CENTAUR 40, CENTAUR 50 AND

TAURUS 60 GAS TURBINE

Industrial/Utility Grade
GENERATOR SETS
Introduction

Solar Turbines Incorporated is the worldwide leader in The heart of the industrial power generation sys-
the design, manufacture and installation of industrial tem, the gas turbine, offers many durable features to
gas turbines. Solar's 50 years of successful integra- ensure long life and extremely reliable operation. The
tion of high technology into power generation (PG), gas turbine generator set delivers efficient and de-
cogeneration, and mechanical applications has re- pendable performance using a variety of fuels ranging
sulted in more than 11,200 gas turbine installations in from natural gas to light distillates. Operational flex-
90 countries around the world. ibility also allows operation on dual fuel systems with
The Centaur ® and Taurus™ PG gas turbine genera- automatic or manual fuel transfer while running at full
tor sets represent years of intensive development by load. High thermal efficiencies are attainable espe-
the engineering and manufacturing groups of Solar cially in cogeneration applications.
Turbines. The 3500-to-5500 kWe Centaur and Taurus Solar's package systems are reviewed by special-
gas turbine generator sets are designed and applied ists in equipment installation to help assure the
by engineers specifically trained and experienced in optimum configuration of Solar's gas turbine generator
the operation of gas turbines, power generation sys- systems. Qualified technical representatives from
tems, and equipment installation. The gas turbines Solar’s Customer Services organization are available
are manufactured to rigid industrial standards and are around the world to provide start-up supervision,
thoroughly tested in modern facilities. Solar's opera- maintenance planning and services, and operator
tions are currently certified by Det Norske Veritas training.
(DNV) to conform tothe ISO 9000 Series of Quality We invite you to read further into this booklet to gain
Systems Standards. a greater appreciation of the features and benefits of
More than 360 million hours of operation on the the Centaur and Taurus gas turbine generator sets and
Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 product lines Solar’s commitment to single-source responsibility
in a wide range of applications gives testimony to the for high quality turbomachinery systems.
mature design and wide user acceptance of these This product description presents the basic pack-
products. The Centaur and Taurus gas turbine genera- age configuration, available options, ancillary equip-
tor sets, with their selection of available voltages and ment, installation requirements, and support services
control system arrangements, are complete pack- as of the publication date. Solar reserves the right to
aged systems that require minimal site preparation make changes in the equipment and service descrip-
prior to installation. tions and specifications herein, without prior notice.

i
Contents

Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 PG Gas Turbine Generator Sets

BASIC SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 Gas Turbines
BASIC GAS TURBINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
REDUCTION GEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Generator and Associated Equipment
GENERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
VOLTAGE REGULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EXCITATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Control Systems
TURBOTRONIC CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CONTROL OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CONTROL SYSTEM ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Start System
DIRECT-DRIVE AC START SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fuel Systems
NATURAL GAS FUEL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
LIQUID FUEL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
DUAL FUEL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ALTERNATE FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
SOLONOx COMBUSTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
WATER INJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lubrication System
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ancillary Equipment
ENCLOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
AIR INLET SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
GAS TURBINE EXHAUST SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ADDITIONAL PRODUCT OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Installation Requirements
MECHANICAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
SWITCHGEAR INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

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Contents, Contd

Testing and Quality Assurance

TEST FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
PERFORMANCE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
QUALITY ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Support Services
CONSTRUCTION SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
CUSTOMER SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
CONTRACT POWER AND LEASING SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Conversion Chart
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVERSION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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Illustrations

Typical Taurus 60 PG Generator Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Typical Single-Shaft Gas Turbine and Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Typical Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Cutaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Typical Star Compound Epicyclic Gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Typical Open Drip-Proof Generator with Permanent Magnet Exciter System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Typical Generator, Exciter, and Regulator System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Typical Control Junction Boxes and Digital Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Typical Onskid Digital Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Typical Remote Video Display Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Typical Control and Post Lube Battery Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Typical Direct-Drive AC Start System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Typical Variable Frequency Drive Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Typical Simplified Natural Gas Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Typical Simplified Liquid Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Typical Simplified Dual Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Typical Simplified Lube Oil System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Typical Self-Contained, All-Steel Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Typical Gas Turbine Generator Set Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Typical Mobile Turbine Cleaning Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Typical External Foundation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Typical Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Typical Interconnecting Wire Runs for Package Control and Auxiliary Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Typical Electrical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Typical AC Control and Instrumentation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Solar’s Customer Services Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

iv
Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60
PG Gas Turbine Generator Sets

BASIC SET • Direct-drive ac motor start system

The basic generator set is a completely integrated, • Fuel system
fully operational package consisting of a power mod- • Lubricating oil system
ule, gearbox, generator module, and all accessories
• Gas turbine air inlet collector and
and auxiliary systems necessary for normal operation
exhaust diffuser
when installed in suitable facilities.
Designed specifically for industrial service, the The base frame is a structural steel assembly with
generator set is a compact, lightweight unit requiring beam sections and cross members welded together to
minimum floor space for installation. Proven packag- form a rigid foundation. Drip pans are included for
ing features greatly reduce installation costs, time, collection of any potential liquid leakage. Mechanical
materials, and labor. interface connection points for fuel, air, and water are
The power generation (PG) set includes: conveniently located on the outer frame edge. Electri-
cal connection points are made in on-frame junction
• Single-shaft industrial gas turbine
boxes.
• Integral epicyclic main reduction Package piping and manifolds are 316L stainless
drive gearbox steel material for systems, which includes the fuel
• Base frame with drip pans for both the gas and lube oil systems, as well as supply, drain and vent
turbine and generator modules lines up to and including four inches (nominal) in
• On-frame electrical control system and wiring diameter. In addition, the associated flange assembly
hardware is 316 stainless steel. Piping sizes greater
• Generator and associated equipment than four inches (nominal) in diameter may be carbon
• Gas turbine/generator control panel steel.

SPCUPG-002CS

Typical Taurus 60 PG Generator Set

1
 Gas Turbine Package Weights and Dimensions

CENTAUR 40 CENTAUR 50 TAURUS 60

APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS kg lb kg lb kg lb

Gas Turbine (non-SoLoNOx)* 3418 7535 3901 8600 4128 9100

Driver Frame and Accessories 12 701 28,000 12 701 28,000 12 701 28,000
Generator** 10 043 22,140 12 973 28,600 13 894 30,630
Total Installed Dry Package 26 162 57,675 29 575 65,200 30 723 67,730
(without enclosure)
Driver Enclosure 3629 8000 3629 8000 3629 8000
Driver/Driven Enclosure 5443 12,000 5443 12,000 5443 12,000
Total Installed Dry Package 31 605 69,675 35 018 77,200 36 166 79,730
(with driver/driven enclosure)

* with air inlet duct, exhaust diffuser, 60-Hz reduction gearbox, and ac starter motor
(regular torque motor for Centaur 40 and Centaur 50; high torque motor for Taurus 60)
** Generator weight may vary depending on specific design and features

OVERALL DIMENSIONS
Length: 9754 mm (32' 0")
Width: 2569 mm (8' 5-1/8")
Height: Unenclosed – 2845 mm (9' 4") to top of generator terminal connection box
Enclosed – 3232 mm (10' 7-1/4") to top of turbine air inlet

All tubing connections use dual ferrule compres- • 380 Vac, 50 Hz

sion fittings (Swagelok brand). Tubing is heavy walled • 415 Vac, 50 Hz
316L stainless steel, with zinc-plated carbon steel or
316L stainless steel fittings included. In addition to standard equipment supplied with the
All three-phase motors on the package have the generator set, a wide choice of optional equipment is
same voltage rating. The required motor starters and readily available to meet varying installation and
contactors are not provided unless the motor control operating requirements.
center (MCC) is included in Solar's scope. The follow- The PG generator set is designed for installation in
ing motor voltage ratings are standard options: a nonhazardous area per the U.S. National Fire Pro-
tection Association (NFPA) 37. Canadian Standards
• 460 Vac, 60 Hz
Association (CSA) compliance is available as an
• 575 Vac, 60 Hz option.

2
Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60
Gas Turbines

BASIC GAS TURBINE Principles of Operation

The gas turbine is a self-contained, completely inte- The continuous power cycle and rotary motion of the
grated prime mover of a single-shaft, axial-flow de- single-shaft gas turbine provides several advantages
sign. The exceptionally compact gas turbine has three over other types of engines. These advantages in-
basic sections: compressor, combustor, and turbine. clude low weight, relatively vibration-free operation,
The gas turbine assembly consists of: fewer moving parts and fewer wear points, and higher
quality ac power.
• Accessory drive assembly
Air is drawn into the air inlet of the gas turbine and
• Air inlet collector with flexible is compressed by the multi-stage axial-flow compres-
flange connection sor. The compressed air is directed into the combus-
• Axial-flow compressor tion chamber in a steady flow. Fuel is injected into the
• Annular combustor with fuel injectors pressurized air within the annular combustion cham-
ber. During the gas turbine start cycle, this fuel/air
• 3-stage turbine
mixture is ignited and continuous burning is main-
• Exhaust diffuser tained as long as there is adequate flow of pressurized
The gas turbine design embraces the fundamental air and fuel. The hot, pressurized gas from the com-
principles of long life and low maintenance. The gas bustion chamber expands through and drives the
turbine reflects a design philosophy that combines the turbine, dropping in pressure and temperature as it
outstanding performance traits of the gas turbine with exits the turbine. Thus, the energy of the fuel is
the rugged construction best suited for industrial use. transformed into the kinetic rotational power of the
One of the key design parameters of the gas turbine turbine output shaft.
is to operate at stress levels that provide maximum The turbine shaft is mechanically attached to both
assurance of long life for the major rotating and the compressor and turbine sections of the gas turbine
stationary components. Another prime design objec- to form a “solid” or “single” shaft configuration. This
tive is dependability. While many factors contribute to feature enhances speed stability and response under
the dependability of the basic gas turbine, the selec- constant and varying load conditions – a highly desir-
tion of simplified controls and gas turbine accessories able feature in industrial power generation applica-
is a major factor. tions requiring precise frequency control.
The design concept of the Centaur 40, Centaur 50
and Taurus 60 gas turbines is unique. With few
exceptions, contemporary machines have been de-
signed according to one of two philosophies: they are GEARBOX AIR FUEL COMBUSTOR

designed to aircraft standards with highly sophisti- EXHAUST

cated construction for lightweight, but relatively short
life; or they are designed with the ruggedness of
industrial steam turbines to ensure a long service life. SHAFT

In keeping with Solar's philosophy to provide high

performance with long-term durability, the design and
construction of the Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and GENERATOR COMPRESSOR TURBINE
Taurus 60 gas turbines lies between the two philoso-
PA98046M
phies and combines the advantages of lightweight
structure with the design principles necessary for long
life. Typical Single-Shaft Gas Turbine and Load

3
 TURBINE CASE
AND NOZZLE
BLEED AIR
VALVE

COMBUSTOR
HOUSING

FUEL
INJECTOR

COMPRESSOR
ROTOR

ACCESSORY
DRIVE
TURBINE EXHAUST
DIFFUSER AND
BELLOWS

TURBINE
ROTOR
FUEL
MANIFOLD

COMPRESSOR
DIFFUSER

COMPRESSOR
VARIABLE INLET
GUIDE VANES
AIR
INLET

MAIN
OUTPUT REDUCTION
SHAFT GEAR PA98078MS

Typical Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Cutaway

For stoichiometric combustion, the gas turbine SoLoNOx Gas Turbine

requires approximately one-fourth of the total air it
The SoLoNOx™ gas turbine is a self-contained, com-
compresses. The excess air is used to cool the
pletely integrated prime mover that utilizes a single-
combustion chamber and mixes with the combustion
shaft, axial-flow, dry emissions controlled design.The
products to reduce the gas temperature at the inlet to
combustion system is an annular type with lean-
the first turbine stage. The cooling air also keeps
premixed fuel injectors. This system reduces pollu-
metal temperatures in the combustion chamber and
tion by limiting the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx)
turbine section at required design levels to ensure
and carbon monoxide (CO). Lean-premixed combus-
long component lives.
tion results in lower maximum flame temperature,
which reduces pollutant formation.

4
 Centaur 40 and Centaur 40S Gas Turbine Specifications

Compressor
Type ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Axial
Number of Stages .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Compression Ratio ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9.7
Flow (Nominal) .............................................................................................................................................. 18.4 kg/sec (40.5 lb/sec)
Speed ................................................................................................................................... 14,944 rpm (50 Hz); 14,951 rpm (60 Hz)

Combustion Chamber
Type ............................................................................................................... Annular: Conventional or Lean-Premixed (SoLoNOx)
Ignition .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Torch
Number of Fuel Injectors .................................................................................. Conventional – 10; Lean-Premixed (SoLoNOx) – 12

Turbine
Type ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Axial
Number of Stages ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Speed ................................................................................................................................... 14,944 rpm (50 Hz); 14,951 rpm (60 Hz)

Bearings
Journal ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Tilt Pad
Thrust ................................................................................................................................................................... Fixed Tapered Land

Materials of Construction
Air Intake Housing ............................................................................................................................................................... Ductile Iron
Compressor Case ....................................................................................................................................... Carbon Steel ASTM A285
Compressor Blades ....................................................................................................................................... 17-4 PH Stainless Steel
Compressor Stators (Variable/Fixed) ............................................................................................................ 17-4 PH SS/410 CRES
Combustor Liner (Conventional) ................................................................................................ Hastelloy X High Temperature Alloy
Combustor Liner (SoLoNOx) .................................................................................................... Haynes 230 High Temperature Alloy
Combustor Case .......................................................................................................................................... Carbon Steel ASTM A285
Turbine Nozzle Support Case ................................................................................................................... Ni-Resist D5B Ductile Iron
Turbine Nozzles, First and Second Stage ................................................................................ Cast FS414 Cobalt-Base Superalloy
Turbine Nozzles, Third Stage ............................................................................................................. IN155 High Temperature Alloy
Turbine Disks, First and Second Stage ..................................................................................................... V57 Iron-Base Superalloy
Turbine Disks, Third Stage ................................................................................................................................................ ASTM A286
Turbine Blades, First and Second Stage ........................................................................................... MAR-M-241 Nickel-Base Alloy
Turbine Blades, Third Stage ................................................................................................................. Cast IN792 Nickel-Base Alloy
Exhaust Diffuser ............................................................................................................................................. AISI 321 Stainless Steel
Accessory Gear Housing ................................................................................................................................................... Ductile Iron
Tilt-Pad Bearings .................................................................................................... No. 1: Steel Backed Tri-Metal; No. 2 & 3: Bronze
Turbine Shaft .......................................................................................................................................................................... AISI 4340

Protective Coatings
Compressor Rotor and Stator Blades ................................................................................................................. Inorganic Aluminum
Nozzles, First and Second Stage ................................................................................................. Precious Metal Diffusion Aluminide
Nozzles, Third Stage ........................................................................................................................................... Chromium Aluminide
Blades, First Stage ....................................................................................................................... Precious Metal Diffusion Aluminide

5
 Centaur 50 and Centaur 50S Gas Turbine Specifications

Compressor
Type ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Axial
Number of Stages .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Compression Ratio ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10.6
Flow (Nominal) .............................................................................................................................................. 18.8 kg/sec (41.4 lb/sec)
Speed ................................................................................................................................... 14,944 rpm (50 Hz); 14,951 rpm (60 Hz)

