Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Applications of Calculus to the

Physical World
General Formulae
Equations and Deriving Equations
Problems

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

1. Rates of Change
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt

2. Exponential Growth and Decay

dQ k = Constant
= kQ Q = Aekt
dt

dN N = B + Aekt
= k ( N − B) k = Constant
dt
B = Constant

3. Motion in 2D
a=
d
dx
(v)
1
2
2

4. Simple Harmonic Motion

&x& = − n x
2 n Period
a Amplitude
v 2 = n 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) T Period
F Frequency
2π 1
T = =
n F

5. Projectile Motion
&x& =0 &y& = −g = -10
x& = Vcosθ y& = − gt + Vsinθ = -10t + Vsinθ
x = Vcosθt
gt 2
y =− + Vsinθt = -5t2 + Vsinθt
2
V = x& 2 + y& 2

Equation of Motion Maximum Height

− gx 2 (1 + tan 2 θ ) V 2 sin 2 θ
= + x tan θ =
2V 2 2g

Time of Flight Maximum Range

2V sin θ V 2 sin 2θ
= =
g g

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Equations and Deriving Equations

Rates of Change
! What you want to find is on the LHS
! Get into form:
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt

Exponential Growth and Decay

! Basic Form
dQ k = Constant
= kQ Q = Aekt
dt
A = Constant – initial value
e =
k = Constant
t = Time

! Complex Form
dN N = B + Aekt
= k ( N − B) k = Constant
dt
B = Constant
**Proof**
dN N = B + Aekt
= k ( N − B) ___k, B are constants
dt dN
= kAe kt
dt
Let u = N – B ___-= k(B + Aekt – B)
du d ___-= k(N – B)
= ( N − B)
dt dt
dN dB
___ = − ____B is a constant
dt dt
dN
___ = −0
dt
dN
___ = = ku
dt

This has solution u = Aekt,

where A is a constant

But u = N – B
So N – B = Aekt
N = B + Aekt

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Motion in 2D
x x x Displacement
v x& dx Velocity
dt
a &x& dv Acceleration
dt
At origin x =0
At rest x& = 0
When velocity is constant a =0

Special Form: Expressing acceleration in terms of x, not t

a=
dx
( )
d 1 2
2
v
Velocity
=
dx
dt
d  dx 
Acceleration =  
dx  dt 
dv dv dx
= = ×
dt dx dt
dv
= ×v
dx
=
dv d 1 2
×
dx dv 2
v ( )
=
d 1 2
dx 2
v ( )

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

SHM – Simple Harmonic Motion

Definition:___ &x& = − n 2 x n Period
a Amplitude
v 2 = n 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) T Period
F Frequency
2π 1
T = =
n F

Proof
x = Acos nt
x& = − An sin nt
&x& =
d
dx
(v)
1
2
2
= − n2 x
&x& = − An 2 cos nt − n2 x 2
= 1
v2 +C
= − n 2 A cos nt 2
2
= − n2 x At x = a , v = 0_________ a is the amplitude
0 − n2 x2 n2a 2
= + C ____∴ C =
2 2
1 2
v −n a 2 2
na 2 2
2
= +
2 2
v2 = − n2 x 2 + n2a 2
= n 2 (a 2 − x 2 )
dx
dt
v = ± n a 2 − x2
dt 1
=
dx n a 2 − x2
1 1
t = ∫ 2
n a − x2
= n1 cos −1 (ax ) + C
At x = a, t = 12 cos −1 (ax ) + C _______∴ C = 0
nt = cos −1 ( x )
a
cos nt = ax
∴x = a cos nt

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Projectile Motion

V
y& = V sin θ

θ
θ
x& = V cosθ
&x& =0 &y& = −g
x& = Vcosθ y& = − gt + Vsinθ
x = Vcosθt
gt 2
y =− + Vsinθt
2
At any time t, v the velocity of the particle can be given the equation v = x& 2 + y& 2

