MALAYSIA - MYANMAR

PALM OIL TRADE FAIR & SEMINAR 2013 (POTS)

PALM OIL:
Processing, Utilization and
Nutrition
Datuk Dr. Choo Yuen May
Director General of MPOB

28 June 2013

PRESENTATION OUTLINES

1. Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry

2. Introduction to Palm Oil Processing

3. Nutritional Attributes of Palm Oil

4. Palm Oil for Food and Non-Food Applications

5. Conclusion

1
 OVERVIEW OF THE
MALAYSIAN OIL PALM INDUSTRY

THE OIL PALM

2
OIL PALM – MOST PRODUCTIVE OIL CROP

THE OIL PALM FRUITS

Basic Information
•Fruits per bunch: 1000 to
3000
•Bunch Weight: 15-25kg
•Fruit size: 5 cm
•Fruit shape: Oval
•Fruit Color: Yellowish Red
•Fruitlet weight: 10 grams
•Oil per bunch: 23-25%

Mesocarp: crude palm oil

Palm kernel: crude

palm kernel oil

Shell

3
PERFORMANCE OF THE MALAYSIAN
OIL PALM INDUSTRY

WORLD PRODUCTION OF PALM OIL

(MILLION TONNES) – 2012

Others, 7.98
(14.9%) Malaysia,
18.79
(35.0%)
Indonesia,
26.90
(50.1%)

Source: Oil World Annual 2013

4
 WORLD EXPORT OF PALM OIL
(MILLION TONNES) – 2012

Others, 4.11 (10.1%)

Malaysia,
17.58
Indonesia, (43.1%)
19.09
(46.8%)

Source: Oil World Annual 2013

MALAYSIA: CPO PRODUCTION Vs PLANTED AREA

20.00 18.91 18.79
6.0
17.73 17.56
Planted Area (Million Hectares)

18.00 16.99
CPO Production (‘000 Tonnes)

15.88 15.82 5.0

16.00 14.96
13.98
14.00 13.35
4.0
11.80
12.00 10.84

10.00 3.0

8.00
6.09 2.0
6.00

4.00
2.57 1.0
2.00
0.09 0.43
0.00 0.0

Source : MPOB CPO Production Area Planted

5
 OIL PALM – THE MOST PRODUCTIVE OIL CROP

Average Oil Yield

Oil Palm*
4.01

(t/ha/year)
Soybean Sunflower Rapeseed
0.40 0.57 0.73

Source: Oil World Annual 2013

* Combined tonnage of palm oil and
palm kernel oil

Production % of total Total area % of total

Oil Crops
(Mn T) production (Mn Ha) area
Oil palm* 59.39 42.3 14.8 8.3
Soybean 41.8 29.8 103.8 58.4
Rapeseed 24.4 17.4 33.3 18.7
Sunflower 14.8 10.5 25.9 14.6

PALM OIL EXPORTS TO MAJOR DESTINATION

4,500
Total:
2009 : 15.88 mil. tonnes
4,000 2010 : 16.66 mil. tonnes
3,500 2011 : 17.99 mil. tonnes
3,000
2012 : 17.58 mil. tonnes

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
China Pakistan EU India USA

2009 2010 2011 2012

China Pakistan EU India USA Others

2009 4,027 1,769 1,892 1,354 859 5,980
2010 3,483 2,135 2,064 1,170 1,028 6,784
2011 3,982 1,821 2,006 1,668 1,055 7,461
2012 3,502 1,343 2,221 2,640 1,029 6,841