Combustion Chamber
Type ............................................................................................................... Annular: Conventional or Lean-Premixed (SoLoNOx)
Ignition .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Torch
Number of Fuel Injectors ................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Turbine
Type ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Axial
Number of Stages ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Speed ................................................................................................................................... 14,944 rpm (50 Hz); 14,951 rpm (60 Hz)

Bearings
Journal ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Tilt Pad
Thrust .......................................................................................................... Active Side: Tilt Pad; Inactive Side: Fixed Tapered Land

Materials of Construction
Air Intake Housing ............................................................................................................................................................... Ductile Iron
Compressor Case .............................................................................................................................................................. Ductile Iron
Compressor Blades ....................................................................................................................................... 17-4 PH Stainless Steel
Compressor Stators (Variable/Fixed) ............................................................................................................ 17-4 PH SS/410 CRES
Combustor Liner (Conventional) ................................................................................................ Hastelloy X High Temperature Alloy
Combustor Liner (SoLoNOx) .................................................................................................... Haynes 230 High Temperature Alloy
Combustor Case .......................................................................................................................................... Carbon Steel ASTM A285
Turbine Nozzle Support Case ................................................................................................................... Ni-Resist D5B Ductile Iron
Turbine Nozzles, First and Second Stage ................................................................................ Cast FS414 Cobalt-Base Superalloy
Turbine Nozzles, Third Stage .......................................................................................................... IN713C High Temperature Alloy
Turbine Disks .............................................................................................................................................. V57 Iron-Base Superalloy
Turbine Blades, First Stage ........................................................................................................ Cast MAR-M-247 Nickel-Base Alloy
Turbine Blades, Second Stage ............................................................................................................... IN-738 LC Nickel-Base Alloy
Turbine Blades, Third Stage ............................................................................................... Cast and HIPed IN792 Nickel-Base Alloy
Exhaust Diffuser ............................................................................................................................................. AISI 321 Stainless Steel
Accessory Gear Housing ................................................................................................................................................... Ductile Iron
Tilt-Pad Bearings .................................................................................................... No. 1: Steel Backed Tri-Metal; No. 2 & 3: Bronze
Turbine Shaft .......................................................................................................................................................................... AISI 4340

Protective Coatings
Compressor Rotor and Stator Blades ................................................................................................................. Inorganic Aluminum
Nozzles, First and Second Stage ................................................................................................. Precious Metal Diffusion Aluminide
Nozzles, Third Stage ........................................................................................................................................... Chromium Aluminide
Blades, First Stage ....................................................................................................................... Precious Metal Diffusion Aluminide

6
 Taurus 60 and Taurus 60S Gas Turbine Specifications

Compressor
Type ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Axial
Number of Stages .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Compression Ratio ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12:1
Flow (Nominal) .............................................................................................................................................. 21.7 kg/sec (47.9 lb/sec)
Speed ................................................................................................................................... 14,944 rpm (50 Hz); 14,951 rpm (60 Hz)

Combustion Chamber
Type ............................................................................................................... Annular: Conventional or Lean-Premixed (SoLoNOx)
Ignition .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Torch
Number of Fuel Injectors ................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Turbine
Type ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Axial
Number of Stages ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Speed ................................................................................................................................... 14,944 rpm (50 Hz); 14,951 rpm (60 Hz)

Bearings
Journal .................................................................................................................................................................................. Tilting Pad
Thrust .......................................................................................................... Active Side: Tilt Pad; Inactive Side: Fixed Tapered Land

Materials of Construction
Air Intake Housing ............................................................................................................................................................... Ductile Iron
Compressor Case .............................................................................................................................................................. Ductile Iron
Compressor Blades ....................................................................................................................................... 17-4 PH Stainless Steel
Compressor Stators (Variable/Fixed) ............................................................................................................ 17-4 PH SS/410 CRES
Combustor Liner (Conventional) ................................................................................................ Hastelloy X High Temperature Alloy
Combustor Liner (SoLoNOx) ...................................................................................................... Haynes 230 High Temperature Allo
Combustor Case .......................................................................................................................................... Carbon Steel ASTM A285
Turbine Nozzle Support Case ................................................................................................................... Ni-Resist D5B Ductile Iron
Turbine Nozzles, First and Second Stage ................................................................................ Cast FS414 Cobalt-Base Superalloy
Turbine Nozzle, Third Stage ............................................................................................................ IN713C High Temperature Alloy
Turbine Disks ........................................................................................................................................ Forged 718 Nickel-Base Alloy
Turbine Blades, First Stage ........................................................................................................ Cast MAR-M-247 Nickel-Base Alloy
Turbine Blades, Second Stage ............................................................................................................... IN-738 LC Nickel-Base Alloy
Turbine Blades, Third Stage ................................................................................................................ Cast IN 100 Nickel-Base Alloy
Exhaust Diffuser .................................................................................................................................................... 321 Stainless Steel
Accessory Gear Housing ................................................................................................................................................... Ductile Iron
Tilt-Pad Bearings .................................................................................................... No. 1: Steel Backed Tri-Metal; No. 2 & 3: Bronze
Turbine Shaft .......................................................................................................................................................................... AISI 4340

Protective Coatings
Compressor Rotor and Stator Blades ................................................................................................................. Inorganic Aluminum
Nozzles, First and Second Stage ................................................................................................. Precious Metal Diffusion Aluminide
Nozzles, Third Stage ........................................................................................................................................... Chromium Aluminide
Blades, First Stage ....................................................................................................................... Precious Metal Diffusion Aluminide

7
REDUCTION GEAR nation. This close-coupled arrangement allows preci-
The reduction gear unit is a rugged industrial type sion alignment, facilitated by jacking bolts. The gear-
designed by Solar. The gear unit is of the epicyclic box unit includes accessory pads to accommodate
“star-compound” design using fewer parts than con- the starter and main lubricating oil pump.
ventional epicyclic gear designs, thus giving higher
reliability and ease of assembly and disassembly. 2nd STAGE
STAR GEAR
The gear unit is designed for continuous duty
operation at output speeds of 1800 rpm for 60-Hz
OUTPUT
service and 1500 rpm for 50-Hz service. It is rated in
excess of standard American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA) design factors at a service factor INPUT PINION
of 1.10 for generator applications and 10.0 under SUN GEAR
short-circuit conditions. The gearbox is designed to
operate at 99% reliability for 30,000 hours between
major inspections and 100,000 hours between over-
hauls.
The gearbox is mounted on the oil tank in the skid
and the gas turbine is bolted directly to the gear unit. INPUT
The gas turbine and gearbox are coupled by means of
a splined interconnecting drive shaft, eliminating the
need for field alignment. The gearbox and generator FIXED CENTER 2nd STAGE
1st STAGE
are connected by means of a flexible dry-disc, shear- RING GEAR
type coupling enclosed in a spark-proof coupling PA98079MS

guard. Jacking points are provided to facilitate align-

ment of the gas turbine and gearbox/generator combi- Typical Star Compound Epicyclic Gearbox

8
Generator and Associated Equipment

GENERATOR • Reactive load sharing to within 5% of name-

The gas turbine generator set can be provided with plate rating
several different generator types and voltage outputs • Cross-current compensation capability
to accommodate a broad range of application require-
Rotor. The salient, four-pole, forged rotor is dynami-
ments. The generator, exciter, and voltage regulator
cally balanced to provide minimum vibration. Efficient
system designs are integrated to provide optimum
rotor fans move cooling air through the generator and
performance of the total system.
around the rotor. The rotors have layer-wound field
Enclosures. Three generator enclosure types are windings cemented with a high-strength resin and are
available to suit a variety of environmental conditions baked to cure the resin. The rotor is designed to be in
and cooling requirements. The standard options are electrical and mechanical balance at all speeds up to
open drip proof (ODP), Weather Protected II (WPII), 125% of rated speed.
and totally enclosed water-to-air cooled (TEWAC). All
Stator. The stator is built with high grade silicon steel
generators meet or exceed National Electrical Manu-
laminations, which are precision punched and indi-
facturers' Association (NEMA) codes. Special order
vidually insulated. Windings are typically form wound
generators are available to meet unique customer
and are treated with thermosetting synthetic varnish,
requirements, including non-U.S. specifications or
or vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI) epoxy, for
totally enclosed air-to-air cooled configurations. The
maximum moisture resistance, high dielectrical
construction characteristics of the generator compo-
strength, and high bonding qualities. Windings are
nents are given below.
braced to withstand load shocks such as motor
Standard Features. The standard product offerings starting and short circuits. Space heaters are used to
include the following features: minimize condensation during shutdown.
• Construction Shaft. The shaft diameter provides the necessary
– Open drip proof or stiffness to avoid torsional vibration.
– Weather Protected II or Frame. The frame is heavy-duty steel fabricated with
– Totally enclosed water-to-air cooled deep welds and internal reinforcing for extra rigidity
• Sleeve bearings with pressure fed sumps and strength and includes lifting lugs.
• Six-lead wye connection Insulation and Temperature Rise. The standard
• Terminal box insulation system conforms to NEMA Class F with
two temperature rise options (listed below), which are
• Form wound stator windings
based on the generator nameplate rating at 40°C
• Amortisseur windings (104° F), 0.8 power factor for continuous duty or
• Rotor balance to 125% rated speed standby duty service:
• Permanent magnet pilot exciter Class Temperature Rise
• Anticondensation space heaters F 105C°
• 300% short-circuit capability for 10 seconds B 80C° (option)
• Overload capacity per NEMA: Standby Duty 130C° (option)
– 150% rated current for one minute
Bearing Lubrication System. The generator is sup-
– 110% for two hours plied with a force-fed bearing lubrication system. The
Voltage Regulator Characteristics. force-fed system consists of onskid piping and a filter
strainer. The oil is supplied from the gas turbine lube
• Solid state oil system.
• Single-phase sensing
Generator Selection. Typical voltages are available
• ±10% voltage adjustment range for 60 and 50-Hz applications. Other voltages can be
• 0.5% steady-state voltage regulation provided to meet specific customer requirements.

9
 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5

4 3

3
1 2 2

12

13

13 14 14

1. Permanent Magnet Exciter Assembly 6. Main Lead 11. Rotor

2. Seal 7. Ground Lead 12. Input Shaft
3. Sleeve Bearings 8. Generator Stator Windings 13. Bearing Drain Sight Glasses
4. Air Deflector 9. Laminations 14. Mounting Feet
5. Rotor Fan 10. Stator Frame
PA98080M

Typical Open Drip-Proof Generator with Permanent Magnet Exciter System

Typical Available Voltages larly, sudden removal of up to 2800 kWe for the
(60 Hz) (50 Hz) Centaur 40 generator set or 3300 kWe for the Centaur
4160 3300 50 and Taurus 60 generator sets at 0.8 power factor,
when the generator, exciter, and regulator are operat-
6900 6600
ing at full load and rated voltage and frequency, will
12,470 11,000
result in less than ±22% excursion from rated voltage.
13,800 In either case, recovery is to within 5% of rated
Voltage Regulation (steady-state). The generator, voltage in less than two seconds, with no more than
exciter, and regulator system provides steady-state one undershoot or one overshoot.
voltage regulation within 0.5% of rated voltage when These transient response values are for conven-
the load is varied from no load to rated kVA and all tional combustion gas turbines. SoLoNOx combus-
transients have decayed to zero. tion gas turbines have lower transient response
capabilities.
Voltage Regulation (transient response). Sudden
application of up to 2800 kWe for the Centaur 40 Wave Form Characteristics.
generator set or 3300 kWe for the Centaur 50 and Deviation Factor (maximum) – 6%
Taurus 60 generator sets at 0.8 power factor, when the Harmonic Content (maximum) – 3%
generator, exciter, and regulator are operating at no
load and rated voltage and frequency, will result in Telephone Interference Factor (TIF):
less than ±17% excursion from rated voltage. Simi- (Balanced = 50; Residual = 75)

10
Voltage Drift. With the generator operating at rated TO LOAD

voltage and with a constant load between 0 and 100%

at rated power factor, the change in the regulated
output will not exceed 1.0% of rated voltage for any *PT663
30-minute period at a constant ambient temperature.
*CT
Load Sharing. Multiple gas turbines are capable of 663
reactive load sharing within 5% of nameplate rating VOLTAGE
ADJUST
when using the droop cross-current compensation POTENTIO-
METER
system.
Efficiency. The combined generator, exciter, and
regulator efficiency at full load is nominally: PMG
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
• Centaur 40 – 96.0%
• Centaur 50 – 96.2%
ROTATING PORTION
• Taurus 60 – 96.4%
Overload Capacity. The generator is designed to SURGE
SUPPRESSOR
carry a one-minute load of 150% normal rated current
with the field set for normal rated load excitation and
GENERATOR EXCITER
a 10% overload for two hours without injurious heating ARMATURE GENERATOR RECTIFIER EXCITER FIELD
(Stationary) FIELD ASSEMBLY ARMATURE (Stationary)
at rated power factor.
Short-Circuit Capability. The generator, regulator, *Supplied by Switchgear Supplier
PA98047MS
and exciter system will sustain at least 300% of the
continuous nameplate rated generator current for 10
seconds when a three-phase, symmetrical short cir- Typical Generator, Exciter, and Regulator System
cuit is applied at the generator terminals. This provi-
sion provides adequate time for selective tripping of
circuit breakers under short-circuit conditions. revolves in the magnetic flux produced by the station-
ary field. The stationary field is wound on salient poles
VOLTAGE REGULATOR supported by the stator core or frame. The permanent
The voltage regulator is a completely static, magnet generator consists of permanent magnets on
silicon-controlled rectifier type, using a Zener refer- the generator rotor and a stationary armature, also
ence, and arranged for single-phase sensing. All supported by the generator frame.
rectifiers are composed of hermetically sealed silicon. The exciter armature ac output power is rectified to
Regulators include droop-type cross-current compen- dc power by the rotating rectifier assembly and, in
sation for parallel operation. The solid-state regulator turn, the dc power is applied to the main generator
has a ±10% voltage adjustment range controlled by a rotating field windings. The complete exciter is
motorized potentiometer. This potentiometer is enclosed and protected by a removable cover.
mounted on the generator control panel. When the rotor operates at synchronous speed, the
permanent magnet generator provides power to the
EXCITATION SYSTEM voltage regulator. The voltage regulator provides the
The generator excitation system consists of four appropriate exciter field current to control the exciter
basic components: armature output, which is rectified to provide dc power
to the main generator rotating field winding.
• Permanent magnet generator to provide The excitation system is designed to have suffi-
power to the voltage regulator cient capacity to provide up to 150% rated current for
• Voltage regulator one minute without damage.
• Rotating armature-type ac exciter generator During initial turbine/generator acceleration, the
voltage regulator power supply is switched off. At
• Full-wave rectifier with diodes mounted on a
about 80% speed, the permanent magnet generator
rotating heat sink
output is connected to the voltage regulator and
The exciter armature is mounted on the main voltage buildup begins. The voltage regulator then
generator rotor and generates an ac voltage as it provides controlled exciter field current at a level to

11
maintain generator terminal voltage at a predeter- voltage and current levels, there is no need for
mined value established by the voltage rheostat additional auxiliary equipment to provide power to the
position. A potential transformer (usually supplied voltage regulator during transient conditions. The
with the switchgear) provides a voltage level signal to permanent magnet generator provides sufficient
the voltage regulator. By sensing the generator termi- generator terminal voltage during conditions of high
nal voltage and controlling the power to the brushless generator line current from motor starting or other
exciter and, thus, the main generator field, the voltage overload conditions and to allow for selective tripping
regulator automatically acts to maintain the generator during a short-circuit condition.
terminal voltage at a constant level at all load condi- A cross-current compensating circuit is included to
tions. accommodate reactive load sharing between multiple
Since the permanent magnet generator output gas turbines in parallel. Instrumentation transformers
power is independent of the main generator line are usually supplied with the switchgear.

