UIET,PANJAB UNIVERSITY,CHD
PROJECT REPORT
Sub : MICROCONTROLLER 8051
Title : “Stepper motor”
Submitted by;
ECE Sec-2 ,GRP-6
TUSHAR SHARAN- (UE175123)
USNIK CHAWLA- (UE175125)
VARUN VERMA- (UE175128)
Submitted to:
PROF. NIDHI GARG
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. List of components
3. Working of components
4. Block diagram
5. Program
6. Working of project
7. Conclusion
8. Future scope
9. References
INTRODUCTION
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device
it converts electrical power into mechanical
power. Also it is a brushless, synchronous
electric motor that can divide a full rotation into
an expansive number of steps. The motor’s
position can be controlled accurately without
any feedback mechanism, as long as the motor
is carefully sized to the application. Stepper
motors are similar to switched reluctance
motors.
The stepper motor uses the theory of operation
for magnets to make the motor shaft turn a
precise distance when a pulse of electricity is
provided. The stator has eight poles, and the
rotor has six poles. The rotor will require 4
pulses of electricity to move the 4 steps to make
one complete revolution. Another way to say
this is that the rotor will move precisely 90° for
each pulse of electricity that the motor receives.
LIST OF COMPONENTS
1.Microcontroller-80C51
2.LCD-LM032L
3.Current booster tr.-ULN2003A
4.Crystal Oscillator
5.Resistor
6.Capacitor
7.Stepper Motor
8.Cell
9.Button
10.Pot
WORKING OF COMPONENTS
1.80C51 MICROCONTROLLER:
The Philips 80C51/87C51/80C52/87C52 is a high-
performance static 80C51 design fabricated with
Philips high-density CMOS technology with
operation from 2.7 V to 5.5 V.
The 8xC51 and 8xC52 contain a 128 bytes RAM
and 256 bytes RAM respectively, 32 I/O lines,
three 16-bit counter/timers, a six-source, four-
priority level nested interrupt structure, a serial I/O
port for either multi-processor communications, I/O
expansion or full duplex UART, and on-chip
oscillator and clock circuits.
In addition, the device is a low power static design
which offers a wide range of operating frequencies
down to zero. Two software selectable modes of
power reduction-idle mode and power-down mode
are available. The idle mode freezes the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timers, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The
power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, causing all other chip
functions to be inoperative. Since the design is
static, the clock can be stopped without loss of
user data and then the execution resumed from
the point the clock was stopped.
Stepper motor:
A Stepper Motor or a step motor is a brushless,
synchronous motor which divides a full rotation
into a number of steps. Unlike a brushless DC
motor which rotates continuously when a fixed DC
voltage is applied to it, a step motor rotates in
discrete step angles.
LCD-LM032L:
Module uses 8 parallel lines to send data to it.
We can also use it with only 4 lines of data, this
saves us some I/O lines on the PIC
microcontroller. In this 4-bit mode each byte is
transmitted in two phases: first the 4 upper bits
are transmitted, then the the 4 lower bits. THIS
is the approach I will use for my LCD controller:
the PIC16F84A only has 13 I/O pins. We can't
afford to use 11 of them just to control an LCD
module.
Connections of the LM032L module
The LM032L module has 14 connections that can
be soldered. The connections are not numbered
but you can find the numbering in the datasheet
of the LM032L. The image is not very clear but at
the left of the module there are 14 soldering
contacts, formed by 2 vertical rows with 7
connections each. The numbering #1 starts with
the right connection of the last row.
ULN2003A:
The ULN2003A is an array of seven NPN Darlington
transistors capable of 500 mA, 50 V output. It features
common-cathode for switching inductive loads. It can
come in PDIP, SOIC, SOP or TSSOP packaging.[1][2] In
the same family are ULN2002A, ULN2004A, as well as
ULQ2003A and ULQ2004A, designed for different logic
input levels.
The ULN2003A is also similar to the ULN2001A (4
inputs) and the ULN2801A, ULN2802A, ULN2803A,
ULN2804A and ULN2805A, only differing in logic input
levels (TTL, CMOS, PMOS) and number of in/outputs
How a stepper motor works?
Stepper motors work on the principle of
electromagnetism. There is a soft iron or magnetic
rotor shaft surrounded by the electromagnetic
stators. The rotor and stator have poles which may
be teethed or not depending upon the type of
stepper. When the stators are energized the rotor
moves to align itself along with the stator (in case of
a permanent magnet type stepper) or moves to
have a minimum gap with the stator (in case of a
variable reluctance stepper). This way the stators
are energized in a sequence to rotate the stepper
motor.
Types of Stepper Motor
By construction the step motors come into three
broad classes:
1. Permanent Magnet Stepper
2. Variable Reluctance Stepper
3. Hybrid Step Motor
Block Diagram of stepper motor:
Program code:
Advantages of Stepper Motor:
1. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input
pulse.
2. The motor has full torque at standstill.
3. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since
good stepper motors have an accuracy of 3 – 5% of a step and
this error is non cumulative from one step to the next.
4. Excellent response to starting, stopping and reversing.
5. Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is simply dependant on the life
of the bearing.
6. The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-
loop control, making the motor simpler and less costly to
control.
7. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation
with a load that is directly coupled to the shaft.
8. A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed
is proportional to the frequency of the input pulses.
CONCLUSION:
The monitoring of speed of stepper motor has
been simulated on the software with the help of
8051 microcontroller & since motor require 12v so
a current boosting device has been added to the
connection.The program required for simulation is
burn and the output has been displayed on the
LCD screen stating that it is rotating clockwise or
anticlockwise & similarly by fedding certain code
we can see the speed of motor on the lcd screen &
thus it has great importance in the field of
security,medical , for industrial machines
& Stepper motors in cameras for automatic digital
camera focus and zoom functions.
Applications/Future scope:
1. Industrial Machines – Stepper motors are used in
automotive gauges and machine tooling automated
production equipments.
2. Security – new surveillance products for the security
industry.
3. Medical – Stepper motors are used inside medical scanners,
samplers, and also found inside digital dental photography,
fluid pumps, respirators and blood analysis machinery.
4. Consumer Electronics – Stepper motors in cameras for
automatic digital camera focus and zoom functions.
And also have
business machines applications, computer peripherals
applications
REFERENCES :
The google has supported a lot during making of
project report. Some of the link which supported me
are as follows:
https://www.elprocus.com/stepper-motor-types-advantages-applications/
https://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/stepper-motors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULN2003A
http://www.bvsystems.be/pic_LM032L.php
& many websites also suppoted especially Quora.
THANKS
