m807_c02_060_061 1/21/06 11:52 AM Page 60

Rational Numbers

2A Rational Number
Operations
2-1 Rational Numbers
uirements
2-2 Comparing and Ordering Nutrient Req
Boys
Rational Numbers ys Girls
Girls and Bo 8 Years
2-3 Adding and Subtracting rs 14 –18 Years 14–1
9–13 Y ea
Rational Numbers Nutrient 55
66
46
2-4 Multiplying Rational Protein (g) 15
11
Numbers 8
Iron (mg) 1300
2-5 Dividing Rational 1300
) 1300
Numbers Calcium (mg 2200
3000
2200–2 50 0
age 9–18.
2-6 Adding and Subtracting Calories for boys and girls
t requirements
trien
with Unlike Denominators commended nu
The table lists re
LAB Add and Subtract
Fractions

2B Equations with
Rational Numbers
2-7 Solving Equations with
Rational Numbers
Nutritionist
LAB Model Two-Step
Equations Nutritionists use their knowledge
2-8 Solving Two-Step of the nutrient content of food to help
Equations promote healthful eating. Together with
food scientists they develop guidelines
for people who must follow medically
necessary diets as well as for people
who just want to
improve their
KEYWORD: MT7 Ch2 eating habits.

60 Chapter 2
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Vocabulary
Choose the best term from the list to complete each sentence.
equivalent fraction
1. A number that consists of a whole number and a
fraction is called a(n) __?__. fraction
2. A(n) __?__ is a number that represents a part of improper fraction
a whole. mixed number
3. A fraction whose absolute value is greater than 1 is proper fraction
called a(n) __?__, and a fraction whose absolute
value is between 0 and 1 is called a(n) __?__.
4. A(n) __?__ names the same value.

Complete these exercises to review skills you will need for this chapter.
Model Fractions
Write a fraction to represent the shaded portion of each diagram.
5. 6.

7. 8.

Write a Fraction as a Mixed Number

Write each improper fraction as a mixed number.
22 18 104 65 37
9.
7
10.
5
11.
2

5
12.
9
13.
3

Write a Mixed Number as a Fraction

Write each mixed number as an improper fraction.
1 3 3 1 5
14. 7
4
15. 10
7
16. 5
8
17. 11
1

1
18. 3
6

Write Equivalent Fractions

Supply the missing information.
3 ? 5 ? 7 ? 8 ? 3 ?
19.
8


2

4
20.
1

3


5

2
21.
12


3

6
22.
15


4

5
23.
5


7

5

Rational Numbers 61
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Key
Vocabulary/Vocabulario
Previously, you
least common mínimo común
• compared and ordered positive denominator (LCD) denominador (mcd)
rational numbers.
rational number número racional
• added, subtracted, multiplied,
reciprocal recíproco
and divided integers.
relatively prime primos relativos
• used models to solve equations.

Vocabulary Connections
To become familiar with some of the
vocabulary terms in the chapter, consider
You will study the following. You may refer to the chapter,
Study Guide: Preview

the glossary, or a dictionary if you like.

• comparing and ordering
positive and negative fractions 1. The word rational has as its root the word
and decimals. ratio and sounds somewhat like the word
fraction. What do you think a
• using appropriate operations
rational number is in math?
to solve problems involving
fractions and decimals. 2. The word least means “smallest,” and the
word common means “the same.” What do
• finding solutions to application
you think these words mean in combination
problems using equations.
in least common denominator ?
• solving two-step equations.
3. The word relative means “in relation to each
other.” What do you think relatively prime
numbers are?

You can use the skills

learned in this chapter
• to compare and manipulate
measurements.
• to find the size of a fraction of a
group or an item.
• to solve more-complicated
equations in future math
courses.

62 Chapter 2
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Writing Strategy: Translate Between Words

and Math
When reading a real-world math problem, look for key words to help
you translate between the words and the math.
There are several different ways to indicate a mathematical operation
in words.