12
Control Systems

TURBOTRONIC CONTROLS The control system maintains generator frequency

The Turbotronic ™ control system is a highly inte- and/or generator load distribution (when operating in
grated programmable logic controller (PLC) based parallel) by controlling gas turbine fuel flow by means
control system with an onskid digital control panel. of an electric fuel control valve. The system includes
The PLC system includes the microprocessor, re- provisions for selection of isochronous or speed droop
mote communication modules, chassis-based and modes of operation. Speed set-point adjustment is by
flex input/output modules, line synchronization mod- means of speed increase and speed decrease push
ule, and power supplies. The system also includes a buttons on the digital control panel.
voltage regulator, synch check relay, and relay backup Load sharing between two or more generator sets
shutdown system. The primary gas turbine control in parallel is accomplished via the load sensing
functions, including speed, temperature and load, are circuitry and software. Each generator’s load is con-
accomplished by controlling the fuel input and the gas tinuously measured by the PLC and compared to other
turbine inlet variable guide vanes. gas turbines on the same bus via a load sharing circuit
The main control system inputs consist of the gas among all gas turbine controls. This control loop
turbine speed transducer (magnetic pickup), the speed provides equal real load sharing among the turbines.
input module, power turbine rotor inlet temperature T5 is the turbine temperature measured at the third-
(TRIT) thermocouples, a millivolt input module, stage turbine rotor inlet and biased by air inlet tem-
current and potential transformer, and an ac input perature. When turbine temperature reaches rated
module. The PLC executes its control software and levels, fuel flow is then controlled based on tempera-
produces control outputs using an analog output ture rather than speed or load inputs. In the case of a
module. In addition, discrete inputs are sensed and generator operating in parallel with an infinite bus
outputs generated to control other functions. (utility) or with a number of dissimilar non-load sharing
generators, the temperature control will limit the load
carrying contribution of the gas turbine to its rated
full-load capacity at the current ambient temperature
conditions. The actual load level can be set by the
speed set point in droop control or, optionally, with kW
control. If the gas turbine or gas turbines are operating
in an “island” mode, then speed is the primary control
function and the gas turbine will deliver the load, or its
share of the load, up to its capacity.
Control characteristics are as follows:
• Isochronous or droop operation : 0 to 3.5% range
• Steady-state frequency control: 0.25%
• Transient speed deviation: -5%/+7%

CONTROL OPERATION
The microprocessor-based system provides for
automatic starting, acceleration to operating speed,
sequencing control, gas turbine and generator moni-
toring during operation, and normal and malfunction
shutdown.
During operation, the control system, by means of
automatic warning and shutdown devices, protects
SPCUPG-001CS
the gas turbine and generator from possible damage
resulting from hazards such as turbine overspeed,
Typical Control Junction Boxes and high gas turbine temperature, low lubricating oil pres-
Digital Control Panel sure, and excessive oil temperature.

13
 The PLC performs proportional control, sequencing cations will include a purge of the heat recovery
and protection functions, as well as detection and system.
annunciation of abnormal operating conditions. The 2. At 15% speed plus 30 seconds (about 21-to-
PLC also controls start-up, operation, and shutdown 25% speed) plus the time required to purge the
sequences. Control for these functions comes from heat recovery system, if required, the ignition
signals the microprocessor receives from solid-state system and fuel valves are operated to admit
devices, control switches, speed, pressure and and ignite fuel in the combustor. The heat of
temperature transmitters, and solid-state vibration combustion and starter power accelerate the
monitors. These components provide the PLC with turbine.
the data necessary to control and maintain gas turbine
3. At 205°C (400°F) T5 temperature, the ignition
speed and temperature at safe levels.
system is deactivated and acceleration
In the event of an abnormal condition or malfunc-
continues.
tion, the control system indicates the nature of the
malfunction. When an alarm or shutdown is displayed 4. At approximately 65% gas producer speed, the
on the digital control panel or on the optional remote start system is deactivated, the start counter
video display terminal (VDT), a sequence of appropri- registers a gas turbine start, the hour meter
ate operations begins in response to the detected begins to log gas turbine operating hours, and
condition. In the event of a control system failure, the the compressor variable vane control system
backup relay system provides for a safe and orderly activates and begins moving the vanes toward
shutdown. The backup relays operate the lubricating the maximum open position.
oil system and other subsystems, as required, to 5. At 80% speed, the gas turbine bleed valve
avoid gas turbine and generator damage during closes and the voltage regulator is activated,
shutdown. initiating generator voltage buildup.
CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION 6. At 90% speed, generator output voltage and
starting time are verified and the ready-to-load
In keeping with the total package concept, the
timer is activated.
microprocessor-based control system includes all
circuitry and indicating instruments required for gas 7. At 90% speed plus 10 seconds, loading circuits
turbine operation. (Please note that some items nor- are activated, enabling circuit breaker closure,
mally provided with the generator circuit breaker, and the ready-to-load indicator is illuminated.
including potential transformers and current trans- 8. At 100% speed, the governor system assumes
formers, are included in Solar's scope of supply, if control of turbine speed and automatically
Solar is providing the generator breaker.) The control synchronizes the generator with the bus.
system sequences operating systems during start-
ing, running, and shutdown to provide necessary Running Condition. While operating, the turbine
protection during all phases of operation and to moni- speed/load is automatically controlled by the speed,
tor parameters during operation. These sequences load and temperature governing and control system
are described in the following. with the generator voltage automatically controlled by
the voltage regulator. The speed and voltage set
Start Sequence. The generator set can be started at points may be manually adjusted as required. In
the on-frame digital control panel or with the optional addition to controlling speed and voltage levels, the
remote VDT. Once initiated, the start sequence is control system continuously monitors and displays
controlled automatically by the PLC. The following is gas turbine generator set operating parameters and
a summary of the major events during the start initiates alarms and/or automatic shutdown on detec-
sequence: tion of an upset condition.
1. Appropriate start and control systems are acti- Stop Sequence. Unit shutdown is initiated either
vated after all permissive signals have been manually by the Stop button or by the Emergency
checked, the pre/post lubricating oil pump is Stop button or automatically by the malfunction alarm
started and, on verification of prelubrication system. A cooldown or normal stop is initiated locally
pressure and conclusion of the gas fuel valve at the digital control panel or remotely via the optional
check sequence, the starter system is activated serial link interface, while an emergency stop is
and begins turbine rotation. Cogeneration appli- normally initiated at the local onskid panel or by hard-

14
wired remote command. The malfunction alarm T5 Temperature Limiter. Limits the real load (kWe) to
system stores and indicates alarms in sequential the maximum rating on the unit when operating in
order should more than one malfunction shutdown parallel with a large power source, such as an electric
alarm occur coincidentally. utility or other infinite bus system. The system limits
The following stop sequence is a summary of the the kWe load by limiting T5 temperature to a predeter-
major events occurring during a cooldown stop: mined factory-set level. When the unit is operating in
the isochronous mode and is in parallel with the bus,
1. The control system signals the generator output
with no further operator action, it will automatically
breaker to open. The gas turbine continues to
take on load or drop load as required. When the
run without load for five minutes to cool the gas
predetermined temperature level is reached, the
turbine to no-load operating temperatures.
limiter will take control of the fuel valve and prevent
2. At approximately five minutes after initiation of any further increase in temperature and load. The unit
cooldown stop, the run circuits are deactivated will continue to operate at this full site-rated load at the
to shut off the fuel supply and de-energize the current ambient temperature. With changes in ambi-
generator voltage regulator. ent temperature (T1), the limiter will adjust the load to
3. The compressor variable vane control system maintain a constant T5 temperature, thus automati-
moves the vanes to the minimum open position cally maintaining the gas turbine at full site-rated load
to unload the gas turbine compressor during at all times.
deceleration. If the application requires operation at a specific
4. At approximately 78% speed, the gas turbine constant load level, rather than full site-rated capac-
bleed valve opens. ity, then the optional kWe controller should be used.
The T5 temperature limiter system is a part of the
5. At 65% speed, the hour meter is deactivated.
gas turbine temperature control and indication system
6. At 15% speed, the restart delay circuit is and has no operational adjustments or control
activated to ensure the gas turbine has coasted switches.
to a complete stop prior to subsequent start
initiation. Digital Control Panel. A prominent feature of the
7. When gas turbine lubricating oil pressure drops microprocessor-based control system is a digital
below a preset value, the pre/post lube oil pump control panel. Located on the package skid, this panel
is started and continues to circulate lube oil to includes pressure indicators and switches for
cool the gas turbine bearings for approximately operation of the gas turbine cranking system for
55 minutes. maintenance purposes. Various gas turbine fluid
system parameters are indicated, depending on type
8. At approximately 30 seconds after speed
of fuel system used and other fluid system options.
decreases below 15%, the restart delay circuit
The temperature and pressure data displayed on the
resets the control system to enable gas turbine
digital control panel can be in SI, Metric or English
start.
units. In addition to a continuously available display of
When gas turbine shutdown is initiated by the first-out malfunctions, the panel will display the follow-
Emergency Stop button or by a malfunction, the initial ing data:
five-minute cooldown period is deleted and subse-
• System summary, normal running data
quent start-up is locked out until the Reset button is
pressed and the malfunction condition is cleared. • System status
• Digital display of gas turbine and
CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS generator parameters
The microprocessor-based control system is • Alarms and shutdowns
provided onskid in a weatherproof enclosure and
includes all controls necessary to sequence operation The gas turbine controls are located on the digital
during start and shutdown and to monitor and protect control panel and include all instrumentation, control
the package while in operation. All components within switches, and operation lights necessary for operation
the enclosure are factory interconnected and are wired of the gas turbine. The gas turbine controls include the
to terminal strips for customer connection or to other following as illustrated:
components. Labels and labeled customer connec- Automatic Synchronizer. An auto synchronizer is
tions are in English, but can be provided in other provided to automatically synchronize the unit to the
languages. bus. Automatic synchronization is incorporated into

15
 CONTROL SYSTEM
ALARM HORN

KEYPAD
DIGITAL DISPLAY
WINDOW 7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
. 0 -

FUNCTION
SWITCHES
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16

ACKNOWLEDGE
HORN RESET
SILENCE

START/ SPEED
STARTING DECREASE/
INCREASE

OFF/LOCAL/ BACKUP SYSTEM

REMOTE ACTIVE/RESET

D+H
STOP/ EMERGENCY SERIAL
STOPPING STOP PORT

SPCUPG-003M
Typical Onskid Digital Control Panel

16
the start cycle and can also be initiated by push-button the thrust bearing with one on each side. One
control on the digital control panel or by receipt of an RTD is active and one is spare. Temperature
appropriate remote signal. level, alarm, and shutdown indication are dis-
During synchronization, voltage, frequency and played by the digital control panel.
phase angle are controlled directly by the PLC. A
• Generator Bearing. The system uses an RTD
synch check relay is also provided.
at each generator bearing. Bearing temperature
Motorized Voltage Adjust System. The motorized level, warning alarm, and shutdown alarm indi-
voltage adjust system is mounted in the generator cation are displayed by the microprocessor
control panel and includes a raise/lower switch con- control system.
trolling a motorized potentiometer for voltage control. • Generator Stator Winding. An RTD is embed-
As an option, an additional raise/lower switch can be ded in each phase of the generator stator
introduced into the system to control voltage from a windings. Temperature level, warning alarm,
remote location. and shutdown alarm indication for each phase
Generator Control. Integrated electrical monitoring are displayed by the microprocessor control
and control circuits, including a specially developed system.
line-synchronizing module, are provided to control
real and reactive power or power factor when operating
CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS
in parallel with a grid. Remote Video Display Terminal (VDT). (Optional)
A remote video display terminal is available that
Display of Generator Operating Parameters. Gen- graphically displays all of the information shown on
erator operation is shown on the digital control panel the on-frame digital control panel. It operates over a
and is available in alphanumeric format onskid or it is serial link connected to the onskid digital control
available on the optional VDT in both numeric and bar panel. The remote VDT is normally located in the
graph format. Available parameters include: control room and can be connected directly up to 3000
• AC current – each phase m (9840 ft) away via ControlNet with repeaters. The
• AC voltage – each phase VDT also provides the capability to start and stop the
gas turbine, adjust speed/load set points, initiate
• Real and reactive power automatic synchronization, and open circuit breakers.
• Power factor
• Frequency
Vibration Monitoring Systems. A vibration monitor-
ing system using proximeters, accelerometers, and
velocity transducers with Metrix interface modules is
provided. The vibration monitoring system provides
signals directly to the PLC, which monitors and
displays vibration signals.
A proximeter is provided on each of the radial
bearings in the gas turbine. An accelerometer is
provided on the reduction gearbox and a velocity
transducer is provided on each of the generator
bearings.
Vibration level, malfunction alarm, and shutdown
initiation are displayed on the digital control panel or
with the optional VDT.
Temperature Monitoring Systems. Temperature
monitoring of critical components in the gas turbine
and the generator is provided to include:
• Gas Turbine Thrust Bearing. (Not available on
the Centaur 40 gas turbine.) For the Centaur 50 PA1999-003MS

and Taurus 60 gas turbines only, two resistance

temperature detectors (RTD) are embedded in Typical Remote Video Display Terminal

17
Gas Turbine Performance Map. (Optional/VDT • Alarm Logging – prints alarm with time and date
required) This feature displays site condition gas stamp.
turbine performance corrected to standard ISO perfor-
Supervisory Interface – Serial Link. (Optional)
mance. The performance map is available for refer-
Consists of an RS232C or RS422 or Allen-Bradley
ence and is used to monitor trends in gas turbine
Data Highway Plus (DH+) interface. The communica-
performance, not to verify absolute gas turbine perfor-
tions protocols available are the DH+, DF1 and Modbus
mance levels.
RTU. All data available to the PLC are also available
Historical Displays. (Optional/VDT required) The via the optional serial link for remote monitoring,
following maintenance and diagnostic programs are diagnostics, and trend analysis.
available to assist in routine monitoring of the gas The interface also provides the capability to:
turbine condition, as well as to make informed esti-
• Request “standard message” from PLC
mates of the future performance of the unit. The
historical display option includes: • Read specific memory locations
• Send supervisory control signals
• Running Time Display. This feature provides a
four-channel, strip-chart recorder format The "standard message" provides the same data
displayed on the optional VDT. It provides simul- used by the display system, including all input ana-
taneous plots of multiple operator-selected ana- logs, a number of computed values, status indications
log variables in real time. The data are displayed and all active alarms and shutdowns.
in one or two-second increments. Each of the Typical data include, but are not limited to:
plots is scaled for the selected variable and • Kilowatt load
displays the numeric value of the raw data for
each variable. • Gas turbine speed
• Elapsed Time Display. The elapsed time • Gas turbine compressor discharge
display feature is used for plotting and deter- pressure (Pcd)
mining trends in the gas turbine or generator. • Turbine rotor inlet temperature (T5)
Selected variables are stored on disk whether or • Lube oil header pressure
not the gas turbine is in operation, which • Lube oil temperature
provides a continuous data file of all stored
parameters. Data are saved at predetermined • Generator circuit breaker status
intervals and can be retrieved for future analy- • Ambient temperature
sis. Typically, data are stored in hourly intervals • All alarms and shutdowns
with approximately one month of data contained
on each floppy disk. Supervisory control signals include:
• Start
Printer/Logger. (Optional/VDT required) This option
includes an event logger, standard report form and • Stop
screen print. The data logging and print system • Acknowledge/reset
consists of a table-top 80/132 column dot matrix • Isoch/droop
printer, available in 120 or 240 Vac, single phase, 50/
• Water wash
60 Hz and a 7.6-m (25-ft) interconnect cable. For
multiple gas turbine applications, the control software • Auto sync initiate
can be configured for a dedicated printer for each gas • Test crank
turbine or one printer for several gas turbines.
KW Controller. (Optional) Required on all applications
The following functions are provided:
operating in parallel with a large power source, such as
• Status Print – current value of analog and status an electric utility or other infinite bus system. The kW
of discrete variables. Menu selectable and auto- controller provides additional operational flexibility by
matically generated on shutdown event followed allowing the real power level of the unit to be set at any
by first out alarm print. desired load within the capacity of the gas turbine,
• Daily Log – last 24 hours of elapsed time data. while the turbine rotor inlet temperature control limits
– Print Screen: prints current screen. the kW load level to the gas turbine’s full site-rated
load only. The kW load level select switch and
– Historical Files: prints data from all
adjustment is located on the digital control panel.
historical files.