MAX HEIGHT__ y& = 0 MAX RANGE, TIME OF FLIGHT y = 0

0 = − gt + V sin θ gt 2
gt = V sin θ 0 =− + V sin θ t
2 2
V sin θ gt = V sin θ t
t = __Time of Max Height
2
g
2V sin θ
t = _Time of Flight (Max Range)
g
Sub into y equation Sub into x equation
2
− g  V sin θ  V sin θ   2V sin θ 
y =   + V sin θ   x = V cosθ  
2  g   g   g 
V 2 sin 2 θ V 2 sin 2 θ V 2 sin 2θ
y =− + x = **
2g g g
V 2 sin 2 θ V2
y = x = _____only at 45°
2g g

Max Angle___(using double angles)

** sin 2θ = 1
2θ = π2
θ = π = 45 °
4

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Cartesian Equation, Trajectory

x = V cosθ t − gt 2
y= + V sin θ t
2
x
t=
V cosθ
Sub into y equation
2
y −g x   x 
=   + V sin θ  
2  V cosθ   V cosθ 
y = − gx
2
V sin θx
+
2V cos θ V cosθ
2 2

y = − g sec θx + tan θx
2 2

2V 2
y = − gx (1 + tan θ ) + tan θx
2 2

2V 2
This is a quadratic in x and tan θ

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Rates of Change
Problems Summary
Prisms, Spheres dy dy dx
! = ⋅
dt dx dt
! Sometimes with spheres, use 2 “dummy
variables”

Pyramids ! Use similar triangles

! V = 13 Ah
! Try to eliminate unused variables
Ladder Problem type ! Solve with Pythagoras Theorem
! Implicit differentiate with respect to time
! Sub in values

Boy Chase Girl type ! Solve with Cos or Sin rules

A1

A2
D

B1 B2

Shadow Problem type ! Solve with similar triangles

____ratios of length
! Implicit differentiate with respect to time

H1
H2

y x

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Rates of Change is the derivatives of functions with respect to time t.

dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt

Example 1
The Surface Area of a sphere increases at 6cms-1
Find a) The rate of change of radius when r = 5
b) The rate of change of volume when r = 5

A) SA = 4πr2
dr dr dA dA dA
Find : = × =6 = 8πr
dt dA dt dt dr

1 dr 1
________= 6 × =
8πr dA 8πr
3
________=
4πr
3
________= cms-1
20π

B) V = 43 πr 3
dV dV dr dr 3 dV
Find: = × = = 4πr 2
dt dr dt dt 4πr dr

3 × 4πr 2
________=
4πr
________= 3r
________= 15cm3s-1

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Exponential Growth and Decay

Further Rates of Change dN
= k (N − P ) _____k, P are constants
dt

N = P + Aekt_______-A is constant

Example 1
In a certain town, the growth rate in population is given by
dN
= k ( N − 125)
dt
a) Show N = 125 + Aekt is a solution of the differential equation
b) If the population is initially 25650, after 5 years it is 31100, find the population
after 8 years
c) When will the population be 40000?

A) N = 125 + Aekt C) N = 40000

dN -40000 = 125 + 25525e0.0587t
= Ake kt ___1.6 = e0.0387t
dt
___-= k(Aekt) ln 1.6
____- t =
___-= k(125 + Aekt – 125) 0.0387
___-= k(N – 125) _____- ≈ 11.5

B) t = 0, N = 25650
---25650 = 125 + Aekt
__---_-A = 25525

t = 5, N = 31100
__31100 = 125 + 25525ek5
30975
-- = ek 5
25525
__- ln1.2 = ln e k 5
ln 1.2
_____--k =
5
_-_____- ≈ 0.0387

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Example 2
Newton’s Law of Cooling

The rate of cooling is proportional to the excess of the temperature of the body over the
surrounding medium of the room

Temperature of coffee Room Temperature In 10 mins, the temp. is

100° 25° 60°
a) What is the temperature of the coffee in 15 minutes?
b) What time will it reach 50°?