Reading and Writing Math

• Subtracted from
• Added to • Multiplied by • Divided by
• Minus
• Plus • Times • Quotient
• Difference
• Sum • Product • Divided into
• Less than
• More than • Groups of
• Decreased by

In the problem below, use the highlighted terms to translate the words
into math.
The Montez family went to the state fair over the weekend. They spent
$52.50 on rides, food, and drinks, in addition to the $5.50-per-person price of
admission. How much did the Montez family spend at the fair?
They spent $52.50 in addition to $5.50 per person .
Let p represent the number of people.
$52.50  $5.50  p
52.5  5.5p

Try This

Identify the mathematical operation described by the key terms

in each statement. Explain your choice.
1. The male calf weighs 0.55 pounds less than the female calf.
2. Bob has 9 more books than Kerri.
3. The number of treats is divided by the number of students.
4. The rate is $15 plus two times the cost of the paint.

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2-1 Rational Numbers

Learn to write rational In 2005, there were 325 NCAA

numbers in equivalent Division I women’s basketball
forms. teams. At the end of the season,
64 teams were selected for the
Vocabulary women’s NCAA basketball
6

4
rational number tournament. Only
325 of the
teams qualified for the
relatively prime
tournament.
A rational number is any
number that can be written as
a fraction
nd
, where n and d are
integers and d
0.
The goal of simplifying fractions
is to make the numerator and
the denominator relatively
prime. Relatively prime
numbers have no common The Baylor women’s basketball team won its first national
factors other than 1. championship in 2005.

You can often simplify fractions by dividing both the numerator and
denominator by the same nonzero integer. You can simplify the
fraction
11
25 to
45
by dividing both the numerator and denominator by 3.

12 of the 15 4 of the 5
12  3 4
boxes are



boxes are
15  3 5
shaded. shaded.
The same total area is shaded.

EXAMPLE 1 Simplifying Fractions

Simplify.
9


933
; there are no common factors.
0 55 55  5  11


 0 for a
0
a
9 9
a


 1 for a
0



9 and 55 are relatively prime.
a 55 55
7 7 7




 

24
8 8 8


32
24 24  8




24  2 223 8 is a common factor.
32 32  8 32  2 2222
3 3

4
, or 
4
Divide the numerator and denominator by 8.

64 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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Decimals that terminate or Rational Written as

repeat are rational numbers. Number Description a Fraction
A repeating decimal
To write a terminating 32
can be written with 3.2 Terminating decimal 

10


a bar over the digits decimal as a fraction, 2
that repeat. So identify the place value of

0.13 Repeating decimal


15

.
0.13333 . . . = 0.13 the digit farthest to the
right. Then write all of the digits after the decimal point as the
numerator with the place value as the denominator.

EXAMPLE 2 Writing Decimals as Fractions

Write each decimal as a fraction in simplest form.
5.59
59
5.59  5


100
9 is in the hundredths place.

0.5714
5714
0.5714 


10,000
4 is in the ten-thousandths place.
2857



5000
Simplify by dividing by the common factor 2.

To write a fraction as a decimal, divide the numerator by the

denominator.

EXAMPLE 3 Writing Fractions as Decimals

Write each fraction as a decimal.
5 1


–
6

4
1.25

0.16

.0
45
0

.0
61
0
0

Leave the negative sign
–4 –6 off while dividing.




10 40 The pattern repeats.
–8 – 36





20 The remainder is 0. 40
– 20 This is a terminating



0 decimal.
The fraction
54
is equivalent to The fraction –
16
is equivalent to
the decimal 1.25. the decimal – 0.16
.

Think and Discuss

1. Explain how you can be sure that a fraction is simplified.
2. Give the sign of a fraction in which the numerator is negative and
the denominator is negative.

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2-1 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-1

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 Simplify.
11 6 16 14 17
1.
2

2
2.
10
3. 
2

4
4.
2

5
5.
5

1
57 6 9 49 22
6.
6

9
7. 
8
8.
28
9.


112
10.
4

4

See Example 2 Write each decimal as a fraction in simplest form.

11. 0.75 12. 1.125 13. 0.4 14. 0.35
15. 2.2 16. 0.625 17. 3.21 18. 0.3878

See Example 3 Write each fraction as a decimal.

5 3 5 1 1
19.
8
20. 
5
21.
12
22.
4
23.
9

18 3 14 5 2
24. 
9
25.
8
26. 
5
27.
4
28.
3

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 Simplify.
21 25 17 17 25
29.
2

8
30.
6

5
31. 
3

4
32. 
2

1
33.
3

0
13 22 64 78 14
34.
1

7
35.
3

5
36.
7

6
37. 


126
38.
2

2

See Example 2 Write each decimal as a fraction in simplest form.