18
 The kW controller can be configured for import or the standby gas turbine in the event of a failure
export control. The import controller monitors the load of one gas turbine in a continuous duty applica-
carried by the utility source and adjusts the gas tion. Signals of the number of gas turbines on
turbine generator load to maintain a fixed amount of line are provided for load control purposes. Also
power on the utility at all times. This is for applications provided are controls to allow automatic parallel-
where it is desired to prevent any power from being ing of a gas turbine whose start is manually
exported to the utility. The export controller monitors initiated from this panel.
the load carried by the gas turbine generator set. This
may be used to maintain a constant load on the CONTROL SYSTEM ACCESSORIES
generator set or it may be used as a process control- Control and Post Lube Pump Lead Acid Battery/
ler. The on/off and set switches are located on the Charger System. (Optional) This battery/charger
digital control panel. system supplies the necessary 24-Vdc power for the
operation of the gas turbine control system and 120-
KVAR/Power Factor Controller. (Optional) Required
Vdc power for the post lube backup pump. The 136-
on all applications operating in parallel with a large
ampere-hour, valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA)
power source, such as an electric utility or other
batteries and integrated 20-ampere charger are
infinite bus system. The kVAR/power factor controller
mounted in a nonhazardous, freestanding, weather-
maintains a constant reactive load (kVAR) or constant
proof NEMA 3R cabinet. The charger is available with
power factor (pf) on the gas turbine while operating in
240/480-Vac, 208/220/230-Vac and 120/240-Vac, 50
parallel with a large power source. The controller
or 60-Hz, single-phase inputs.
output signal is applied directly to the voltage regula-
tor adjust circuit to maintain a constant reactive load Control and Post Lube Pump Ni-Cad Battery/
or power factor with changes in the infinite bus voltage Charger System. (Optional) This battery/charger
level. The system incorporates a set-point adjust system supplies the necessary 24-Vdc power for the
rheostat to set the desired kVAR or pf, a selector operation of the gas turbine control system and 120-
switch to choose kVAR or pf control mode, and a Vdc power for the post lube backup pump. The 143-
switch to turn the controller on and off. The switches ampere-hour nickel cadmium batteries and integrated
and level adjust rheostat are located on the generator 20-ampere charger are mounted in a nonhazardous,
control panel and are controlled by the gas turbine freestanding, weatherproof NEMA 3R cabinet. The
PLC. charger is available with 240/480-Vac, 208/220/230-
Vac and 120/240-Vac, 50 or 60-Hz, single-phase
Generator Sequencing. (Optional) In power genera-
inputs.
tion systems, completely automatic operation is often
desirable. For standby applications, it is desirable to
have the unit automatically start and the load transfer
to the standby gas turbine when a commercial power
failure occurs. For continuous duty application, it is
desirable to automatically shed load and/or restore CONTROL
load should one of the generator sets have a malfunc- PANEL
tion shutdown.
(2' 11-1/2")
902 mm

Solar offers several automatic starting and loading

systems for both standby and continuous duty
applications: DOOR

• Automatic Start/Automatic Synchronization/

Automatic Restore, Multiple Gas Turbines.
Provides the logic to control up to six gas
turbines on loss of commercial power. The gas 406 mm
(1' 4")
turbine will automatically start, close on the
dead bus, and, if desired, shut down when Depth - 397 mm (1' 3-5/8")
commercial power is restored. Controls for this Weight - 73 kg (160 lb)

system are located on the digital control panel. SPCUIPG-014M

• Standby Start to a Hot Bus. The standby start

to a hot bus system provides the logic to start Typical Control and Post Lube Battery Console

19
 Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 Alarm and Shutdown Indications

SHUTDOWN
* = ALARM INDICATION (INDICATION AND
MALFUNCTION SHUTDOWN)

Gas Turbine Systems

Supplied with Basic Set:
* High impending turbine temperature (T5)
High turbine temperature (T5) FSL
Overspeed FSN
Backup overspeed FSN
Underspeed CSL
Fast stop, manual FSL
* High vibration, package summary FSN
Ignition failure FSN
Fail to crank FSN
Fail to start FSN
* Starter dropout failure
High thrust bearing temperature (not available for Centaur 40 gas turbine) FSN
Critical shutdown FSN
Flameout FSN

Main Reduction Drive

* High vibration FSN

Generator Systems
Generator overvoltage CSL
Generator undervoltage CSL
* Generator winding temperature
A phase CSN
B phase CSN
C phase CSN
* High bearing temperature, drive end FSN
* High bearing temperature, exciter end FSN
* High vibration, drive end FSN
* High vibration, exciter end FSN

Control Systems
Battery voltage low FSL
T1 RTD failure CSL
T5 thermocouple failure CSL
* T5 thermocouple out of tolerance (1 thermocouple)
* T5 thermocouple out of tolerance (2 or more thermocouples) CSL
Backup overspeed system failure FSL
* Lube oil pressure transducer failure
* Battery charger failure
* Generator winding RTD failure
* Vibration monitor failure
* Fire system fault
* Gas monitor failure FSL

20
 Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 Alarm and Shutdown Indications, Contd

SHUTDOWN
* = ALARM INDICATION (INDICATION AND
MALFUNCTION SHUTDOWN)

Fuel System – Gas (G), Liquid (L), or Dual (D) Fuel

* Low gas fuel pressure (D) (requires discrete signal from user)
* High gas fuel filter differential pressure (G,D)
High starting fuel flow (G,D) FSN
Gas fuel valve fail (G,D) FSN
High gas fuel pressure (G,D) FSL
Low liquid fuel boost pressure (D) CSN/FSN
Low liquid fuel boost pressure (L) FSN
* High liquid fuel filter differential pressure (L,D)
* Low liquid fuel main pressure (D)
* Gas valve check fail, transfer to liquid (D)

Lubrication System
Low prelube oil pressure FSN
* Low oil pressure FSN
* High oil temperature CSN
* High oil filter differential pressure
* High oil tank pressure
* Low oil temperature (start permissive) FSN

Ancillary System
* High enclosure temperature
* High enclosure gas level FSL
* Air inlet filter differential pressure high (supplied with air inlet filter) CSN

Supplied with Fire Protection System

Fire detected, UV sensor FSL
Fire detected, thermal sensor FSL
Fire system discharged FSL
* Fire system lockout

Other Options (require signal from external equipment)

Switchgear malfunction summary CSN
Heat recovery system shutdown CSN
* Gas turbine start inhibit by heat recovery system

CSL = Cooldown Stop Lockout

CSN = Cooldown Stop Nonlockout
FSL = Fast Stop Lockout
FSN = Fast Stop Nonlockout
Cooldown: Generator breaker is tripped and gas turbine is run at no load for five minutes.
Fast Stop: Generator breaker is tripped and gas turbine is shut down immediately.
Lockout: System is reset from local gas turbine control panel only.
Nonlockout: System is reset from local gas turbine control panel or optional remote control panel.

21
Start System

DIRECT-DRIVE AC START SYSTEM protection devices are normally provided by others.

The direct-drive ac (DAC) start system consists of a The power cable run from the VFD to the starter motor
squirrel cage, three-phase, ac induction motor with a should not exceed 183 m (600 ft).
solid-state variable frequency drive (VFD). The starter
motor is mounted on the gas turbine reduction gearbox
with a sprag-type overrunning clutch.
When the start sequence is initiated, the package
prelube cycle begins. Upon completion of the prelube
cycle and once given a signal from the gas turbine
control system, the VFD provides low frequency ac
voltage to the motor. After the gas turbine begins to
spin, the VFD ramps up the frequency and voltage to
the motor to accelerate the gas turbine to purge
speed. The VFD controls the motor at a constant

(4' 9-3/8")
1457 mm
speed for the duration of the purge cycle. At the end
of the purge cycle, the gas turbine control commands
the VFD to increase the frequency of the motor to
accelerate the gas turbine for the ignition cycle. Once
starter dropout speed is reached, the gas turbine
continues to accelerate and overruns the starter motor
through the sprag clutch.
The VFD cabinet is shipped separately for installa-
tion in an appropriate nonhazardous location and
provides for direct across-the-line starting control of
the motor. The VFD requires a supply of three-phase,
465 mm
380-to-575 volt, 48-to-62 Hz ac power. The typical (1' 6-5/16")
maximum symmetrical fault current capacity of the
Depth - 355 mm (1' 1-15/16")
VFD is 25,000 amps. Feeder circuits exceeding this Weight - 96 kg (211 lb)
limit require the use of an isolation transformer, line SPCUIPG-015M

reactor or other means of adding similar impedance to

limit fault current. Electric disconnects and overcurrent Typical Variable Frequency Drive Cabinet

ADAPTER HUB
VARIABLE COUPLING/
FREQUENCY AC START CLUTCH GAS
DRIVE MOTOR ASSEMBLY TURBINE
CUSTOMER
AC INPUT
380 TO 575 VAC
THREE PHASE
50/60 HZ (Rotation)
GENERATOR SET
SKID EDGE
PA98029M

Typical Direct-Drive AC Start System

22
Fuel Systems

The Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 PG genera- free of sulfur, contaminants, entrained water, and
tor sets can be configured to operate using a gas fuel, liquid hydrocarbons.
light distillate liquid fuel, or dual (gas or liquid) fuel Typical components included with the natural gas
system. All fuel must conform to Solar's specification fuel system are:
ES 9-98.
• Gas strainer
NATURAL GAS FUEL SYSTEM • Primary fuel shutoff valve
(pilot gas operated)
The fuel system includes all necessary components
for controlling fuel pressure, scheduling fuel flow • 10-micron pilot gas filter
during start-up, and modulating fuel flow during opera- • Electric natural gas fuel valve
tion. The system also provides temperature topping with actuator
control of fuel flow during start-up, acceleration and • Fuel injector assemblies
operation. The system requires a natural gas supply
• Valve check pressure transmitter
that conforms to Solar’s specification ES 9-98. The
gas should have a lower heating value (LHV) of 31 496 • Gas fuel pressure transmitter
to 39 370 kJ/nm3 (800 to 1000 Btu/scf) and should be • Torch ignitor

PRIMARY
STRAINER SHUTOFF
VALVE CONTROL
GAS SIGNAL
G FROM
FUEL ELECTRIC
SUPPLY GENERATOR SET TRANSMITTER
GAS FUEL
SKID EDGE
VALVE

Gas Fuel Supply Pressures at Skid Edge at -18˚C (0˚F):

Minimum Maximum Flow G G

kPa(g) psig kPa(g) psig nm3/min scfm
Centaur 40 1413 205 2068 300 26.8 1000
Centaur 50 1480 215 2068 300 37.5 1400
Taurus 60 1720 250 2758 400 32.2 1200

GAS FUEL GAS FUEL

MANIFOLD INJECTORS

COMBUSTOR
VARIABLE COMPRESSOR TORCH
GUIDE VANES
Legend
E
G
Main Fuel Path
E Electrical TORCH TORCH
PRESSURE TORCH PRESSURE
G Gas Fuel REGULATOR VALVE REGULATOR
VALVE VALVE

SPCUPG-007M

Typical Simplified Natural Gas Fuel System (second level instrumentation not shown)

23
 • Drain valves Solar has developed an electric fuel control valve
• Vent valve that replaces the pressure regulator/gas loader, throttle
valve, and associated electrohydraulic actuator. This
System requirements include: system has improved light-off reliability and enhanced
• Centaur 40 – Constant supply of gas at a performance flexibility to meet the demanding require-
maximum flow demand rate of 26.8 nm3/min ments of SoLoNOx gas turbine configurations and has
(1000 scfm) at 1413 kPa gauge (205 psig) allowed easier adjustments of fuel flow schedules for
minimum and 2068 kPa gauge (300 psig) steady-state and transient conditions.
maximum pressure at -18°C (0°F) ambient The electrically controlled valve is composed of a
temperature. balanced poppet valve actuated by a proportional
solenoid-operated device mounted directly on the
• Centaur 50 – Constant supply of gas at a
valve. All components, including the electronics, are
maximum flow demand rate of 37.5 nm3/min
packaged in a compact, lightweight housing con-
(1400 scfm) at 1480 kPa gauge (215 psig)
structed of either aluminum or stainless steel. Internal
minimum and 2068 kPa gauge (300 psig)
metering components are stainless steel. The valve
maximum pressure at -18°C (0°F) ambient
assembly can operate in ambient temperatures and
temperature.
gas temperatures of 93°C (200°F). Control and actua-
• Taurus 60 – Constant supply of gas at a tion power required is 120 Vdc. The valve position is
maximum flow demand rate of 32.2 nm3/min controlled by a 4-to-20 mA signal and the valve
(1200 scfm) of 1720 kPa gauge (250 psig) provides a 4-to-20 mA feedback signal via an inte-
minimum and 2068 kPa gauge (300 psig) grated linear variable differential transformer (LVDT).
maximum pressure at -18°C (0°F) ambient A differential pressure transmitter is included to mea-
temperature. sure the differential pressure across the injectors in
• Maximum allowable gas fuel temperature is order to properly schedule fuel flow during gas turbine
93°C (200°F). Minimum allowable gas fuel tem- light-off and acceleration.
perature is -29°C (-20°F). The fuel is distributed to the combustor via a fuel
• Gas fuel should conform to Solar's specification gas manifold and fuel injectors.
ES 9-98, "Fuel, Air, and Water (or Steam) for
Solar Gas Turbine Engines."
LIQUID FUEL SYSTEM
• Gas fuel must be free of sulfur, contaminants, The liquid fuel system operates on light distillate
entrained water, and liquid hydrocarbons. fuels, including Grades 1 and 2 fuel oil, Grades 1 and
2 diesel, and kerosene (JP-5, JP-8 or commercial
Component Operation grade). Specific physical and chemical requirements
Gas fuel supply pressure required at the turbine skid are provided in Solar’s specification ES 9-98.
must meet minimum pressure requirements or the low This system requires an external air source to
pressure switch disables gas turbine operation. provide fuel atomization for up to three minutes during
The primary fuel shutoff valve is a pneumatically the start cycle. During normal operation, the atomiz-
operated, spring-closed ball valve. Pilot gas pressure ing air source is provided internally from the gas
is admitted and exhausted from the operator via an turbine compressor discharge.
integral solenoid valve. Removal of pilot gas or elec- The liquid fuel system includes:
tric power allows the springs to close the main valve.
• 5.6-kW (7.5-hp) motor-driven, gear-type
When energized, this solenoid valve admits pilot
main (high pressure) fuel pump
pressure to the valve opening operator and exhaust
pressure from the closing operator, causing the main • Low fuel boost pressure transmitter
spool to shift to the open position. When de-energized, • Simplex, 25-micron high pressure fuel filter
this solenoid valve vents the opening operator and • Fuel control actuator
supply pilot pressure in the closing direction to close
• Liquid fuel control valves (fuel metering,
the shutoff valve.
differential pressure, acceleration limiter,
During the gas turbine start sequence, prior to
relief, and pressurizing
ignition, the primary fuel shutoff valve is operated to
verify proper operation. This fuel valve check se- • Liquid fuel solenoid-operated valves (main
quence is verified by the valve check pressure trans- fuel shutoff, purge, bypass, torch shutoff,
mitter. and torch drain)