• The Malaysian palm oil is exported to more than 150 countries

worldwide. Source : MPOB

6
 PROCESSING OF PALM OIL

THE OVERVIEW OF OIL PALM SUPPLY CHAIN

Plantation Refinery & Packing
Transportation

Bulking
Installation

Mill Customers &

Consumers

Export

7
 Palm Kernel

Crude Palm Crude Palm

Oil Kernel Oil
Palm Fruit

RBD Palm Oil RBD Palm

Kernel Oil

RBD Palm RBD Palm RBD Palm RBD Palm

Olein Stearin Kernel Olein Kernel Stearin

Fatty Acid Composition of Palm Oil

Versus Palm Kernel Oil
Fatty acid Palm oil Palm kernel oil
C6:0 ND ND – 0.8
C8:0 ND 2.4 – 6.2
C10:0 ND 2.6 – 5.0
C12:0 (lauric) ND – 0.5 45.0 – 55.0
C14:0 (myristic) 0.5 – 12.0 14.0 – 18.0
C16:0 (palmitic) 39.3 – 47.5 6.5 – 10.0
C16:1 ND – 0.6 ND – 0.2
C18:0 3.5 – 6.0 1.0 – 3.0
C18:1 (oleic) 36.0 – 44.0 12.0 – 19.0
C18:2 9.0 – 12.0 1.0 – 3.5
C18:3 ND – 0.5 ND – 0.6
ND : Not-detected

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COMPOSITION OF CRUDE PALM OIL

Triglycerides ~ > 90%

Diglycerides ~ 2 - 7%
~99%
Monoglycerides ~ < 1%
Free Fatty Acids ~ 3-5%

Minor components ~1%

(Phytonutrients)

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF A CONVENTIONAL PALM OIL MILL

Thresher

Fresh Fruit Sterilizer Digester

Bunch

Crude
Palm Oil Screw Press

Palm Oil Mill Oil

Effluent (POME) Clarifier

Palm
Kernel

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 REFINING PROCESS
80oC - 90oC 90oC - 120oC Filtration
Degumming Bleaching

CRUDE
PALM OIL Bleached
Palm Oil
180oC - 260oC
under vacuum

Deacidification
and
deodorization
RBD Palm Oil

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

FRACTIONATION PROCESS
From Refining Process

RBD RBD Palm

Palm Oil Kernel Oil

Fractionation
Process
(physical process)

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 NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES
OF PALM OIL

FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH

• 85% of world’s palm oil production is

used as food
• Nutritional research is a major thrust
area for MPOB
• Positioning palm oil as a superior
functional and nutritive oil is our goal

11
 PALM OIL NUTRITION RESEARCH

• Great strides have been made over the last 25

years in elucidating a number of the health
benefits of palm oil and its fractions

• This has resulted in –

- over 200 publications in high impact peer
reviewed journals
- collaborative projects undertaken at both
local and international centres of excellence

Nutrition Research Projects (1983 – 2012)

CHD Palm Carcinogenisis Red Palm Other Total

Vitamin E Palm Oil Flavonoids Studies
USA / 39 24 10 4 - 3 80
Canada

Europe 6 3 - 1 - 1 11
Australia 11 4 - - 3 - 18
Asia/ 12 - - 3 - - 15
Midle East

Africa 4 - - 6 - - 10
Malaysia
- MPOB
- Others
13 9 8 1 3 2 36
6 10 4 - - - 20
Total 91 50 22 15 6 6 190

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 OUTCOMES OF PALM OIL
NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH
• The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
and World Health Organisation (WHO) have
endorsed palm oil as meeting food standards
under Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)
Programme.

• As a balanced vegetable oil, palm oil is a

source of energy, it is free of cholesterol and
trans fatty acids and packed with health-
inducing carotenoids and vitamin E.

OUTCOMES OF PALM OIL

NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH

Palm oil contains almost equal amounts

of unsaturated and saturated fats. In the
body, it behaves more like a
monounsaturated fat and has no adverse
impact on cholesterol levels.

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 CHRONIC PALM OLEIN STUDIES:
PALM OLEIN VS MUFA OILS
5
4.5
Palm olein Olive oil
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
TC LDL-C HDL-C LDL-C/HDL-C

Palm olein and olive oil have similar beneficial effects on blood
cholesterol
Choudhury N, Tan L, Truswell S. 1995 AJCN

CHRONIC PALM OLEIN STUDIES:

PALM OLEIN VS MUFA OILS
5 5

4.5 Palm olein Olive oil 4.5

4 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
TC LDL-C TC
HDL-C LDL-C/HDL-C HDL-C