39. 0.6 40. 3.5 41. 0.72 42. 0.183

43. 1.377 44. 1.450 45. 1.4 46. 2.9

See Example 3 Write each fraction as a decimal.

3 7 9 13 8
47. 
8
48.
12
49. 
5
50.
2

0
51.
5

18 23 28 4 7
52.
4

0
53. 
5
54.
2

5
55.
3
56. 
4

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice 57. Make up a fraction that cannot be simplified and has 36 as its denominator.
See page 784.
58. Make up a fraction that cannot be simplified and has 24 as its
denominator.
59. Sports The thickness of a surfboard is often matched to the weight of the
rider. For example, a person weighing 170 pounds might need a surfboard
that is 3.375 inches thick. Write 3.375 as a fraction in simplest form.
60. Bondi weighed his mobile phone and found it to be approximately

7
pound. What is the weight of Bondi’s phone written as a decimal?
25

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61. a. Simplify each fraction.

8 8 5 21 18 24 45 36

















18 48 20 45 32 50 72 96
b. Write the denominator of each simplified fraction as the product of
prime factors.
c. Write each simplified fraction as a decimal. Label each as a
terminating or repeating decimal.
62. The ruler is marked at every
116
in. Do the labeled
measurements convert to terminating or
repeating decimals?
63. Critical Thinking The greatest common factor,
GCF, is the largest common factor of two or more
given numbers. Find and remove the GCF of 42
and 68 from the fraction
64
82. Can the resulting
fraction be further simplified? Explain. 3 1 7 1
16 2 8 14
64. What’s the Error? A student simplified a
2

30   6 . What error did the student make?
5
5

fraction in this manner:

65. Write About It Using your answers to Exercise 61, examine the prime
factors in the denominators of the simplified fractions that are equivalent to
terminating decimals. Then examine the prime factors in the denominators
of the simplified fractions that are equivalent to repeating decimals. What
pattern do you see?
66. Challenge A student simplified a fraction to 
29
by removing the
common factors, which were 2 and 9. What was the original fraction?

67. Multiple Choice If y  
39
, which is NOT equal to y?

1 1 1
A


3
B
1

3
C 
3
  D 

3

 
68. Multiple Choice Which shows the decimal 0.68 as a fraction in
simplest form?
17 34 3 6
F

G

H

J


25 50 4 8
11

9
69. Gridded Response What is the decimal equivalent of the fraction
8 ?

Evaluate each expression for the given values of the variable. (Lesson 1-1)
70. 3x  5 for x  2 and x  3 71. 4(x  1) for x  6 and x  11

Simplify. (Lesson 1-6)

72. 3(6  8) 73. 4(3  2) 74. 5(3  2) 75. 3(1  8)
76. 12(4  9) 77. 15(11  (1)) 78. 6(5  (4)) 79. 7(1  (17))

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2-2 Comparing and Ordering

Rational Numbers
Learn to compare The population within the United
and order positive States is constantly changing. The table
and negative rational shows the percent change in populations
numbers written as
from 2000 to 2003 for three states and
fractions, decimals,
and integers. the District of Columbia. A negative
percent indicates that the population
declined.
Vocabulary
least common Population Change from 2000–2003
denominator (LCD)
Location Change (%) Location Change (%)
12
Maine  Washington 4.0
5
1
North Dakota 1.3 Washington, D.C. 1
2

To compare or order rational numbers, first write them in the same

form. To compare fractions, find a common denominator. This could
be the least common denominator (LCD), which is the least
common multiple of the denominators.

EXAMPLE 1 Comparing Fractions by Finding a Common Denominator

Compare. Write
, , or
.
5 7





8 12
Method 1: Multiply to find a common denominator.
8  12
96 Multiply 8 and 12 to find a common
denominator.
5 12 5  12 60











8 12 8  12 96 Write the fractions with a common
7 8 78 56 denominator.











12 8 12  8 96
60 56 5 7




, so



Compare the fractions.
96 96 8 12
3 5





4 6
The least common Method 2: Find the least common denominator.
multiple (LCM) of
two numbers is the 4: 4, 8, 12. . . 6: 6, 12. . . List multiples of 4 and 6. The LCM is 12.
smallest number, 3 3 33 9











other than 0, that is 4 3 43 12 Write the fractions with a
a multiple of both 5 2 52 10










common denominator.
numbers. 6 2 62 12
9 10 3 5





, so




Compare the fractions.
12 12 4 6

68 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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EXAMPLE 2 Comparing by Using Decimals

Compare. Write
, , or
.
3 3
3
8
3
5

3 3
3
8

3.375 and 3
5

3.6 Write the fractions as decimals.
3 3
3.375
3.6, so 3
8

3
5
Compare the decimals.