24
 SHUTOFF PRESSURE
VALVE CONTROL VALVE
AIR E
ATOMIZING A
SUPPLY
AIR
Pressure: 552 kPa(g) (80 psig) minimum to 1379 kPa(g) (200 psig) maximum MANIFOLD
Flow: 1.7 nm3/min (60 scfm) for 3 minutes during start cycle LIQUID FUEL
INJECTORS

BOOST
PUMP
TRANSFER
VALVE

L L L

LIQUID COMBUSTOR
FUEL VARIABLE COMPRESSOR TORCH
SUPPLY STRAINER GUIDE VANES
Liquid Fuel A E
Pressure:
6.1 m (20 ft)
Wet lift to LOW
172 kPa(g) PRESSURE
FILTERS SHUTOFF
(25 psig) VALVE

Liquid Fuel Boost Liquid Fuel Pressure

Pump Skid (optional) w/o Optional Boost Skid:
241 to 345 kPa(g) LINES
(35 to 50 psig) TYPICAL
GENERATOR
SET SKID
EDGE L L
VFD LIQUID FUEL
CONTROLLER
AC MOTOR
DRIVEN (Offskid TORCH
LIQUID mounted) VALVE
FUEL PUMP
MAIN E Legend
L
VALVE Main Fuel Path
HIGH PRESSURE FUEL FLOW E Electrical
FUEL FILTER MONITOR E
L A Air

L Liquid Fuel

SPCUPG-008M

Typical Simplified Liquid Fuel System (second level instrumentation not shown)

System requirements include: – Grades 1 and 2 fuel oil

• Constant supply of liquid fuel at a maximum – Grades 1 and 2 diesel
flow demand rate of 30.2 L/min (8.2 gpm) – Kerosene (JP-5, JP-8 or commercial grade)
• Compressed air at 552 to 1379 kPa gauge • For other fuels, a fuel composition should
(80 to 200 psig) and 1.7 nm3/min maximum (60 be submitted
scfm) for up to three minutes for fuel • Customer-provided offskid purge tank
atomization during the start cycle
• Maximum allowable liquid fuel temperature Component Operation
at package inlet is 60°C (140°F). The liquid fuel system is completely integrated within
• Pressure at package connection must be regu- the gas turbine/generator package. The gas turbine
lated between 241 and 345 kPa gauge requires a liquid fuel supply of acceptable pressure at
(35 and 50 psig). the low pressure filter inlet. Fuel flow rate will vary
depending on the fuel heating value and specific
• Fuel should conform to Solar's specification ES
gravity.
9-98. Typical acceptable fuels include:

25
 An offskid module can be provided to raise fuel ignition during gas turbine start-up and closes upon
pressure to the pressure required at the package initiation of a gas turbine shutdown signal. The bypass
frame to that required by the high pressure fuel pump. valve opens on gas turbine shutdown to bypass fuel
The liquid fuel boost module, which is capable of a lift through the high pressure pump during gas turbine
suction of 6.1-m (20-ft), includes an ac motor-driven coast down. The torch valve opens at ignition (15%
pump and a 75-micron strainer. speed plus 10 seconds) to admit fuel to the torch
The duplex low pressure fuel filters provide filtra- ignitor assembly and closes when combustion is
tion to 10 microns and incorporate a manual transfer verified by a 177°C (350°F) turbine T 5 temperature.
valve for switching the filters. The filters may be The purge valve opens on shutdown initiation to purge
transferred during gas turbine operation. High differen- fuel from the fuel injectors and fuel manifolding to the
tial pressure across the filter is sensed by a pressure onskid fuel purge tank.
switch and indicated as an alarm by the gas turbine Fuel is directed from the main fuel shutoff valve to
control system. a manifold that distributes the fuel through individual
Fuel is directed from the low pressure filters to the supply lines to the fuel injectors.
ac motor-driven high pressure fuel pump, which sup-
plies approximately 4140-to-5520 kPa gauge (600-to- DUAL FUEL SYSTEM
800 psig) fuel pressure to the fuel control valve. A The dual fuel system combines all the features of the
simplex, 25-micron high pressure fuel filter is located natural gas fuel system and the liquid fuel system
between the high pressure pump discharge and the previously described and includes the controls for
fuel control valve to protect the fuel control from pump starting fuel selection and fuel changeover during
wear products. operation. Switching from one fuel to the other can be
The main fuel control valve schedules fuel flow accomplished under any load condition. The single-unit
during light-off, acceleration and during constant speed gas turbine frequency variation is approximately equal
operation. The control valve incorporates the fuel to a full-load transient, and a gas turbine operating in
metering valve, acceleration limiter, differential pres- parallel experiences a momentary load transfer with
sure valve, ultimate relief valve, compressor dis- constant frequency. Fuel changeover from gas to
charge pressure (Pcd) bleed solenoid, and liquid may be automatically accomplished if specified
servoactuator linkage. The constant speed control and the rate of loss of natural gas fuel pressure is
portion meters fuel to the gas turbine according to within limits. Transfer from liquid fuel to gas fuel is by
demand established by Pcd to the acceleration limiter manual initiation only to prevent inadvertently
and by the speed control governor linkage position. re-transferring and to allow operating personnel to
Fuel not required as metered flow to the gas turbine is confirm stability of the natural gas fuel supply.
returned to the high pressure fuel pump inlet by the The liquid fuel system uses an ac motor-driven high
differential pressure valve. pressure pump. When the gas turbine is running on
As an acceleration control, fuel is scheduled ac- gas fuel, the motor-driven pump is shut down, thus
cording to Pcd sensed by the acceleration limiter. deactivating the liquid fuel system and eliminating the
The differential pressure valve maintains a con- requirement for a fuel cooler. The purge tank and liquid
stant differential pressure across the metering valve fuel air assist system, described earlier, must be
to maintain fuel flow as a function of metering valve furnished for dual fuel gas turbines.
position with changing high pressure pump discharge
pressure. The ultimate relief valve opens to relieve ALTERNATE FUELS
system pressure in the event of fuel pump operation The standard gas, liquid, and dual fuel systems are
against a closed discharge path. The pressurizing designed to operate on fuels that meet the require-
valve, located downstream of the fuel control valve, ments of Solar's specification ES 9-98. Most commer-
provides an appropriate back pressure on the fuel cially available natural gas fuel and light distillate fuels
control valve to maintain stable operation. comply with ES 9-98. Solar's technical staff can
The fuel control actuator is an electrohydraulic assist in evaluating specific fuel characteristics.
device that receives a control signal from the gas The fuel systems can also be modified to accom-
turbine electronic governor and, by use of hydraulic modate a range of alternate fuels that do not comply
power, operates the control linkage to the fuel control with ES 9-98. Gas fuels with heating values somewhat
valve. The actuator oil pressure is supplied from the less than natural gas can be used with specialized fuel
gas turbine lube oil system. systems. Solar's gas turbines can operate on "heavier"
The system incorporates four electrically operated gas fuels, including propane, butane, natural gas
solenoid valves. The main shutoff valve opens at (NGL), and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), which are

26
 PRIMARY
STRAINER SHUTOFF
VALVE CONTROL
GAS SIGNAL
G FROM
FUEL ELECTRIC
SUPPLY GENERATOR SET TRANSMITTER
GAS FUEL
SKID EDGE
VALVE

Gas Fuel Supply Pressures at Skid Edge at -18˚C (0˚F):

Minimum Maximum Flow
kPa(g) psig kPa(g) psig nm3/min scfm G G
Centaur 40 1413 205 2068 300 26.8 1000
Centaur 50 1480 215 2068 300 37.5 1400
Taurus 60 1720 250 2758 400 32.2 1200

SHUTOFF PRESSURE
VALVE CONTROL VALVE
AIR
ATOMIZING A
SUPPLY G GAS FUEL
AIR MANIFOLD
Pressure: 552 kPa(g) (80 psig) minimum to 1379 kPa(g) (200 psig) maximum MANIFOLD
Flow: 1.7 nm3/min (60 scfm) for 3 minutes during start cycle DUAL FUEL
INJECTORS

BOOST
PUMP
TRANSFER
VALVE

L L L

LIQUID COMBUSTOR
FUEL VARIABLE COMPRESSOR TORCH
SUPPLY STRAINER GUIDE VANES
E
Liquid Fuel A E G
Pressure:
6.1 m (20 ft) TORCH TORCH
Wet lift to LOW
PRESSURE PRESSURE TORCH PRESSURE
172 kPa(g) SHUTOFF REGULATOR REGULATOR
FILTERS VALVE
(25 psig) VALVE VALVE VALVE

Liquid Fuel Boost Liquid Fuel Pressure

Pump Skid (optional) w/o Optional Boost Skid:
241 to 345 kPa(g) LINES
(35 to 50 psig) TYPICAL
GENERATOR
SET SKID
EDGE L L
VFD LIQUID FUEL
CONTROLLER
AC MOTOR
DRIVEN (Offskid TORCH
LIQUID mounted) VALVE Legend
FUEL PUMP
Main Fuel Path
L MAIN E E Electrical
VALVE
HIGH PRESSURE FUEL FLOW A Air
FUEL FILTER MONITOR E
L G Gas Fuel

L Liquid Fuel

SPCUPG-009M

Typical Simplified Dual Fuel System (second level instrumentation not shown)

compressed and burned as a liquid. Extremely light SOLONOx COMBUSTION

distillate fuels, including naphtha and gasoline, can SoLoNOx is a dry low emission combustion system
be used with minor modifications to the standard that uses special fuel injectors, each with main and
liquid fuel system. Solar ® gas turbines cannot oper- pilot fuel ports. The ratio of fuel injected through these
ate on heavy liquid fuels, including No. 3 diesel fuel ports is controlled during starting and operation to
and heavier, bunker fuel, No. 6 oil, and residual oil. maintain a stable combustor flame while minimizing

27
the formation of NOx and CO emissions. Combustion • Variable speed motor controller, shipped sepa-
airflows, which affect the emissions levels, are also rately for installation by others in purchaser’s
regulated within allowable limits using variable guide motor control center
vanes and a bleed valve on the axial air compressor. • System suction strainer, suction pressure switch,
motor, pump and bypass relief valve are mounted,
WATER INJECTION
plumbed and wired on a separate skid, approxi-
Water injection can be used to reduce NOx emissions. mately 610 x 1525 mm (2 x 5 ft) for field
Where water is plentiful and of good quality, water installation by purchaser
injection is a proven, cost-effective way to reduce
NOx emissions. When provided, the water injection System Requirements
system includes the following components: The water injection system requires up to 57 L/min (15
• Water inlet strainer gpm) of clean deionized water, in accordance with
• Pump suction pressure shutdown switch Solar’s specification ES 9-98, between 69 and 414
kPa gauge (10 and 60 psig) at the offskid water
• Variable speed high pressure injection pump injection pump inlet connection.
driven by a 5.6-kW (7.5-hp) motor Solar can review your specific requirements to
• Pump bypass relief valve determine if water injection is required and provide
• Water flow transducer for indication recommended water flow rate and emissions data to
and control support permitting requirements. Solar’s specification
• Solenoid-operated shutoff and purge valves ES 9-98 contains information regarding water quality.

28
Lubrication System

BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM indicate when a filter changeout is necessary, is

A complete lubricating system suitable for operation provided. A duplex filter is available as an option. The
with lube oil conforming to Solar’s specification ES duplex filters may be switched while the gas turbine
9-224 is included. The lubrication system circulates generator set is inoperation, using a continuous-flow
oil under pressure to the bearings in the gas turbine, transfer valve.
gearbox, and generator. Pre/Post Lube Oil System. A pre/post lube oil pump
The lube system consists of a gas turbine-driven supplies oil prior to package start-up and post lube
primary pump, motor-driven pre/post oil pump, filter, cooling after unit shutdown. The pump is a rotary,
air/oil or water/oil cooler, tank heater, pressure and positive-displacement type driven by a 1.5-kW (2.0-
temperature regulating valves, and devices for moni- hp) ac motor-driven, centrifugal pre/post lube oil pump,
toring, control, and protection against low pressure which supplies oil prior to package start-up and post
and high temperature. With the exception of the lube lube cooling after shutdown.
oil cooler, the complete lube oil system is installed on
the package base. The oil tank is a reservoir integral Post Lube Backup Oil System. A 0.75-kW (1-hp)
with the package base. All onskid supply and drain line motor-driven backup lube oil pump is also provided to
piping is included. The interconnect piping between supply the necessary oil pressure for post lube cool-
the skid edge connection and the remote-mounted oil ing of the gas turbine bearings in the event the post
cooler, however, is provided by others. All tubing, lube oil system is inoperable on unit shutdown. Power
piping, and manifolds up to four-inch (nominal) size to the backup pump is provided by a 120-Vdc battery
are stainless steel. system.
When unit start-up is initiated, oil is delivered to the Lube Oil Tank Heater System. A thermostatically
gas turbine bearings by the pre/post lube oil pump for controlled 4.5-kW oil tank heater is available to main-
a specific period of time. As the gas turbine acceler- tain oil temperature above 10°C (50°F). This heater
ates, the pre/post oil pump is shut down and all lube requires 380/575-Vac, 50/60-Hz, three-phase power.
oil is supplied by the gas turbine-driven main pump.
When the unit starts during cold ambient conditions, Lube Oil Cooler System. The standard lube oil cooler
oil bypasses the cooler through a temperature control system consists of an air-to-oil cooler that operates to
valve in the system control module. a maximum ambient temperature of 43°C (110°F). A
simplex water-to-oil cooler is available as an option.
Standard Features The oil cooler is installed offskid. With a water inlet
The lubrication system incorporates the following temperature of 28.4°C (85°F), the water flow rate is:
standard components: • Centaur 40 – 95 L/min (25 gpm)
• Oil tank • Centaur 50 – 114 L/min (30 gpm)
• Gas turbine-driven primary pump • Taurus 60 – 114 L/min (30 gpm)
• AC motor-driven pre/post pump Drain Line Sight Glasses. Sight glasses are included
• DC motor-driven backup pump in the combined lube oil drain line from the No. 2 and
• Simplex oil filter No. 3 gas turbine bearings, as well as in the generator
lube oil drain lines.
• Offskid oil cooler
• Oil level, pressure and temperature Oil Temperature Regulator. This control valve has
transmitters a nominal setting at the main lube oil supply header of
at least 20° C (68° F) when using Grade C32 oil and at
• Pressure and temperature regulators least 29° C (85° F) when using Grade C46 oil.
• Strainers
Supply Manifold. The main oil pressure supply
Lube Oil Filter System. A simplex filter, with replace- manifold includes pressure and temperature transmit-
able five-micron elements and a warning signal to ters and RTD.

