = total tension FC = FT
Difference in compression and tension which has to be be Zero as mentioned above FC=FT 0.00KN

Taking moments about top of fibre gives moment of resistance Mr 203.4 kNm OK
(ii) SHEAR CHECK - ULS CASE

V ED is ultimate design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading 105.49 KN

V Rd,c is the design shear reinforcement of the member without shear reinforcement
(0.12k (80r l f ck )1/3+ k 1 s cp)b w d [ Clause 10.3.2]
subject to a minimum of (ν min + 0.15 s cp )b w d

fck is the concrete cylinder strength M30 Mpa

d effective depth 317 mm
K= 1+ sqrt(200/d) <=2.0 1.794
r = A sl /b w d <=0.02 0.00507
Asl is the area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement which extends a minimum of design 1608 mm2
anchorage length and an effective depth beyond the section considered
bw is the smallest width of cross-section in the tensile zone 1000 mm
d effective depth of tensile reinforcement 317 mm
s cp N ED /A c (in MPA) 0

ν min = 0.031K 3/2 f ck 1/2 0.408

(νmin + 0.15scp)bwd 129.4 kN

Thus ignoring any axial load V Rd,c 156.9 KN

Shear reinforcement is not required

0
Try vertical links where a = 90 and a strut angle q of 45 :

a cw is a co-efficient taking in to account of the state of the stress in the compressive chord 1.00
where scp = 0

V1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 0.60

V 1 = 0.6 for f ck <= 80MPa
V 1 = 0.9-f ck /250 for f ck => 80MPa
Z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for R.C . Section and to be calculated for PSC section 285 mm

f cd 13.400 Mpa
q = 45.00 o
cot q 1.00
tan q 1.00
bw 1000 mm
V RD.max design value of maximum shear force a cw b w z v 1 f cd / (cot q +tan q ) 1147 KN
Hence Ok
(iii) DESIGN - SLS CASE - STRESS CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 125.45 kNm
1st 16 8 83 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Depth of slab T = 400 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Depth of girder D = 400 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Effective depth of girder d = 317 mm
7th 16 0 275 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 202.87 mm
Total 8 83 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 1608 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 400000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 3 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = Fe500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
m = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 5.47E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus ZT = 2.70E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 4.79E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 4.65 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 16.37 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 16.37 Mpa

(iv) DESIGN - SLS CASE - CRACK CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 79.83 kNm
1st 16 8 83 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Depth of slab T = 400 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Depth of girder D = 400 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Effective depth of girder d = 317 mm
7th 16 0 275 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 202.87 mm
Total 8 83 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 1608 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 400000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 3 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = 500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
modular ratio = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 5.47E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus at top of deck ZT = 2.70E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 4.79E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 2.96 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 10.42 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 10.42 Mpa
Maximum crack width

Wk = S r,max ( e sm - e cm ) = 0.000 Hence OK

S r,max = Maximum crack spacing 3.4c + 0.425k 1k 2j is applicable = 313.7 mm

r r .eff
where spacing of bonded reinforcement with in the tension zone <=5*(C+ j /2) = 415 mm

j = is the bar diameter.Where different diameters are used = 16 mm

in section an equivalent diameter canbe used j eq

C = Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm

K1 = is the co-efficient which takes account of the bond properties = 0.8

of the bonded reinforcement

K2 = is a co-fficient which takes into account of the distribution of strain = 0.5

= s sc - k 1 f ct.eff / r r. eff (1+a e r r .eff ) = 0.0000

>=0.6 s sc / Es
Es

s sc = is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section = 10.42 Mpa

ae = is the ratio Es/Ec = 6.250

r r. eff = A s /A c.eff = 0.0464

A c.eff = is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement = 34686.14 mm2
of depth h c.eff , where h c.eff is the lesser of following
b = 1000 mm
1 One third of the tension zone depth of the cracked section,(h-x)/3, h = 400 mm
with x negative when whole section is in tension d = 317 mm
x = 296 mm
2 half of section depth,h/2, or

3 2.5*(h-d)

As = Area of tension reinforcement = 1608 mm2

f ct.eff = is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the = 2.200 Mpa
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur f ct.eff = f ctm
 6.0 DESIGN OF U-TROUGH 4.5M HEIGHT