Ng et al. 1992 AJCN Voon et al. 2011 AJCN

Palm olein and olive oil have similar beneficial effects on

blood cholesterol

14
 CHRONIC PALM OLEIN STUDIES:
PALM OLEIN VS MUFA OILS
1.4
Baseline sunflower oil
1.2
6
1
0.8
4
0.6
2 0.4
0.2
0 0
TC HDL LDL TAG Apo-A1 Apo-B

Baseline 80% palm oil + 20% sunflower oil

6 1.5
5
4 1
3
2 0.5
1
0 0
TC HDL LDL TAG Apo-A1 Apo-B

Palm olein is comparable with sunflower oil on lipid profile

Wood et al. 1993 J Nutr Biochem

CHRONIC PALM OLEIN STUDIES:

PALM OLEIN VS MUFA OILS
160

140
groundnut oil palm olein
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
TC HDL LDL TAG
Ghafoorunissa et al. 1995 Lipids
Palm olein is comparable with groundnut oil on lipid profile

15
 PALM OIL PHYTONUTRIENTS

Vitamin E
(Tocotrienols, tocopherols)

Carotenoids
Squalene

Phytosterol
Lecithin

Coenzyme Q10

VALUE ADDITION THROUGH PALM

PHYTONUTRIENTS

Tocotrienols
• Antioxidant properties
• Cholesterol lowering properties
• Anti-cancer activities
• Neuroprotective properties
• Immune regulation

16
 VITAMIN E CONTENT IN FATS AND OILS
Tocopherols

Lard
Palm Kernel Oil

Coconut Oil
Olive Oil Tocotrienols
Cocoa Butter Tocopherols
Tocotrienols
Peanut Oil
Soybean oil
Sunflower Oil
Cottonseed Oil
Corn Oil
Palm Oil
-80 120 320 520 720 920 1120 ppm
Choo et al. 2005 Lipids; Sundram et al. 1989. Cancer Res; Nesaretnam et al. 2008 Cancer Lett

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

17
 VALUE ADDITION THROUGH PALM
PHYTONUTRIENTS

Carotenoids
Pro-vitamin A– solution to vitamin A deficiency
• Anti-cancer effects
• Anti-oxidant
• Stimulation of the immune system
• Cardiovascular protection
• Prevention of cataract

Palm Phytonutrients:
Red Palm Oil/Olein

• Palm Oil/Olein with high

content of α and ß-carotenes

• The only vegetable oil

containing both natural
carotene and tocotrienols

• Suitable for shallow frying and

salad dressing

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18
 BENEFITS OF CAROTENE
IN RED PALM OIL
• Improves vitamin A and anti-oxidative status
• Reduces prevalence of Bitot’s spot

Bitot’s Spot
(A sign of Vitamin A deficiency)

INCREASED PLASMA VITAMIN A LEVELS IN SCHOOL

CHILDREN AFTER 5 MONTHS SUPPLEMENTATION OF
CAROTENE FORTIFIED BISCUITS

Stuijvenberg et al. 2001 EJCN

19
 Applications of Red Palm Oil

The Colourful World of Phenolics

20
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF OIL PALM PHENOLICS

. Antioxidant
• Anti microbial
• Anti atherogenic
• Anti cancer
• Anti diabetic
• Anti hypertensive
• Anti inflammatory
• Memory enhancing
• Anti obesity
• Anti spasmodic
• Anti thrombotic
• Anti allergenic
• Anti ulcer
confirmed

In vitro, whole animal and

microarray studies

PALM OIL FOR FOOD

APPLICATIONS

21
 ADVANTAGES OF PALM OIL IN FOOD
APPLICATIONS

High Nutritional Value

Genetically Modified Organism

(GMO) Free

Free of Trans-Fatty Acid

Cholesterol Free

Competitive Price

High Stability

Anti-Oxidant Property

•Traditional Foods
•Cooking oil
•Industrial Frying Fats
•Margarine
•Shortening
•Vegetable Ghee
•Confectionery Fats
•Ice Cream
•Filled Milk
•Non-Dairy Food Products
(Cheese analogue, Creamer)
As a source of pro Vitamin A and E

22
 PALM OIL AS A COOKING OIL
• The unique fatty acid composition and
natural antioxidants confer:
– Good oxidative stability – long shelf
life
– Excellent thermal stability – perfect for
shallow and deep frying
• Most other vegetable oils need to be
partially hydrogenated to increase
stability
• Palm oil is trans free

CURRENT FACTS ON
TRANS-FATTY ACIDS (TFA)

• TFA contributes to increased risk of cardiovascular

disease.