A) In this case, P is the room temperature

dT Finding k
= k (T − P) 60 – 25 = 75Aek10
dt
T – P = Aek0 35
__-- = e10 k
100 – 25 = Aek0 75
A = 75 _- ln (157 ) = 10k
_____ k = 101 ln (157 )
So in 15 minutes time
T = 25 + 17ek15
T = 48.9°

B) T = 50
50 – 25 = 75ekt
____- 13 = e kt
__ ln (13 ) = kt
ln (13 )
_____ t =
k
_____--= 14min 28sec

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Motion in 2D

a = &x& =
d
dx
(v)
1
2
2

Example 1
A rocket is projected from Earth, when out of the Earth’s atmosphere, has a retardation of
91000
2
kms − 2 , where x km is the distance from the centre. 6400km = radius of Earth
x
a) If the rocket is moving at 4km-1 when it is 600km above the Earth’s surface, find
it’s speed after a further 1000km.
b) Find also, the total distance traveled before first coming to rest.

A) v = 4kms-1, x = 7000km
1
(4)2 = 91000 + C
d
( ) 91000 2
1 2
v =− 7000
2
dx x2 __--8 = 13 + C
91000 ___C = –5
___- 12 v 2 = +C
x

Finding v_______x = 8000km

91000
v =
1 2
2
−5
7000
_ v 2 = 12.75
--- v = 3.75

B) v = 0 so v2 = 0
91000
0 =−5
x2
5x = 91000
x = 18200
18200 – 6400 = 1182km away form earth

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Simple Harmonic Motion

&x& = − n 2 x Amplitude = a
v 2 = n 2 (a 2 − x 2 ) Period 2π
=
x = A sin nt + A cos nt n
Frequency 1 n
= =
T 2π

Example 1
A particle moves along the x-axis according to the law x = 4sin3t
a) Show it is SHM.
b) Find when the particle is first at 2cm from positive 0. Find the velocity.
c) Find the greatest speed of the particle and the interval at which it moves.

A) C)
x = 4 sin 3t x& = 12 cos 3t
x& = 12 cos 3t x& is greatest when cos3t = 1
&x& = −36 sin 3t So the greatest velocity is 12cms-1
-- = −9(4 sin 3t )
-- = −32 x ____is SHM At x = 0, v = 12

B) v2 = n 2 (a 2 − x 2 )
2 = 4 sin 3t _122 = 32 (a 2 − 0 2 )
1
= sin 3t
2
_144 = 9a2
3t = π6 a2 = 16_
t = 18π a = ±4

x& = 12 cos 3(18π )

-- = 12 cos π6
-- = 12. 2
3

-- = 6 3

The interval at which it moves

-4 0 4

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Projectile Motion
&x& =0 &y& = −g
x& = V cosθ y& = − gt + V sin θ
y v= x& 2 + y& 2
x = V cosθ t − gt
= + V sin θ t
2

Time of Flight V 2 sin 2 θ

=
g
MAX Height 2V sin 2 θ
=
2g
MAX Range V 2 sin 2θ
=
g
Cartesian Equation − g (1 + tan 2 θ ) 2
= x + tan θx
2V 2

Types of projectile Questions:

1) Level Ground
2) 2 Angles
3) Different Ground Levels
4) No x& , No y&

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Level Ground Question

A ball is thrown with initial velocity 25ms-1 at angle tan −1 (34 ) . Air resistance is neglected.
Take 9 = 10ms-2. Find:
a) Maximum height
b) Time of flight and range
c) Velocity and direction after 0.5secs
d) Velocity and direction when it is 10m above the ground
e) Find the trajectory of the projectile

25ms-1

25ms-1
(5) 15ms-1
(3)

θ
θ
&x& =0 &y& = –10 20ms-1 (4)
x& = 20 y& = –10t + 15
x = 20t y = –5t2 + 15t

A) Max height when y& = 0 B) Time of flight and range when y = 0

0 = –10 t + 15 0 = –5t2 + 15t
10 t = 15 = –5t(t – 3)
t = 1.5 secs t = 0 or 3______T = 3