DESIGN CONSTANT Cover 75 mm

Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa

WALL for Ht = 4.50 cantilever length of wall 4.50 m

thickness of wall at bottom 0.45 m
thickness of wall at top 0.25 m

Pressure at Bottom Moment Shear

(kN/m2) (kNm) (kN)
for earth pressure = 26.73 113.67 60.14
for sur charge = 7.13 72.17 32.08

for ULS Combi = 257.11 128.70

for Rare Combi = 171.41
for Frequent Combi = 113.67

(i) DESIGN - ULS CASE

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment 257.11 kNm
1st 16 10 83 mm Width of Slab ws 1000 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Depth of slab ts 450 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Width of web bw 1000 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Depth of girder D 450 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Effective depth of girder d 367 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Depth of neutral axis xu 82 mm OK
7th 16 0 275 mm
Total 10 83 mm Cover 75 mm
Area of bottom steel (mm2) = 2011 Dia of shear stirrup 0 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
0.45 Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa
Shape factor 0.80
h 1.00
f cd 13.40 Mpa
gs 1.15
xu / d 0.46

Calculations of force and moment capacity of concrete -

Section Area(mm^2) Cg from top(mm) Fc=ɳFcd*A(Kn) Moment=Fcd*Cg (KNm)
deck slab 65237 32.6 874.2 28.5
Total 65237 874.2 28.5

Calculations of force and moment capacity for steel

Fs=fyk/ɣs*As 874.2 kN
Moment about top fibre 320.8 KN-m
Comparision of total compression = total tension FC = FT
Difference in compression and tension which has to be be Zero as mentioned above FC=FT 0.00KN

Taking moments about top of fibre gives moment of resistance Mr 292.3 kNm OK
(ii) SHEAR CHECK - ULS CASE

V ED is ultimate design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading 128.70 KN

V Rd,c is the design shear reinforcement of the member without shear reinforcement
(0.12k (80r l f ck )1/3+ k 1 s cp)b w d [ Clause 10.3.2]
subject to a minimum of (ν min + 0.15 s cp )b w d

fck is the concrete cylinder strength M30 Mpa

d effective depth 367 mm
K= 1+ sqrt(200/d) <=2.0 1.738
r = A sl /b w d <=0.02 0.00548
Asl is the area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement which extends a minimum of design 2011 mm2
anchorage length and an effective depth beyond the section considered
bw is the smallest width of cross-section in the tensile zone 1000 mm
d effective depth of tensile reinforcement 367 mm
s cp N ED /A c (in MPA) 0

ν min = 0.031K 3/2 f ck 1/2 0.389

(νmin + 0.15scp)bwd 142.8 kN

Thus ignoring any axial load V Rd,c 180.5 KN

Shear reinforcement is not required

0
Try vertical links where a = 90 and a strut angle q of 45 :

a cw is a co-efficient taking in to account of the state of the stress in the compressive chord 1.00
where scp = 0

V1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 0.60

V 1 = 0.6 for f ck <= 80MPa
V 1 = 0.9-f ck /250 for f ck => 80MPa
Z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for R.C . Section and to be calculated for PSC section 330 mm

f cd 13.400 Mpa
q = 45.00 o
cot q 1.00
tan q 1.00
bw 1000 mm
V RD.max design value of maximum shear force a cw b w z v 1 f cd / (cot q +tan q ) 1328 KN
Hence Ok
(iii) DESIGN - SLS CASE - STRESS CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 171.41 kNm
1st 16 10 83 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Depth of slab T = 450 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Depth of girder D = 450 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Effective depth of girder d = 367 mm
7th 16 0 275 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 228.86 mm
Total 10 83 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 2011 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 450000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 4 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = Fe500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
m = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 7.84E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus ZT = 3.43E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 5.68E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 5.00 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 18.88 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 18.88 Mpa

(iv) DESIGN - SLS CASE - CRACK CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 113.67 kNm
1st 16 10 83 mm
2nd 16 0 115 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 16 0 147 mm Depth of slab T = 450 mm
4th 16 0 179 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 16 0 211 mm Depth of girder D = 450 mm
6th 16 0 243 mm Effective depth of girder d = 367 mm
7th 16 0 275 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 228.86 mm
Total 10 83 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 2011 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 450000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 4 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = 500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
modular ratio = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 7.84E+09 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus at top of deck ZT = 3.43E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 5.68E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 3.32 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 12.52 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 12.52 Mpa
Maximum crack width