• WHO/FAO (2003-2009) Recommendation– TFA should

be limited to < 1% of total daily energy in human diet.

• In most EU countries and North America- 2% TFA limit

in dietary oils/fats

23
 CHRONIC PALM OLEIN STUDIES:
PALM OLEIN VS TRANS FATS

mmol/l Habitual TFA MUFA Palm olein Lauric+Myristic

6
1.5

5
1
4

3 0.5
2
0
1
APO A-I APO B APO B/A-I
0
TC LDL-C HDL-C LDL-C/HDL-C TAG
mg/dL
20

Trans fat increased total 15

cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and 10
lipoprotein (a) and decreased HDL
5
cholesterol compared to the palm
olein diet 0
Lp(a)
Sundram et al. 1997 J Nutr

PALM OIL-BASED TRANS-FREE MARGARINE

FORMULATIONS
Fluidized margarine
Cake margarine
Filling with ease

Soft margarine Slab margarine

General purpose margarine

Pastry margarine shortening

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 PALM OIL IN GHEE SUBSTITUTES
(TRANS-FREE FAT VEGETABLE GHEE)

PALM OIL IN DAIRY PRODUCTS

SUBSTITUTES

Evaporated Palm-based
Milk/Condensed Milk mozzarella analogue

Non-dairy Creamer/
Whiteners

25
SPECIALTY FATS/CONFECTIONARY FATS

OTHER FOOD APPLICATIONS

Palm based Coconut Milk

o better long term
stability compared to
coconut milk

Palm based Mayonnaise

and Salad Dressing

26
 OTHER FOOD APPLICATIONS
Palm-based Cheese
Analogue

- palm oil and palm

kernel oil fractions can
substitute milk fat in
cheese analogue.

OTHER FOOD APPLICATIONS

Palm-based Ice Cream

– palm oil is suitable due

to its narrow plastic
range with high solid at
low temperature.

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Palm oil applications in foods & baking sectors

PALM OIL FOR NON-FOOD APPLICATIONS

28
 PALM OLEOCHEMICALS
DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS
MES-Based detergents/cleaning products

Transparent soap

Personal care products

POLYOLS – POLYURETHANES

58

29
 ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY PALM BASED
PRODUCTS

Palm Based Grease Agrochemical:

and Food Grade Palm-Based Water-
Grease Based Insecticide

Palm-Based Printing Ink

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PALM BIOFUEL

30
 Biodiesel Industry in Malaysia
• Malaysia has undertaken R&D on
palm-based biofuels since 1981
• Home-grown palm biodiesel
production technologies, including
winter grade biodiesel have been
successfully commercialised
• Palm biodiesel is used locally in
Malaysia’s B5 programme and also
exported
• Palm biodiesel meets the
international standards (EN 14214
and ASTM D6751)

PALM BIODIESEL

Summer-Grade Winter-Grade
Palm Biodiesel Palm Biodiesel
Pour point +15 °C Pour point –21 °C

31
 PALM BIODIESEL PLANT IN MALAYSIA

Winter-grade Palm
Normal-grade Palm Biodiesel Plant
Biodiesel Plant 30,000 TPA
60,000 TPA

PALM OIL FOR NON-OIL

BIOMASS APPLICATIONS

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VALUE ADDITION THROUGH BIOMASS UTILIZATION

2ND GENERATION BIOFUELS

EMERGING FIELD FROM PALM BIOMASS

• Production of syngas (gasification)

• Production of bio-oils (pyrolysis)
• Production of Palm bioethanol
• Palm biomass synthetic diesel (CDP)