Sub t = 1.5 into y Sub t = 3 into x

y = –5(1.5)2 + 15(1.5) x = 20(3)
= 11.25m = 60

C) Velocity and Direction after 0.5 secs

x& = 20
y& = –10(0.5) + 15
= 10

Sub into v = x2 + y2 10 5 ms-1 10ms-1

v = 202 + 10 2
= 10 5
θ

tan −1 (10
20
) =θ 20ms-1
θ = 26° 34’

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

D) Velocity and Direction of projectile when it is 10m above the ground

10 = –5t2 + 15t
2 = –t2 + 3t
0 = t2 – 3t + 2
= (t – 1)(t – 2)

Projectile is 10m above the ground at t = 1, 2

x& = 20 x& = 20
y& = –10(1) + 15 y& = –10(2) + 15
=5 = –5

20

-5
5

θ
20

V = 5 17 ___14° 2’ V = 5 17 ___-14° 2’

E) Trajectory of projectile
x = 20t
x
t =
20

Sub into y
y = –5t2 + 15t
 x2   x 
= − 5  + 15 
 400   20 
x 2 3x
=− +
80 4
x
= (60 − x)
80

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

2 Angles Question
On level ground, projectiles with the same initial velocity may be projected at 2 different
angles to reach a particular point x distance away. Except at 45° - the maximum angle.

V1

Projectiles can be assumed as parabolic

V2

A footballer kicks a ball at 16ms-1. The ball just passes over a wall 4m high when s/he is 16m
away.
a) Show the angle is 5tan2θ – 16tanθ + 9 = 0
b) Find the two angles the ball may be kicked.

&x& =0 &y& = –10

x& = 16cosθ y& = –10t + 16sinθ
x = 16cosθt y = –5t2 + 16sinθt

4m

16m

A) B) 0 = 5tan2 θ – 16tanθ + 9
16 = 16cosθt tan θ 16 ± 16 2 − 4(5)(9)
1 = cosθt =
t = secθ 2(5)
16 ± 256 − 180
Sub t = secθ and y = 4 into y =
10
4 = –5sec2θ + 16sinθ.secθ 16 ± 2 19
= –5(1 + tan2 θ) + 16tanθ =
10
= –5 – 5tan2 θ + 16tanθ
0 = 5tan2 θ – 16tanθ + 9 8 ± 19
=
5

θ = 67° 58’ and 36° 4’

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

Different Ground Levels Question

A stone is thrown from the top of a 25m cliff. x& = 20 5 , y& = 20. Find:
a) The distance away from the base of the cliff when it hits the sea
b) Maximum height above sea level

20

25m
θ

20 5
&x& =0 &y& = –10
x& = 20 5 y& = –10t + 20
x = 20 5 t y = –5t2 + 20t

A) Where it hits the sea y = –25 B) Max height above sea level y& = 0
–25 = –5t2 + 20t 0 = –10t + 20
0 = t2 – 4t – 5 t =2
= (t – 5)(t + 1)
Sub t = 2 in y
t = 5, -1 y = –5(2)2 + 20(2)
= –20 + 40
Sub t = 5 in x = 20
x = 20 5 (5)
= 100 5 from cliff base 20 + 25 = 45m above sea level

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 Maths Extension 1 – Applications of Calculus to the Physical World

No x& , No y&

A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a 25m cliff with initial velocity of 40ms-1 Find:
a) Equation of motion
b) Where the stone hits the sea
c) The velocity of impact
d) If another stone is dropped from the same place, will it reach the sea at the same
time?

&x& =0 &y& = –10

-1
40ms x& = 40 y& = –10t
x = 40t y = –5t2

25m

A) B)
x = 40t –25 = –5t2
x 5 = t2
t = t =± 5
40

Sub t = x
40
in y Sub t = 5 in x
 x 
2
_ x = 40 5
y = − 5 
 40 
− x2
=
320

C) D)
x& = 40 Yes, both will take 5 secs to reach the sea.
y& = − 10 5

v = (
40 2 + − 10 5 )
2

= 10 21

θ = 150° 48’ in the positive direction

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