29
 GEARBOX O D
DRAIN TO
DRAIN*
OIL TANK
O D

O SIGHT O
O O
GAUGES
O
D DRAIN TO D PRESSURE
O
OIL TANK TRANSMITTER
LUBE OIL
COOLER** PRESSURE E
DRAIN TO TW RTD
D

E
SWITCH
OIL TANK

FILTER
TRANSFER
VALVE

O PRESSURE
AC PRE/POST TRANSMITTER
O O O O
FILTER LUBE PUMP
BLEED VALVE
CONTROL
O
D
CHECK FILTERS
VALVES
TANK
VENT DUPLEX LUBE
MAIN OIL FILTER (optional)
DC BACKUP CHECK LUBE OIL
V O
POST LUBE VALVE HEADER
PUMP
O O
O
OIL
TURBINE CONTROL
VENT TANK DRIVEN MODULE LEVEL ALARM/ GEARBOX
ALARM E
E

FILL MAIN LUBE SHUTDOWN DRAIN*

SWITCH E
E

OIL PUMP O SWITCH

RELIEF PRESSURE THERMAL LUBE OIL

SIGHT VALVE REGULATOR BYPASS VALVE DRAIN
LEVEL RETURNS
INDICATOR
D
Liters (gallons) mm (in.) from bottom of tank
Normal Operational Level 1438 (380) 330 (13)
OIL TANK LUBE OIL Low Level Alarm 1234 (326) 279 (11)
HEATER Low Level Shutdown 886 (234) 203 (8) TW RTD
DRAIN

Legend

* The main reduction gear is physically located on top of and A Air Main Oil Path
drains directly into the oil tank. There is no drain "line."
** Lube oil cooler system is mounted offskid. Customer has
choice of air-to-oil or water-to-oil heat exchanger. D Drain E Electrical

O Oil
SPCUPG-010M

Typical Simplified Lube Oil System (second level instrumentation not shown)

30
Ancillary Equipment

ENCLOSURE Standard Features

An all-steel enclosure can be provided for the com- Sound Attenuation. The sound-attenuated enclo-
plete turbine generator. The enclosure is self-contained, sure is intended for use with suitable gas turbine air
weatherproof, insulated, sound-attenuated, and inlet and exhaust silencing systems in environments
assembled on the gas turbine package skid base. where low noise levels are required. The enclosure
Drawings showing basic features of the enclosure ventilation openings are equipped with suitable silenc-
and range of support equipment offered are available. ers to achieve maximum sound attenuation.
The enclosure is constructed with a one-piece solid The actual achievable noise reduction at a specific
roof and nonremovable side panels. Enclosure doors site depends on existing walls, barriers, equipment in
are provided in key locations for access to major close proximity, multiple gas turbines, and other
components requiring inspection and maintenance installation considerations.
and for component removal by forklift and overhead
Exterior Connections. Connections for oil tank vent
crane. The wall area of the gas turbine compartment
lines, enclosure lights, fire and gas detection/
includes bi-folded doors, which open to provide ac-
suppression systems, and gas turbine air inlet and
cess and clearance for turbine and gearbox removal.
exhaust are terminated outside the enclosure. These
The enclosure walls and roof are treated wtih fiber-
connections are defined in detail on the final mechani-
glass material for noise attentuation and thermal
cal installation drawings.
insulation. The enclosure is constructed to support a
roof load of 50 lb/ft2 and to withstand a wind load of 161 Electrical System Wiring. Electrically operated and
km/h (100 mph). controlled devices incorporated in the enclosure are
All ferrous metal surfaces are painted a grey finish wired according to NEC and standard commercial
to match the color of the skid and gas turbine wiring practices and as necessary to meet the require-
accessories. ments for equipment installed in nonhazardous areas.

SPCUPG-005M

Typical Self-Contained, All-Steel Enclosure

31
 ENCLOSURE
AIR INLET
ENCLOSURE
GENERATOR
EXHAUST
EXHAUST
TURBINE LUBE OIL
AIR INLET TANK VENT

TURBINE
EXHAUST

Aft Forward
End End
Right Side
TURBINE GENERATOR BI-FOLD GENERATOR
COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT DOORS ACCESS DOOR

ENCLOSURE
AIR INLET
ENCLOSURE
GENERATOR EXHAUST
EXHAUST
LUBE OIL TURBINE
TANK VENT AIR NLET

TURBINE
EXHAUST

Forward Aft
End End
Left Side
DIGITAL GENERATOR TURBINE TURBINE
DISPLAY COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT EXHAUST
PANEL FLANGE
SPCUPG-004M

Typical Gas Turbine Generator Set Enclosure

Ventilation Silencers. Roof-mounted, elbow-type vent internal air temperatures remain within acceptable
silencers with weather louvers or straight-through limits. Suitable openings are provided so that an
vent silencers are available for the enclosure. adequate free flow of ventilation air is available through
the enclosure.
Ventilation. The gas turbine enclosure is ventilated
using a fan driven by a 5.6-kW (7.5-hp), three-phase Enclosure High Temperature Alarm. A heat sensor,
motor to provide the airflow required to ensure that which is separate from the fire system thermal detec-

32
tors, is mounted in the enclosure. The sensor will Internal Equipment Handling. A turbine/
initiate an alarm if enclosure temperatures become component handling kit is provided consisting of the
abnormally high. following items:

Lights. Incandescent 110 or 220-Vac lights are • Internal maintenance trolley rails located
available to illuminate the gas turbine, gearbox, and between the gas turbine air intake collector and
generator equipment inside the enclosure, with an on/ exhaust diffuser
off switch conveniently located in the enclosure. • External 3-m (10-ft) trolley beam
extensions with support frame
Fire Detection/Suppression System. An automatic,
electronically controlled fire detection/fire suppres- • External roof-mounted support beam
sion system is installed in the enclosure. Design is in shipped separately
accordance with U.S. National Fire Protection Asso- • Four-ton movable chain-fall hoist and lift
ciation codes. attachments (shackles and lift strap)
The primary fire detection system uses ultraviolet For second and additional units, internal trolley rails
(UV) detectors. The system includes the automatic located between the gas turbine air intake collector
optical integrity feature, which provides a continuous and exhaust diffuser and one external enclosure roof
check of the optical surfaces, detector sensitivity and support beam are provided.
electronic circuitry of the detector/controller system.
Also included is an automatic fault identification that Optional Features
provides a digital display of system status in numeric Fire Cylinder Cabinet. (Optional) A weatherproof
code. cabinet is available to house the carbon dioxide
The secondary detection system consists of extinguishant cylinders, when they are installed out-
thermal detectors that are designed with “rate doors, and is equipped with doors for servicing. The
compensation.” manual pull levers are routed by cable to the exterior
The two detection systems act completely inde- wall of the cabinet.
pendent in detecting a fire. Fire and Gas System Test Kit. (Optional) A kit
A fire system supervisory release panel is fur- containing combustible gas calibration equipment,
nished primarily to supervise the fire system circuitry. UV test light, and carrying case is available for testing
An open circuit, ground fault condition, or loss of both the fire detection/suppression system and the
integrity in the electrical wiring will result in a "Fire combustible gas monitoring system.
System Trouble Signal" to the PLC.
Dust Protection System. (Optional) Enclosure inlet
If a fire is sensed, the detectors transmit an electric vents can be equipped with barrier-type filters for dust
signal to the fire system supervisory panel to activate protection. The exhaust vents are equipped with
the fire suppression system. Upon receiving this back-draft dampers to prevent the entry of dust when
signal, the explosionproof control heads activate the the gas turbine is not running.
discharge valves on the primary and extended extin-
guishing cylinders, releasing the extinguishing agent AIR INLET SYSTEM
into the enclosure and pressurizing the pneumatic The air inlet system for the gas turbine generator set
solenoids that close all vent openings. The fire sup- typically consists of all components upstream of the
pression system achieves a static air condition and gas turbine flexible section that are necessary to
then floods the enclosure with the proper concentra- supply a clean, smooth flow of air to the turbine. The
tion of suppressant to extinguish the fire. inlet air system components, silencers, ducting, and
Combustible Gas Monitoring System. A single- air inlet filter are designed to accommodate the re-
channel system is available to continuously monitor quired flow as specified in the mechanical installation
for the presence of combustible gases within the drawing. At this flow, the inlet pressure loss will be as
enclosure. The PLC monitors the 4-to-20 mA output low as practically possible and consistent with the
signal of the “smart” gas sensor(s) and the start signal requirements for air filtration and acoustical attenua-
is interlocked with the combustible gas monitoring tion. This would normally be expected to be less than
system to ensure the atmosphere is clear prior to 102 mm (4 in.) of water column (w.c.) with a clean air
initiating gas turbine start. An alarm or gas turbine filter. Solar can recommend and supply suitable filtra-
shutdown is initiated if the gas monitor fails. tion, silencers, and duct work for any installation.

33
Air Inlet System Support. (Optional) An offskid if necessary, expansion joints can be used to avoid
frame can be provided to support the air inlet ducting, exceeding the allowable loading of the gas turbine
vent silencer, ventilation intake ducting, lube oil sepa- exhaust flange. If necessary, expansion joints can be
rator, and air intake filter. The air intake filter may be added to accommodate thermal growth of the exhaust
supplied with separate supports. Mounting hardware system during operation. Typically, the gas turbine
and a complete set of assembly drawings necessary exhaust system will consist of the following:
to erect the structure are provided.
Gas Turbine Exhaust Connection. (Optional) De-
Evaporative Cooling. (Optional) Evaporative cool- pending on the exhaust ducting and enclosure, if any,
ing can be used where humidity is sufficiently low to Solar can provide a spool piece or external expansion
give significant temperature reduction. Effectiveness joint between the exhaust and the ducting. The cus-
of the cooler is typically 90% of the wet-bulb/dry-bulb tomer connection is a stainless steel flange.
differential. If the water supply is limited, a recirculat-
Exhaust Silencer. (Optional) Several types of ex-
ing cooler should be used, but with provision for
haust silencers are available as standard modifica-
regular blowdown of the water system to dispose of
tions. They differ in sound characteristics and major
accumulated salts and impurities. Evaporative cool-
dimensions. Sound attenuating data and dimensional
ers are also available from Solar.
details are available upon request.
Inlet Cooler Coils. (Optional) Inlet cooler coils can be
provided for installation in the air inlet section to EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY
reduce turbine inlet temperature. Flow rate will depend High thermal efficiencies can be obtained by using the
on ambient conditions and desired turbine inlet tem- gas turbine exhaust heat energy. There are several
perature. Cooling water supply, water chilling system methods for recovering the exhaust heat and attaining
and control are not typically part of Solar's scope of greater than 80% fuel utilization. The method used
supply. and efficiency achieved are primarily dependent on
the type of application. The most common methods
GAS TURBINE EXHAUST SYSTEM are:
A well designed exhaust system provides the hard-
• Producing steam with a heat recovery steam
ware necessary to ensure a smooth transition from the
generator (HRSG) or heating a process fluid
turbine exhaust to the heat recovery system or the
with a heat recovery fluid heater
exhaust silencer. Ideally, pressure losses should be
as low as possible to provide for best possible turbine • Using the gas turbine exhaust as a source of
performance. Typically, pressure losses will be on the preheated combustion air in a boiler or furnace
order of 102 mm (4 in.) w.c. for a system with a (the gas turbine exhaust contains 15 to 18%
silencer and on the order of 152 to 254 mm (6 to 10 in.) oxygen)
w.c. for a heat recovery system. • Using the gas turbine exhaust directly for a
Depending on the application and responsibilities, drying or heating process where high tempera-
some of the components in the exhaust system may ture air is necessary. A mixture of gas turbine
not be in Solar’s scope. In this event, the customer exhaust and fresh air can be used in a re-
must ensure that the components supplied by others duced air temperature process. An air-to-air
are capable of handling high temperature gases on the heat exchanger is required when the process
order of 540°C (1000°F). involves any products in the human food
Exhaust silencer and ducting must be supported chain.
independent of the enclosure to maintain loads on the
gas turbine exhaust within limits shown on the project- The exhaust heat recovery system must be de-
specific mechanical installation drawing. Thermal signed to minimize the back pressure imposed on the
expansion loads can be avoided by proper installation gas turbine exhaust and provide for smooth flow
of the silencer and ducting and with the use of flexible transition into the exhaust heat recovery device. The
bellows connections. recommended maximum back pressure on the gas
Please note that personnel protection, insulation or turbine is 203 mm (8 in.) w.c. The exhaust back
lagging is not included in Solar’s scope, unless spe- pressure should be less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) w.c.
cifically included as part of the heat recovery system. during gas turbine starting. This can be achieved by
Where heat exchange equipment or silencers are means of a bypass duct around the heat recovery
used, the ducting must be adequately supported and, equipment.