6
0.53 
10

6 6

10

0.6 Write 

10

as a decimal.
6
0.53  0.6, so  0.53  
1

0
Compare the decimals.

9


0.8
11
9 9



0.8

1

Write

as a decimal.
11 11
9

1
0.8
 0.8, so
11
 0.8 Compare the decimals.

To order fractions and decimals, you can either write them all in the
same form and then compare them, or place them on a number line.

EXAMPLE 3 Social Studies Application

From 2000 to 2003, the percent changes in populations for three

states and the District of Columbia were as follows:
152
for Maine,
1.3 for North Dakota, 4.0 for Washington, and 1
12
for Washington,
D.C. List these numbers in order from least to greatest.
Place the numbers on a number line and read them from left to right.
1
1 1.3 12
2 5 4

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

The percent changes in population from least to greatest are 1
12
,

1.3,
152
, and 4.0.

Think and Discuss

1. Explain whether you need to find a common denominator to
compare
23
and 
12
.
2. Describe the steps you would use to compare 0.235 and 0.239.

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2-2 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-2

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 Compare. Write
, , or
.
3 3 9 9 6 2 7 5
1.
8



7
2.
11



10
3.
15



5
4. 
10

8

7 9 1 3 1 7
See Example 2 5.
8



11
6. 4.2 4
5
7. 
7
0.375 8. 1
2
1
9

See Example 3 9. In Mr. Corsetti’s shop class, students were instructed to measure and cut
boards to a length of 8 inches. In checking four students’ work, Mr. Corsetti
found that one board was 8.25 inches, the second was 8
18
inches, the third
was 7.5 inches, and the fourth was 7
156
inches. List these measurements in
order from least to greatest.

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 Compare. Write
, , or
.
5 16 13 8 1 1 3 9
10.
8



21
11.
1

1



7
12. 
3

4
13. 
4

1

2
2 5 16 8 17 5 2 1
14. 
3

7
15. 
9

3
16.
2

0



6
17. 
9

8

8 7 1 1 4 2 6
See Example 2 18. 5
9
5
8
19. 
6

5
20. 
7

5
21.
7
0.87
9 10 2 8 15 13
22. 
7

8
23. 1
3
1
1

2
24.
2

2

1
0.68
25.
2

0
0.65

See Example 3 26. Sports During the qualifying for the first NASCAR event at Texas Motor
Speedway in 2005, the fastest speed was 192.582 mi/h. The next four
fastest speeds, relative to the fastest speed, were approximately 
12
75 mi/h,
0.15 mi/h, 1.15 mi/h, and 1
410
mi/h. List these relative speeds in
order from least to greatest.

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice Compare. Write
, , or
.
See page 784. 5 6 20 2
27. 
7

1

0
28. 5.00 
5
29. 7.2 7
9
30. 14.7 14.6885

Write a fraction or decimal that has a value between the given numbers.
1 1 2 4
31.
4
and
3
32. 0.89 and 0.9 33. 
3
and 0.5 34. 0.27 and
5

35. Critical Thinking On Tuesday, stock A’s price fell 0.56 and stock B’s
price fell 0.50. Stock C’s price did not fall as much as stock A’s, but it fell
more than stock B’s. What is a reasonable answer for how much stock C’s
price fell? Explain.
36. Multi-Step Alejandro, Becky, Marcus, and Kathy ate lunch at a restaurant.
The total amount of the bill, including tax and tip, was $34.20. Alejandro
paid $10.00, Becky paid
41
of the bill, Marcus paid 0.2 of the bill, and Kathy
paid the rest. Who paid the greatest part of the bill?