Wk = S r,max ( e sm - e cm ) = 0.000 Hence OK

S r,max = Maximum crack spacing 3.4c + 0.425k 1k 2j is applicable = 310.6 mm

r r .eff
where spacing of bonded reinforcement with in the tension zone <=5*(C+ j /2) = 415 mm

j = is the bar diameter.Where different diameters are used = 16 mm

in section an equivalent diameter canbe used j eq

C = Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm

K1 = is the co-efficient which takes account of the bond properties = 0.8

of the bonded reinforcement

K2 = is a co-fficient which takes into account of the distribution of strain = 0.5

= s sc - k 1 f ct.eff / r r. eff (1+a e r r .eff ) = 0.0000

>=0.6 s sc / Es
Es

s sc = is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section = 12.52 Mpa

ae = is the ratio Es/Ec = 6.250

r r. eff = A s /A c.eff = 0.0489

A c.eff = is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement = 41088.14 mm2
of depth h c.eff , where h c.eff is the lesser of following
b = 1000 mm
1 One third of the tension zone depth of the cracked section,(h-x)/3, h = 450 mm
with x negative when whole section is in tension d = 367 mm
x = 327 mm
2 half of section depth,h/2, or

3 2.5*(h-d)

As = Area of tension reinforcement = 2011 mm2

f ct.eff = is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the = 2.200 Mpa
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur f ct.eff = f ctm
 7.0 DESIGN OF U-TROUGH 5.0M HEIGHT

DESIGN CONSTANT Cover 75 mm

Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa

WALL for Ht = 5.00 cantilever length of wall 5.00 m

thickness of wall at bottom 0.50 m
thickness of wall at top 0.25 m

Pressure at Bottom Moment Shear

(kN/m2) (kNm) (kN)
for earth pressure = 29.70 155.93 74.25
for sur charge = 7.13 89.10 35.64

for ULS Combi = 340.81 154.14

for Rare Combi = 227.21
for Frequent Combi = 155.93

(i) DESIGN - ULS CASE

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment 340.81 kNm
1st 20 8 85 mm Width of Slab ws 1000 mm
2nd 20 0 125 mm Depth of slab ts 500 mm
3rd 20 0 165 mm Width of web bw 1000 mm
4th 20 0 205 mm Depth of girder D 500 mm
5th 20 0 245 mm Effective depth of girder d 415 mm
6th 20 0 285 mm Depth of neutral axis xu 102 mm OK
7th 20 0 325 mm
Total 8 85 mm Cover 75 mm
Area of bottom steel (mm2) = 2513 Dia of shear stirrup 0 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 MPa
0.50 Reinforcement fyk 500 MPa
Shape factor 0.80
h 1.00
f cd 13.40 Mpa
gs 1.15
xu / d 0.46

Calculations of force and moment capacity of concrete -

Section Area(mm^2) Cg from top(mm) Fc=ɳFcd*A(Kn) Moment=Fcd*Cg (KNm)
deck slab 81547 40.8 1092.7 44.6
Total 81547 1092.7 44.6

Calculations of force and moment capacity for steel

Fs=fyk/ɣs*As 1092.7 kN
Moment about top fibre 453.5 KN-m
Comparision of total compression = total tension FC = FT
Difference in compression and tension which has to be be Zero as mentioned above FC=FT 0.00KN

Taking moments about top of fibre gives moment of resistance Mr 408.9 kNm OK
(ii) SHEAR CHECK - ULS CASE

V ED is ultimate design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading 154.14 KN

V Rd,c is the design shear reinforcement of the member without shear reinforcement
(0.12k (80r l f ck )1/3+ k 1 s cp)b w d [ Clause 10.3.2]
subject to a minimum of (ν min + 0.15 s cp )b w d

fck is the concrete cylinder strength M30 Mpa

d effective depth 415 mm
K= 1+ sqrt(200/d) <=2.0 1.694
r = A sl /b w d <=0.02 0.00606
Asl is the area of longitudinal tensile reinforcement which extends a minimum of design 2513 mm2
anchorage length and an effective depth beyond the section considered
bw is the smallest width of cross-section in the tensile zone 1000 mm
d effective depth of tensile reinforcement 415 mm
s cp N ED /A c (in MPA) 0