34
 Several manufacturers meet Solar’s design re- on-crank cleaning system. It consists of a separate
quirements for gas turbine exhaust heat recovery manifold and spray nozzle design. Water/cleaning
equipment. Solar can design and provide a complete solution fluid quality and utility requirements are con-
exhaust heat recovery system to meet specific appli- tained in Solar’s specification ES 9-62.
cation requirements. For instance, control system
Gas Turbine Cleaning Tank. (Optional) A water-
modifications will be incorporated to monitor and
wash and solvent cleaning tank, which contains a
control the operation of the gas turbine and exhaust
stainless steel mixing tank, is available. It is capable
system diverter valve to provide proper sequencing
of supplying 3.56 to 10.9 L/min (0.94 to 2.87 gpm) to
during start-up and shutdown. A gas turbine flame-out
the gas turbine water-wash system. Approximately
protection system will also be included.
0.026 to 0.08 nm3/min (0.98 to 3.0 scfm) of shop-
ADDITIONAL PRODUCT OPTIONS quality air at 586 to 689 kPa gauge (85 to 100 psig) is
required.
Gas Turbine Compressor Cleaning System.
(Optional) Gas turbines operating in a salt-laden
atmosphere or in a dusty environment should be WASH VENT &
equipped with this system to facilitate gas turbine FLUID PRESSURE SAFETY AIR
compressor cleaning. The system includes an air inlet OUTLET GAUGE VALVE SUPPLY
manifold with spray nozzles and associated onskid TANK WASH
piping and solenoid-operated shutoff valves. The FLUID
system requires water/cleaning solution quality per INLET
Solar’s specification ES 9-62 regulated at 586 to 689
FLUID
kPa gauge (85 to 100 psig) at the package skid LEVEL
connection. Water/cleaning solution flow rate is 23 to GAUGE
30 L/min (6 to 8 gpm). This is an on-crank system. The
gas turbine is operated at the maximum speed obtain-
able from the start system, with fuel and ignition
systems deactivated. Gas turbine cranking is initiated 1168 mm
(3' 10")
from and water/cleaning solution flow is activated
from the onskid control panel or the remote control 457 mm
(1' 6")
keyboard.
An on-line compressor water/cleaning solution wash Approx. height = 982 mm (3' 2-11/16")
system is also available. The on-line cleaning system Approx. weight (empty) = 66 kg (145 lb) SPCUPG-016MS

is operated at 100% turbine speed with or without load

on the generator. This system is independent of the Typical Mobile Turbine Cleaning Tank

Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 Gas Turbine Cleaning Specifications

Water Cleaning Procedure On-Crank On-Line

Cleaning Method Solution Rinse Solution Rinse

Volume/Dosage, L (gal.) 75.7(20) 37.9 (10) 37.9 (10) 18.9 (5)

Ratio Distilled Water to Solution 4:1 Distilled Water Only 4:1 Distilled Water Only
Water Flow, L/min (gpm) 10.9 (2.87) 10.9 (2.87) 3.56 (0.94) 3.56 (0.94)
Air Pressure, kPa gauge (psig) 586-689 (85-100) 586-689 (85-100) 586-689 (85-100) 586-689 (85-100)
Airflow, nm3/min (scfm) 0.08 (3.0) 0.08 (3.0) 0.026 (0.98) 0.026 (0.98)

35
Installation Requirements

The gas turbine generator set is a compact, virtually • Switchgear with instrumentation transformers
vibration-free, unitized package requiring minimum • Grounding equipment
facility support preparation. Since the set is generally
• Motor control center
supplied with completely self-contained operating
systems for start, fuel, lube oil, and controls, it • Control room
requires a minimum of piping and wiring connections • Medium-to-low voltage power transformers
to complete the installation. Installation requirements • Power for start-up
and the use of standard ancillary equipment are
• Exhaust ducting
described in this section. The typical balance of plant
supplied by either the customer or others, or optionally • Diverter valve
by Solar, may include the following: • Heat recovery steam generators
• Compressed air • Fuel gas compressors
• Water and fuel treatment • Liquid fuel boost pump and filters
• Site installation
• Interconnecting piping to and from
skid edge • Freight
• Interconnecting wiring and cables to and from More detailed installation specifications and guide-
skid edge lines are available from Solar upon request.

9754 mm (32' 0")

SKID MOUNTING PAD JACKING BOLT
Forward 229 mm TIE-DOWN 378 mm Right
End (9") SLOT (1' 2-7/8") Side

PACKAGE C
2362 mm (7' 9")
2438 mm (8' 0")

TIE-DOWN L
PACKAGE Aft
CL
End
CL TURBINE
AIR INLET
Left
Side

38 mm 229 mm 1287 mm 229 mm

(1-1/2") (9") (4' 2-5/8") (9")
4445 mm (14' 7")
OVERHANG 6322 mm (20' 8-15/16") OVERHANG
105 mm 111 mm
(4-1/8") 8251 mm (27' 7/8") (4-3/8")
NOTES
1. Dynamic loads are based on generator short-circuit torque.
2. Static and dynamic loads on the jacking plates are project specific.
SPCUPG-011M

Typical External Foundation Plan

36
 GENERATOR TURBINE
COOLING AIR AIR INLET
EXHAUST TURBINE
EXHAUST

Forward End Forward End Left Side Aft End

TURBINE GENERATOR
AIR INLET COOLING AIR
TURBINE EXHAUST
EXHAUST

Aft End Aft End Right Side Forward End

Forward End Right Side 7. Lube Oil to Cooler

1. Oil Drain from Generator Drip Pan 1. AC Power, Starter Motor 8. Lube Oil from Cooler
2. Ground, Package Frame 2. Generator Control Box 9. Liquid Fuel Inlet
10. Liquid Fuel Atomizing Air Inlet
Left Side Aft End 11. Liquid Fuel Drain
1. Turbine Air Inlet Flange 1. Turbine Exhaust Diffuser and 12. Compressor Air for Self-Cleaning Filters
2. Lube Oil Tank Vent Combustor Drain 13. On-line Cleaning Fluid Inlet
3. Lube Oil Cooler Vent 2. Natural Gas Fuel Inlet 14. On-Crank Cleaning Fluid Inlet
4. AC Power, Lube Oil Tank Heater 3. Turbine Air Inlet Duct Drain 15. Oil Drain from Drip Pan
5. DC Power, Backup Lube Oil Pump Motor 4. Lube Oil Filter Drain 16. AC Power, Pre/Post Lube Oil Pump Motor
6. Liquid Fuel Pump Motor 5. Lube Oil Tank Drain 18. AC Power, Liquid Fuel Primary Pump Motor
7. Turbine Control Box 6. Pilot Valves, Air/Gas Vent 19. Ground, Package Frame
SPCUPG-012M

Typical Service Connections

MECHANICAL INSTALLATION Space between gas turbines in multiple-unit installa-

REQUIREMENTS tions should be a minimum of 3 m (10 ft).
Mounting. Correct mounting of the generator set is Grouting. Final setting of the gas turbine skid on its
vital to the success of the installation and is the base or foundation is generally followed by grouting or
responsibility of the user. Site pad thickness is gov- other means to assist in noise dampening.
erned by soil condition, size of the building, and weight
of the generator set, air inlet system, and exhaust Ventilation. The generator set requires adequate
system. Mounting pad locations and package weights ventilation for heat rejection to the surrounding air
may differ with each package depending on options space. The estimated heat rejected by the contribut-
selected and will be clearly shown on the mechanical ing components is as follows:
installation drawings supplied by Solar.
The equipment layout should provide adequate Centaur 40 and Centaur 50 Gas Turbines
floor space for major components with sufficient • Gas turbine module, unenclosed:
access space around the set for routine maintenance. 105 510 kJ/hr (100,000 Btu/hr)

37
 • Gas turbine module, enclosed: Approximately capability and impose severe mechanical strains on
105 510 kJ/hr at 209 m3/min the gas turbine. The system should consist of all
(100,000 Btu/hr at 7400 cfm) components downstream of the gas turbine exhaust,
• Generator module: Approximately including silencers and ducting, that are necessary to
474 800 kJ/hr at 340 m3/min supply a smooth flow of exhaust air from the gas
(450,000 Btu/hr at 12,000 cfm) turbine.
The exhaust duct system must be terminated in a
Taurus 60 Gas Turbine manner that precludes recirculation of exhaust prod-
• Gas turbine module, unenclosed: ucts through the gas turbine air inlet or oil cooler.
263 750 kJ/hr (250,000 Btu/hr) Exhaust requirements include consideration of the
relative height of the exhaust duct above the air inlet,
• Gas turbine module, enclosed: Approximately
the building roof design, the direction of prevailing
263 750 kJ/hr at 283 m3/min
winds, and the proximity of adjacent structures.
(250,000 Btu/hr at 10,000 cfm)
Exhaust systems should be designed to meet the
• Generator module: Approximately following requirements:
712 125 kJ/hr at 340 m3/min
(675,000 Btu/hr at 12,000 cfm) • Where two or more gas turbines exhaust into a
common header, such as used for heat recovery
Cooling. The lube oil coolers are not integral with the equipment, provision must be made to prevent
package and must be located and installed sepa- hot gas from flowing into the nonoperating gas
rately. The following installation requirements apply: turbine. (Common exhaust ducting is not
• Top of coolers should not be more than 9.1 m (30 recommended.)
ft) above the bottom of the package frame. • Total system pressure loss should not be ex-
• Total oil volume of the “outgoing and return” lines cessive. Recommended maximum is 102-mm
should be limited to 132 L (35 gal.) to prevent oil (4-in.) w.c. without heat recovery equipment
tank flooding in the event of drain back. and 203-mm (8-in.) w.c with heat recovery
• Maximum total design pressure drop of the equipment.
combined “outgoing and return” lines and cooler • Duct design must be based on the exhaust flow
should not exceed 345 kPa differential (50 psid). and temperature of the gas turbine.
Gas Turbine Air Inlet System. Inlet air is required for • The gas turbine must not be started against an
operation of the gas turbine. The system may consist excessive exhaust back pressure. Recom-
of a number of typical components upstream of the mended maximum is 25.4-mm (1-in.) w.c.
gas turbine inlet flexible section, including silencers, • Final termination of the ducting must not
ducting, evaporative coolers, air cleaners, heat recov- allow exhaust gas to be drawn into the gas
ery equipment, insect screens and weather hoods that turbine inlet.
are necessary to supply a clean, smooth flow of air to • Provide the capability to purge the complete
the gas turbine. Total pressure drop across the inlet exhaust system prior to gas turbine lightoff. For
system package should be kept to a minimum to short, simple exhaust systems, purging capabil-
minimize power loss. Recommended maximum pres- ity should be designed to accomplish three air
sure drop is 102-mm (4-in.) water column. The air inlet volume changes. For large, complex exhaust
should be located to prevent entry of gas turbine or systems, purging capability should be designed
generator exhaust, oil tank vent vapor, or other to accomplish five air volume changes.
contaminants. The air inlet duct must be free of
accumulated water prior to starting the gas turbine. When exhaust silencing is required, provisions
must be made to adequately mount and support the
Gas turbines to be installed in a salt-laden
equipment and limit the exhaust silencer pressure
atmosphere or in a dusty environment should incorpo-
loss. Silencers, ducting, and expansion joints can be
rate a water-wash system to facilitate gas turbine
provided by Solar as optional equipment.
compressor cleaning.
Gas Turbine Exhaust System. The importance of ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
having an exhaust system properly designed and Onsite electrical interconnection requirements vary
installed cannot be overemphasized. A poorly de- widely according to basic gas turbine configuration
signed or installed system can cause loss of power and standard modifications selected. Solar's arrange-

38
 12

12
10

SWITCHGEAR
PANEL
16

6 VARIABLE FREQUENCY
12 DRIVES FOR PACKAGE
DC Control Wires 20 AUXILIARY LOADS

AC Control Wires
MOTOR CONTROL
AC Power Wires (Auxiliary Loads) CENTER

Number shown indicates approximate quantity of wires. SPCUPG-013M

Typical Interconnecting Wire Runs for Package Control and Auxiliary Loads

ment, as illustrated in this section, minimizes the field-level onsite maintenance and troubleshooting,
required control wire runs between the generator set an illustrated parts list for the entire gas turbine and
instrumentation and the turbine control panel. Onskid accessories, and detailed system descriptions.
controls with digital control panel allow the installation Installation drawings (dimensional outline), electri-
contractor to substantially save time and labor to cal schematics, and wiring diagrams are provided with
complete the interconnect wiring. Estimated electrical each operation and maintenance manual.
loads for the gas turbine generator set are also
included in this section. DRAWINGS
Detailed interconnect wiring information regarding Three sets of prints and one reproducible of the
the gas turbine generator set and its related ancillary following drawings are provided:
equipment is outlined in Solar's standard drawing
• Electrical Schematic
package.
• Electrical Interconnect Diagram
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS • Mechanical Installation Drawing
An operation and maintenance manual is supplied for • Inlet and Exhaust System (if applicable)
each type of equipment on each order. The manual is
• Lube Oil System Schematic
provided on CD-ROM or in hard-copy form as required.
In addition to operating instructions, the manual • Fuel System Schematic
contains recommended maintenance procedures for • Start System Schematic

39
 MOTOR CONTROL CENTER (MCC) (optional)

LUBE OIL COOLER

LUBE OIL COOLER 3-PHASE AC
MOTOR STARTER
(optional) POWER
(optional)

WATER INJECTION WATER INJECTION 3-PHASE AC

PUMP MOTOR (optional) PUMP MOTOR POWER
STARTER (optional)
LIQUID FUEL AIR LIQUID FUEL AIR
ATOMIZING MOTOR ATOMIZING MOTOR 3-PHASE AC
(optional) STARTER (optional) POWER
PACKAGE ENCLOSURE
LIQUID FUEL VENT FAN MOTOR ENCLOSURE VENT 3-PHASE AC
BOOST PUMP (optional) FAN MOTOR STARTER POWER

LIQUID FUEL BOOST

PUMP MOTOR 3-PHASE AC
STARTER (optional) POWER
PRE/POST LUBE
PUMP MOTOR PRE/POST LUBE OIL 3-PHASE AC
BACKUP LUBE PUMP MOTOR STARTER POWER
120-VDC
PUMP BACKUP POST LUBE
POWER
CONTACTOR PUMP MOTOR

TURBINE
TURBINE STARTER MOTOR
3 PHASE STARTER
AC POWER MOTOR VFD
LUBE OIL TANK
HEATER LUBE OIL TANK 3-PHASE AC
MAIN LIQUID HEATER CONTACTOR
3 PHASE POWER
FUEL PUMP VFD
AC POWER
(liquid fuel
applications)
MAIN LIQUID FUEL
PUMP MOTOR
VARIABLE (liquid fuel applications)
FREQUENCY DRIVES

AIR INLET FILTER

GENERATOR SPACE 3-PHASE AC
GAS TURBINE HEATER CONTACTOR POWER
CONTROL J-BOX

BATTERY CHARGER 1-PHASE AC

CONTACTOR POWER
OPTIONAL
CUSTOMER GENERATOR
CONNECTIONS SPACE HEATER
MCC by Others or Solar

GENERATOR
MONITORING J-BOX
120-VDC BATTERY
RACK WITH CHARGER

SWITCHGEAR GENERATOR DC Control Wiring

(optional) CONTROL J-BOX
Main AC Power

AC Control Wiring
GAS TURBINE GENERATOR
SPCUPG-006M

Typical Electrical Connections (with available options)

40
 Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 Gas Turbine
Generator Set Estimated Electrical Loads

Continuous Approximate
Load Item Option Operation Load Ratings Remarks

Electric Starter Motor – – 0 to 150 kW (ramped) upon start only

Pre/Post Lube Oil Pump – – 1.5 kW –
Backup Post Lube Pump – – 1.125 kW from Batteries VFD dc/ac inverter
Lube Tank Heater Yes – 4.5 kW as required
Lube Oil Cooler (air-to-oil) Yes Yes 3 kW –
Liquid Fuel Pump – Yes 5.6 kW Dual and liquid fuel option
Liquid Fuel Boost Pump Yes Yes 0.75 kW Dual and liquid fuel option
Water Injection Pump Yes Yes 6 kW –
Air-Atomizing Compressor Yes Intermittent 18.6 kW Dual and liquid fuel option
Enclosure Vent Fan – Yes 5.6 kW –
Enclosure Lights – – 0.8 kW as required
Air Inlet Self-Cleaning Filter Yes Intermittent 0.075 kW 24 Vdc
Control Panel – Yes 0.5 kW from Batteries 24 Vdc
Battery Charger – Yes 3 kW 120 Vdc
Generator Space Heater – Yes 3 to 5 kW as required

Please contact Solar for available voltages and specific electrical loads for your project.