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37. Life Science The lengths of some

Butterfly Wingspan (in.)
butterflies’ wingspans are shown in
the table. Great white 3.75

a. List the butterflies in order from Large orange

3
38

smallest to largest wingspan. sulphur

Meteorology b. The pink-spotted swallowtail’s Apricot

2.625
wingspan can measure 3
15
6 inches. sulphur
Between which two butterflies should White-angled
the pink-spotted swallowtail be in 3.5
sulphur
your list from part a?
38. Meteorology One measure of average global temperature shows
how each year varies from a base measure. The table shows results for
NASA uses satel- several years.
lite imagery to
gather informa-
Year 1958 1964 1965 1978 2002
tion about tem-
peratures on Difference from Base 0.10°C 0.17°C 0.10°C 1°C 0.54°C
50
Earth, such as
the amount of
heat radiated a. Order the five years from coldest to warmest.
into space from
Earth’s surface b. In 1946, the average temperature varied by 0.03°C from the base
and atmosphere. measure. Between which two years should 1946 fall when the years
are ordered from coldest to warmest?
39. What’s the Error? A student compared 
14
and 0.3. He changed 
14
to
the decimal 0.25 and wrote, “Since 0.3 is greater than 0.25, 0.3 is
greater than 0.25.” What was the student’s error?
40. Write About It Describe two methods to compare
11
37 and 0.82. Which
do you think is easier? Why?
41. Challenge Write ⏐
23
⏐, ⏐0.75⏐, ⏐0.62⏐, and ⏐
56
⏐ in order from least to
greatest.

42. Multiple Choice Which pair of numbers does
37
NOT come between?
9 1 1 2
A 0.3 and 0.45 B

and

C 0.2 and
3
D

and 0.65
25 2 5
43. Multiple Choice Which list of numbers is in order from least to greatest?
4 1 4 1 1 4 1 4
F 0.3,
5
,
4
, 0 G

, 0.3, 0,


5 4 H

,

, 0, 0.3
4 5 J 0,
4
, 0.3,
5

Simplify. (Lesson 1-5)

44. 5  (4) 45. 8  (2) 46. 19 13 47. 72 119 48. 24  37

Write each fraction as a decimal. (Lesson 2-1)

3 1 10 9 19
49.
4
50.
8
51.
4
52.
1

5
53.
2

0

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2-3 Adding and Subtracting

Rational Numbers
Learn to add and Olympic swimming events are measured
subtract decimals and in hundredths of a second. In the Athens
rational numbers with 2004 Summer Olympic Games, the
like denominators.
difference in times between the gold
and silver medal winners in the men’s
100-meter backstroke was 0.29 second.

EXAMPLE 1 Sports Application

In the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, Aaron Piersol of the
United States won the gold medal in the 100-meter
backstroke with a time of 54.06 seconds. The eighth place
finisher, Marco di Carli, completed the race in 55.27 seconds.
What was the difference in times between the first- and
eighth-place finishers?
55.27 Write the numbers so that the

54.06 decimals line up.

1.21
The difference between the first- and eighth-place finishers was
1.21 seconds.

EXAMPLE 2 Using a Number Line to Add Rational Numbers

Use a number line to find each sum.

0.4  1.3
1.3 Move left 0.4 units.

0.4
From
0.4, move right
1.3 units.

0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2

You finish at 0.9, so
0.4  1.3  0.9.

7

3

8 
8
3 7



8 8
7
Move left 8 units. From
7 3

1 1
1 1
1 3 1 1 0
8, move left 8 units.
2 4 4 2 4
1 7

3
You finish at
14, so
8 
8 
14.
1

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ADDING AND SUBTRACTING WITH LIKE DENOMINATORS

Words Numbers Algebra
To add or subtract rational
1  (
4)
numbers with the same
denominator, add or
1
5

4
 
  
5 5 a b ab
    

3 3 d d d
subtract the numerators  5, or
5
and keep the denominator.

EXAMPLE 3 Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Like Denominators

Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.
7 11
  
13 13
Subtracting a number 7 11 7  11
is the same as adding      Add numerators. Keep the denominator.
13 13 13
its opposite. 18 5
 1
3
, or 11
3
3 5

8
8
3 5
3
5 5
5

8
8  8  8
8 can be written as 8.

3  (
5)
8
 8  8 
1

EXAMPLE 4 Evaluating Expressions with Rational Numbers

Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
33.5  x for x 
48.2
33.5  (
48.2) Substitute
48.2 for x.

14.7 Think: 48.2 > 33.5. Use sign of 48.2.

3 7

8  c for c  18
3 7 7

8  18 Substitute 18 for c.