ν min = 0.031K 3/2 f ck 1/2 0.374

(νmin + 0.15scp)bwd 155.4 kN

Thus ignoring any axial load V Rd,c 205.7 KN

Shear reinforcement is not required

0
Try vertical links where a = 90 and a strut angle q of 45 :

a cw is a co-efficient taking in to account of the state of the stress in the compressive chord 1.00
where scp = 0

V1 is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear 0.60

V 1 = 0.6 for f ck <= 80MPa
V 1 = 0.9-f ck /250 for f ck => 80MPa
Z lever arm can be taken as 0.9d for R.C . Section and to be calculated for PSC section 374 mm

f cd 13.400 Mpa
q = 45.00 o
cot q 1.00
tan q 1.00
bw 1000 mm
V RD.max design value of maximum shear force a cw b w z v 1 f cd / (cot q +tan q ) 1501 KN
Hence Ok
(iii) DESIGN - SLS CASE - STRESS CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 227.21 kNm
1st 20 8 85 mm
2nd 20 0 125 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 20 0 165 mm Depth of slab T = 500 mm
4th 20 0 205 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 20 0 245 mm Depth of girder D = 500 mm
6th 20 0 285 mm Effective depth of girder d = 415 mm
7th 20 0 325 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 255.03 mm
Total 8 85 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 2513 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 500000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 5 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = Fe500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
m = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 1.08E+10 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus ZT = 4.25E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 6.77E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 5.35 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 20.97 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 20.97 Mpa

(iv) DESIGN - SLS CASE - CRACK CHECK

Layer Dia of Bar No.of Bars CGfrom bot. Bending Moment = 155.93 kNm
1st 20 8 85 mm
2nd 20 0 125 mm Width of Slab W = 1000 mm
3rd 20 0 165 mm Depth of slab T = 500 mm
4th 20 0 205 mm Width of web WW = 1000 mm
5th 20 0 245 mm Depth of girder D = 500 mm
6th 20 0 285 mm Effective depth of girder d = 415 mm
7th 20 0 325 mm Depth of neutral axis N = 255.03 mm
Total 8 85 mm 0.00
2 2
Area of bottom steel = 2513 mm Area of beam above neutral axis = 500000 mm
Cover = 75 mm CG of beam above neutral axis = 5 mm
Dia of shear stirrup = 0 mm
Grade of Concrete = 30 Comparing moment of area about neutral axis
Reinforcement = 500 W*T+WTF*T1*(N-T1*0.5)+WTF*T2*(N-2*T2*2/3)+(N-T1-T2)^2/2*WW
modular ratio = 6.25 = m*Ast*(d-N)

4
Permissible stresses Cracked Moment of Inertia = 1.08E+10 mm
In concrete = 14.4 Mpa
3
In steel = 300.0 Mpa Top Section Modulus at top of deck ZT = 4.25E+07 mm
3
Bottom Section Modulus ZB = 6.77E+07 mm

Stress in concrete at top of deck slab = 3.67 Mpa

Stress in Steel at CG = 14.39 Mpa
Stress in Steel at bottom fibre = 14.39 Mpa
Maximum crack width

Wk = S r,max ( e sm - e cm ) = 0.000 Hence OK

S r,max = Maximum crack spacing 3.4c + 0.425k 1k 2j is applicable = 318.5 mm

r r .eff
where spacing of bonded reinforcement with in the tension zone <=5*(C+ j /2) = 425 mm

j = is the bar diameter.Where different diameters are used = 20 mm

in section an equivalent diameter canbe used j eq

C = Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm

K1 = is the co-efficient which takes account of the bond properties = 0.8

of the bonded reinforcement

K2 = is a co-fficient which takes into account of the distribution of strain = 0.5

= s sc - k 1 f ct.eff / r r. eff (1+a e r r .eff ) = 0.0000

>=0.6 s sc / Es
Es

s sc = is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section = 14.39 Mpa

ae = is the ratio Es/Ec = 6.250

r r. eff = A s /A c.eff = 0.0535

A c.eff = is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement = 46939.53 mm2
of depth h c.eff , where h c.eff is the lesser of following
b = 1000 mm
1 One third of the tension zone depth of the cracked section,(h-x)/3, h = 500 mm
with x negative when whole section is in tension d = 415 mm
x = 359 mm
2 half of section depth,h/2, or

3 2.5*(h-d)

As = Area of tension reinforcement = 2513 mm2

f ct.eff = is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the = 2.200 Mpa
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur f ct.eff = f ctm