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PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT BASED BIOGAS PLANT
• for on & off grid application
• digester and covered lagoon technology
• steam and electricity applications
• co-firing in biomass boiler and diesel genset
to reduce the utilization of the palm shell and
diesel
• capable to generate about 1 -2 MW from 60 Ponding system of POME
t/hr POM treatment

FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF OIL PALM BIOMASS

PROPERTIES OF OPT, BOARD OF
OPF & EFB FIBRE VARIOUS KINDS
BUNDLES
• MDF
• Fibre quality • Plywood
• Fibre morphology • Moulded particleboard
• Fibre properties • Sawn lumber
• Usable fibre fractions
OIL PALM
BIOMASS
PAPER PULP OTHER PRODUCT
& PAPER PRODUCTS TYPES

• Chemical pulp • Oil palm heart

• Semi-mechanical pulp FIBRE REINFORCING • Carbon products
• Mechanical pulp COMPOSITES • Carboxymethyl
• Moulded paper products • Agrolumber cellulose
• Soilless planting medium • Plastic composite • Fine chemicals

68

34
 MALAYSIAN PALM OIL INDUSTRY:
SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES

1. Code of Good Nursery Practice for the Oil

Palm Nurseries
2. Code of Good Agricultural Practice for
the Oil Palm Estates and Small Holdings
3. Code of Good Milling Practice for Palm
Oil Mills
4. Code of Good Refining Practice for Palm
Oil
5. Code of Good Crushing Practice for Palm
Kernel Crushers
6. Code of Good Practice for the Handling,
Transport and Storage of Products from
the Oil Palm

35
 BENEFITS OF
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) STUDY

 To identify the potential environmental impacts

associated with the production of the product
under study.
 To gauge the GHG emissions of the product.
 To suggest mitigation measures to reduce or
overcome the environmental hotspots.
 To contribute to the sustainable development of
the oil palm industry by identifying and addressing
environmental hotspots.

MPOB Life Cycle Assessment

(LCA) Programme

Midstream – LCA of
• Crude palm oil
• Refined palm oil
• Palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake

Upstream – LCA of Downstream – LCA of

• Oil palm • Biodiesel
• Oil palm seed processing • Cooking oil
• Alpha-sulfonated methyl ester
• Margarine and shortening
• Palm-based soap
Overall LCA of
handling and
transportation

36
 GHG EMISSIONS OF MAJOR
VEGETABLE OILS

REFINED REFINED REFINED

GHG EMISSION PALM OIL RAPESEED SOYBEAN
(MPOB STUDY)* OIL** OIL**

1.11
tonne CO2eq/
tonne oil 1.35 1.70
0.63 (Biogas
capture)

Source:
*Yuen May Choo, Halimah Muhamad, Zulkifli Hashim, Vijaya Subramaniam, Chiew Wei
Puah and Yew Ai Tan (2011). Determination of GHG contribution by subsystems in the oil
palm supply chain using the LCA approach. International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment. DOI 10.1007/s11367-011-0303-9

** Mortimer, ND; Evans, AKF; Mwabonje, O and Whittaker, CL (2010) Comparison of the
GHG benefits resulting from use of vegetable oils for electricity, heat, transport and
industrial purposes. North Energy Associates Ltd, February 2010

CONCLUSION

37
 CONCLUSIONS
• Palm oil is a very important food source and
provides needed energy to the world population.

• It has a wide range of applications in the food

industry without the presence of trans fat.

• The unique fatty acid composition of palm oil

makes it a nutritious yet functional oil in various
food applications

• Palm oil behaves like unsaturated oils e.g. olive oil,

sunflower oil and groundnut oil.

CONCLUSIONS
• Evidence has been obtained to suggest that dietary
palm oil reduces the risk parameters to
cardiovascular diseases.

• The phytonutrients are additional health benefits to

the oil.

• The unique composition of palm oil also offers

potential for use in non-food applications.

• The steady supply of quality Malaysian palm oil will

help meet the increasing global demand for oils and
fats

38
 EVENT
OF
THE YEAR

www.mpob.gov.my

THANK YOU

Email: [email protected]
Website: www.mpob.gov.my

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