3 15 7 1(8)  7 15
   18  8  8
8 8

3  15 12
    Add numerators. Keep the denominator.
8 8
3 1
, or 1 Simplify.
2 2

Think and Discuss

1. Give an example of an addition problem that involves
simplifying an improper fraction in the final step.
2. Explain why 79  79 does not equal 1148 .

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2-3 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-3

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 1. Sports In the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, Jodie Henry of Australia won
the gold medal in the 100-meter freestyle swim with a time of 53.84 seconds.
The bronze medal winner, Natalie Coughlin of the United States, completed
the race in 54.4 seconds. What was the difference between the two times?

See Example 2 Use a number line to find each sum.

2.
0.9  3.2 3.
7

2

3 
3 4.
2.7  0.5 5.
1

4

2 
2

See Example 3 Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.

1 5
6. 6
6 7.
3 9

10
1
0
8.
3 7
  
12 12
9.
9 4
 

25 25

See Example 4 Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
4 8 14
10. 3.7  x for x 
9.3 11.
9  x for x  9 12.
1
5
 x for x  1

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 13. Sports Reaction time measures how quickly a runner reacts to the starter
pistol. In the 100-meter dash at the 2004 Olympic Games, Lauryn Williams
had a reaction time of 0.214 second. Her total race time, including reaction
time, was 11.03 seconds. How long did it take her to run the actual distance?

See Example 2 Use a number line to find each sum.

14.
3.2  1.6
7

7
15.
8 
8 16.
0.5  9.1
5
17.
18 
18
1

See Example 3 Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.
7 5
18. 13
1
3
1 13
19.
17
1
7
9 16
20. 17  1
7
11
21. 3
3
19

3
3

See Example 4 Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
11 7 23 7
22. 47.3  x for x 
18.6 23. 1
2
 x for x 
1
2
24.
2
5
 x for x  25

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.

3
3
See page 784. 5 2
25. 8.25
x for x  16 26. x 
7 for x  3 27. x 
8 for x  4.72

28. Design The distance from the floor of one level of a building to the floor
of the level above it is 9 feet 38 inches. If the distance from the floor to the
ceiling is 8 feet 212 inches, how thick is the space between the ceiling of
one floor and the floor of the level above it?
29. Sports The circumference of a women’s NCAA college softball must be
between 1187 inches and 1281 inches. What is the greatest possible difference
in circumference between two softballs that meet the standards?

74 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.

4 1 7 3 2 13 8 17 29
30. 9
9 31.
11  1
1

1
1
32. 5  5 33.
1
8

1
8

34.
1.7  35

3
35.
2
1
13

21
8
 36.
8  65
4
37.
1
6
15

1
6
9

Energy The circle graph shows the Renewable U.S. Energy Use
sources of renewable energy and their (quadrillion Btu)
use in the United States in British Geothermal Solar 0.072
thermal units (Btu). 0.373

38. How many quadrillion Btu’s from Wind

geothermal, wood and waste, and 0.046
hydroelectric sources combined
were used?
39. How many more Btu’s from
hydroelectric sources were used
than those from wind, solar, and Wood Hydroelectric
wood and waste sources combined? and waste 3.512
3.208
40. Write a Problem Write a problem
that requires a decimal to be converted
to a fraction and that also involves addition or subtraction of fractions.
41. Write About It Explain how to subtract fractions.
42. Challenge The gutter of a bowling lane measures 9156 inches wide. This
is 136 inch less than the widest gutter permitted and 156 inch greater than
the narrowest gutter permitted. What is the greatest possible difference in
the width of two gutters?

43. Multiple Choice Evaluate the expression 25.18
x for x 
18.7.

A 6.48 B 23.31 C 27.05 D 43.88
44. Multiple Choice Gregory filled a fish tank with 4152 gallons of water. Linda
added 31112 more gallons of water. How many gallons of water were in the tank?
1 1 5 2
F 72 gal G 83 gal H 81
2
gal J 83 gal
7 4
45. Gridded Response Evaluate 1
5

x for x 
1
5
.