SWITCHGEAR INTERFACE also be supplied by Solar. The “Typical AC Control and

Generator output power is controlled, monitored and Instrumentation Requirements” diagram highlights
distributed by electrical switchgear, feeder breakers, typical requirements for generator control and meter-
load centers, and local distribution panels, which can ing circuits.

41
 By Others (1) By Solar as Noted
LOAD BUS
SWITCHGEAR T/G CONTROL
A B C INTERFACE PANEL INTERFACE

BW METERING
BUS POTENTIAL CIRCUITS AND
TRANSFORMERS SYNCHRONIZING
INPUT TO T/G PLC (2)
SUMMARY LOCKOUT
SHUTDOWN
CB AUXILIARY SIGNAL
CONTACTS CIRCUIT BREAKER
OPEN/CLOSE
STATUS

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION CT'S
TRANSFORMERS TO MATCH THOSE
(Bus Side) ON GENERATOR
NEUTRALS (2)

CIRCUIT TRIP SIGNAL

BREAKER (Dry Contacts)
TRIP FROM T/G PLC
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
CIRCUIT CLOSE SIGNAL
BREAKER (Dry Contacts)
CLOSE FROM T/G PLC

METERING AND
GENERATOR GOVERNOR
POTENTIAL CIRCUITS
TRANSFORMERS

CURRENT METERING AND

TRANSFORMERS GOVERNOR
CIRCUITS

CROSS
CURRENT CROSS CURRENT
TRANSFORMER COMPENSATION

POTENTIAL VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER REGULATOR (3)
SENSING
GENERATOR
(by Solar)

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS MOUNTED IN
(Neutral Side) GENERATOR
TERMINAL BOX (2)

NOTES
(1) Or optionally by Solar's Construction Services department

(2) If differential current protection is specified, Solar must be advised in

order to properly size the generator terminal box to accommodate
the required current transformers. Purchaser may provide the
transformers to Solar for mounting in the generator terminal box
at an additional charge. Solar will provide the differential current
protection only if Solar provides the switchgear. Differential relay
is normally located at switchgear or protective relay panel.

(3) The voltage regulator is provided by Solar with the basic set and is
located in the turbine generator set onskid control panel (3-phase
sensing is also available)
PA1999-007MS

Typical AC Control and Instrumentation Requirements

42
Testing and Quality Assurance

Factory testing is in accordance with Solar's specifi- • Bearing oil flows, pressures
cations. The purchaser or purchaser’s designated and temperatures
representative is provided access to Solar’s Produc- • Seal airflows and pressure
tion Test facilities to observe testing in accordance
• Vibration levels and signature
with production and test schedules. Unavailability of
the purchaser or purchaser’s representative will not be • Gas turbine power and heat rate
cause for delay in the performance of the production • Gas turbine temperature measurements
tests. • Adjustment of variable guide vanes and
bleed valves
TEST FACILITIES
The computer-controlled test system includes a Generator Testing. The generator is tested in accor-
real-time data acquisition system that collects raw dance with Institute of Electrical and Electronics
digital and analog data from the gas turbine package Engineers (IEEE) standard specifications and Solar’s
and displays or prints out results in customary engi- specifications at the manufacturer’s plant. These
neering forms and units. tests satisfy requirements for NEMA and Solar.
The control and display units provide the capability Supplier testing is under periodic quality control
of monitoring and controlling the power and test inputs review by Solar to ensure compliance with required
to operate the unit under test and to measure and specifications.
evaluate its performance. The system is used to Generator Set Acceptance Testing. The basic
establish specified test conditions by keying in package assembly, including the gas turbine, gear-
calibration coefficients, constants and operating box, generator (when available), and package-mounted
limits. Test data are displayed by a video terminal as accessories, together with the control panel, is tested
instructed by the test agenda, selecting various to ensure proper integration and function of the total
parameters for display, checking values and limits, package in accordance with Solar’s applicable test
and generating hard-copy records as needed. When specifications. The standard test is static, with an
performance levels have been achieved, all instru- option for full-load testing.
mented points are captured, automatic performance The acceptance test generally includes:
computations are initiated, and the results are printed
for a permanent test record. • Starting and combustion cycles
• Lubricating oil system flow, temperature
TESTING and pressure measurements
Gas turbine generator set testing usually consists of
• Vibration measurement
a separate test of the gas turbine followed by a
package test with the gas turbine mounted on the • Package power and heat rate measurements
package. at partial and full load for ambient conditions,
with electrical load at 1.0 power factor
Gas Turbine Acceptance Test. The gas turbine is
• Gas turbine temperature measurement
tested in accordance with Solar’s specifications on a
slave test stand or on the contract package, depend- • Variable guide vane and bleed valve adjustment
ing on production schedules. The gas turbine is tested • Adjustment and calibration of the voltage
at incremental speeds and loads up to and including regulator, fuel control and speed governing
full speed and power to verify functional and structural system for generator output, frequency
integrity and performance standards. Turbine power is regulation and transient response
absorbed by a high speed dynamometer, enabling all
aspects of gas turbine operation and performance to • Fuel changeover (on dual fuel units)
be measured. The acceptance test generally includes • Load/full-load rejection/speed transient
the following checks and adjustments: (optional)

43
 • Testing for malfunction and safety – Lubricating oil pressure, temperature
devices and circuitry and flows
• AC metering and control circuitry tests (if ac – Turbine temperature
metering is supplied), calibration of ac meter- – Generator power
ing circuits is performed by bench testing
– Generator voltage, amperage
Items excluded from standard package testing are and frequency
contract inlet and exhaust system ancillary equip-
– Gas turbine compressor
ment (such as filters, silencers and ducting), battery
discharge pressure
systems, oil coolers, package enclosure, ancillary
skid, switchgear, and any customer-furnished – Package vibration levels
hardware.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
PERFORMANCE REVIEW All testing operations are conducted under the direct
Acceptance Test Data. Acceptance test data are control of Solar’s Quality Assurance organization to
reviewed and approved by Product Engineering, Test facilitate compliance with the specified test limits and
Engineering, Quality Engineering, and the project procedures.
manager prior to submittal to the purchaser. With this In addition to final in-plant testing of the finished
review and approval cycle, the test data are furnished generator set, Quality Control engineers maintain
approximately four weeks after completion of accep- surveillance over the manufacture of all purchased
tance testing. The report provides test results and parts and subassemblies and are responsible for
compares the results to Solar’s acceptance test functional testing of incoming components. The same
specification requirements by means of calculations, rigid standards applied to parts manufactured by Solar
graphs, strip charts, and descriptions. Data are pro- are applied to all parts received by Solar from
vided for each gas turbine generator set on the order. suppliers.
The acceptance test report generally includes the
PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
following types of data:
The continuing design activity in Solar’s Product
• Gas Turbine Fuel Consumption Rates. A com- Improvement Program utilizes new technologies, pro-
parison of measured fuel consumption versus cesses and equipment to upgrade and improve all of
specified fuel consumption showing correlation Solar’s products. These activities cover a broad
of fuel consumption, power output, and turbine scope and are aimed at improving reliability and useful
temperature at full load. life of equipment manufactured by Solar. Special
• Operating Values. (Optional) A chart effort is made to maintain interchangeability with
showing operating values of the following pa- previous designs so that the improvements can be
rameters from no load, with step increments, to retrofitted economically into existing gas turbines.
full load is included:

44
Support Services

CONSTRUCTION SERVICES complete package refurbishments, all of which

Solar’s Construction Services organization offers a provide effective life-cycle cost solutions.
comprehensive range of equipment and services to Solar’s Customer Services organization is well-
assist you in successfully meeting your complete known for its excellent service and support. No other
power system expectations. Our experience takes us gas turbine service company can compare in:
to many parts of the world, onshore and offshore, • Product knowledge and experience with
managing various types of power configurations. more than 11,000 units in 90 nations
Our services, based on years of experience and • In-depth technical support via Solar’s
expertise in power system engineering and complete Response Center
project management, include:
• Factory-qualified repair and overhaul
• Feasibility studies procedures
• Proposal preparation • Genuine Solar Certified Parts
• Design and engineering • Worldwide field service personnel and
service facilities
• Material procurement
• Around-the-clock (24/7) response
• Fabrication
• Exchange engine program to minimize
• Onsite construction operational downtime
• Quality control
Solar Turbines stands behind each of our custom-
• Scheduling ers with uncompromising commitment to the success
• Budget control of their turbomachinery installations throughout the
• Shipping equipment's life cycle.
• Installation, testing, and CONTRACT POWER AND LEASING
commissioning SERVICES
Material procurement, for example, can include Solar offers numerous financing options. All or part of
prime movers, driven equipment, associated a project can be financed, offered under a lease
mechanical process equipment, and electric power agreement, or installed on a service tariff with a
generation equipment. Construction Services is performance contract.
uniquely qualified worldwide to give you complete fluid Financing or leasing terms can extend from short-
compression, liquid pumping, and power generation term rentals to long-term leases of 10 years or more.
systems, with single-source responsibility, engineer- Financing can be structured as full-payout financing
ing expertise, optimal economic designs, and real instruments that lead to ownership or as off-balance
attention to quality and safety to ensure you are sheet operating leases that can allow for the return of
satisfied with your complete power system. the equipment at the end of the lease.
Under a performance contract, Solar may supply,
CUSTOMER SERVICES install, operate, maintain, and own the equipment, as
Solar’s Customer Services organization is dedicated well as auxiliary components required to provide the
to the support of Solar’s equipment worldwide. Cus- service, such as electric power, steam, or com-
tomer Services support includes technical training, pressed gas. The tariff charged by Solar is based on
field service personnel, service parts, overhaul and the amount of service delivered.
repair services, and customized operation and main- Solar has extensive worldwide background in fi-
tenance programs. Customer Services also offers nancing and in providing power contracts to assist you
gas turbine uprates and updates, retrofit conversions in determining the best financial option to optimize
to low emission SoLoNOx turbine configurations, and your economic return from the turbomachinery project.

45
 2

15
14 24 26
25 29
27
13 3 32 36
1 11
12
47
21 10 5 6 9
8
22 18 30
19
23
17 34
28
35
33
31

20

16 38

37

UNITED STATES CANADA EUROPE/AFRICA PACIFIC

1 Anaheim 14 Calgary 24 Aberdeen 31 O R BC Bandung
2 R P Anchorage 15 O R BC Edmonton 25 R Dublin 32 Beijing
R P
3 Chicago 26 R Esbjerg 33 Jakarta
4 O DeSoto 27 O R BC Gosselies 34 O R BC Kuala Lumpur
5 Houston LATIN AMERICA P 35 P Singapore
6 Lafayette 16 Buenos Aires 28 R Lagos 36 Tokyo
7 R BC R Mabank 17 Caracas 29 London
8 Miami 18 Cd. Del Carmen AUSTRALIA
9 BC P New Orleans 19 Mexico City MIDDLE EAST 37 O R Melbourne
R P
10 Odessa 20 Rio de Janeiro 30 Dubai
11 P Ontario 21 R Tijuana 38 BC Perth
12 Upper Saddle River 22 O R BC Veracruz
13 Salt Lake City 23 O R Villahermosa Headquarters
San Diego Representatives
O Overhaul Center
R Repair Center
BC Boost Compressor O/R Center
Service Parts Administrator
Exchange Turbines
P R Refurbishment Center
P Service Parts Center
PA95141MS

Solar’s Customer Services Facilities

46
Conversion Chart
ABBREVIATIONS CONVERSION FACTORS

abs absolute To Convert

From To S.I. Multiply To Old Multiply
ata atmosphere absolute Metric By Metric By
Btu British thermal unit English
Btu/h British thermal units/hour
cfm cubic feet/minute Btu kJ 1.0551 kcal 0.252
cm centimeter Btu/h W 0.2931 kcal/h 0.252
cm2 square centimeter Btu/scf kJ/nm 3 39.3694 kcal/nm3 9.382
cm3 cubic centimeter cfm m3/min 0.028317 m3/min 0.028317
cu ft cubic feet cfm m 3/s 0.00047195 m3/s 0.00047195
°C degrees Celsius cu ft m3 0.028317 m3 0.028317
°F degrees Fahrenheit °F °C (°F-32) 5/9 °C (°F-32) 5/9
fps feet per second °F (Interval) °C (Interval) 5/9 °C (Interval) 5/9
ft/s feet/second ft m 0.3048 m 0.3048
ft-lb foot-pound ft-lbf /lbm kJ/kg 0.0029891 kJ/kg 0.002989
ft-lbf /lb m foot-pound force/pound mass ft/s m/s 0.3048 m/s 0.3048
gal. gallon gal. (U.S.) L 3.7854 L 3.7854
hp horsepower hp kW 0.7457 kW 0.7457
in. inch in. mm 25.400 cm 2.540
in. Hg inches of mercury in. Hg kPa 3.3769 cm Hg 2.540
in. H2O inches of water in. H2O kPa 0.2488 cm H2O 2.540
kcal kilocalorie kcal kJ 4.1868
kg kilogram lb kg 0.4536 kg 0.4536
kJ kilojoule lb/cu ft kg/m3 16.0185 kg/m3 16.0185
kPa kilopascal lbf-in. Nm 0.1129848
ksi 1000 pounds/square inch MMSCFD nm3/min 18.62 nm3/h 1117
kW kilowatt mph km/h 1.6093 km/h 1.6093
L liter psi kPa 6.8948 kg/cm 2 0.070
m meter psia kPa (a) 6.8948 bars abs 0.068948
mm millimeter psig kPa (g) 6.8948 ata 0.070
MMSCFD millions of standard* cubic feet/day scfm nm3/min 0.0268 nm3/h 1.61
MPa megapascal sq in. mm2 645.16 cm 2 6.4516
mph miles per hour sq ft m2 0.0929 m2 0.0929
m2 square meter yd m 0.914 m 0.914
m3 cubic meter
m3/min cubic meters/minute
N Newton
N/m2 Pascal
nm3/h normal** cubic meters/hour
psi pounds/square inch
psia pounds/square inch absolute
To Convert
psig pounds/square inch gauge To S.I. Multiply
From
scf standard* cubic foot Old Metric Metric By
scfd standard* cubic feet/day
scfm standard* cubic feet/minute
sm 3/h standard*** cubic meters/hour atm kPa 101.325
sq square bar kPa 100.0
cm mm 10
cm Hg kPa 1.3332
cm H2O kPa 0.09807
* “standard” = 60°F and 14.7 psia kcal/h W 1.16279
** “normal” = 0°C and 1.01325 x 10 5 Pascals kg/cm 2 kPa 98.0665
*** “standard” = 15°C and 760 mm Hg nm3/h nm3/min 0.0167

PA98045M
Caterpillar is a registered trademark of Caterpillar Inc.
Solar, Taurus, SoLoNOx and Turbotronic are trademarks of Solar Turbines Incorporated.
Specifications subject to change without notice. Printed in U.S.A.
© 2001 Solar Turbines Incorporated. All rights reserved.
SPCUPG/801

47
48
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Telephone: (+1) 619-544-5352
Telefax: (+1) 619-544-2633
Internet: www.solarturbines.com

Solar Turbines Incorporated

P.O. Box 85376
San Diego, CA 92186-5376 U.S.A.

SPCUPG