Solve. (Lesson 1-7)

46. x  13  22 47. b  5 
2 48. 2y  9  19 49. 4a  2 
18

Compare. Write , , or . (Lesson 2-2)

1 4 9
50. 0.25 
3
51.
0.53

0.5 52. 7 0.57 53.
11
0.8
1


2-3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers 75

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2-4 Multiplying Rational

Numbers
Learn to multiply Andrew walks his dog each day.
fractions, mixed His route is
18
mile. What is the
numbers, and decimals. total distance that Andrew walks
his dog in a 5-day week?
Recall that multiplication is
repeated addition.
1

 1 1 1
3
4


4

4

4

111


4

3


4

Notice that multiplying a fraction

by a whole number is the same
as multiplying the whole number
by just the numerator of the
fraction and keeping the same
denominator.

RULES FOR MULTIPLYING TWO RATIONAL NUMBERS

If the signs of the factors are the same, the product is positive.
()  ()
() or ()  ()
()
If the signs of the factors are different, the product is negative.
()  ()
() or ()  ()
()

EXAMPLE 1 Multiplying a Fraction and an Integer

Multiply. Write each answer in simplest form.

2
6
3

15 
2 3

6

3
 2
3


2 1
To write

35
2 as a 5
62
2


 3(5)  1
mixed number, 16 1 16


3
5


5


5

divide: 3 5
12 32


352

6 R2


3
Multiply 


5
Multiply ()  ()
().

6
25
2
4 Simplify. 6
5
Simplify.

76 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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EXAMPLE 2 Multiplying Fractions

Multiply. Write each answer in simplest form.

A fraction is in
3





5

1
4
3 1
lowest terms, or
simplest form, when
3


1










5 4 5 4

the numerator and (3)(1) Multiply numerators.
denominator have



5(4) Multiply denominators.
no common factors. 3



Simplify.
20
5
12
12






5 
5
12
5
12
12












5 12 5

1 1
5(
12) Look for common




12(5)
1 1 factors: 12, 5.

1


1


1 Simplify.

EXAMPLE 3 Multiplying Decimals

Multiply.
5.2(5) Product is 0.07(4.6)
5.2  (5)
26.0 positive with 1 0.07  4.6
0.322

26 decimal place. Product is negative
You can drop the zero after with 3 decimal
the decimal point. places.

EXAMPLE 4 Recreation Application

1
Andrew walks his dog
8
mile each day. What is the total distance that
Andrew walks his dog in a 5-day week?
1 15


(5)



8 8
5


8
Multiply.

Andrew walks his dog
58
mile in a 5-day week.

Think and Discuss

1. Name the number of decimal places in the product of 5.625
and 2.75.
2. Give an example of two fractions whose product is an integer
due to common factors.

2-4 Multiplying Rational Numbers 77

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2-4 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-4

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 Multiply. Write each answer in simplest form.
1

2
1. 5


34 
2. 7 1


5
3. 3
8

23 
4. 4 5











 6




 






1 5 3 7 3 7 3 5
See Example 2 5. 6. 8 10
7. 8.
4 8 7 8 5 9

See Example 3 Multiply.

9. 2.1(7) 10. 0.03(5.4) 11. 4.8(2) 12. 0.15(2.8)

See Example 4 13. Tran jogs
34
mile each day. What is the total distance Tran jogs in
6 days?

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 Multiply. Write each answer in simplest form.
1

7
14. 5


5
15. 3 1


6
21 
4
16. 9


2
17. 7 1


3

14 
18. 9
1

5
19. 3 6


79  3

4
20. 8


1
21. 7 3
5

See Example 2
2
22. 
3

6

5 2 7
23.




9
8 7 5


24. 5




8 11
1
25. 




3
78 
3 5
26.




7
6 1 7
27. 2





7 10
2
28. 




3
19 

7 3
29.
8

5

See Example 3 Multiply.

30. 1.7(4) 31. 0.05(4.7) 32. 6.2(7) 33. 0.75(5.5)
34. 6.2(9) 35. 0.08(6.2) 36. 2.4(9) 37. 0.04(9.2)

See Example 4 38. There was
34
of a pizza left over from a family gathering. The next day, Tina
ate
12
of what was left. How much of the whole pizza did Tina eat?

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice 39. Consumer Economics At a bookstore, the ticketed price of a book is
14

See page 784. off the original price. Kayla has a discount coupon for
12
off the ticketed
price. What fraction of the original price is the additional discount?

Multiply.
3

7
40. 6


8
41. 5 1
1

1
4

5
42. 7


19 
43. 5 3

44. 5.9(7) 45. 0.7(2.6) 46. 3.6(4) 47. 0.06(9.3)

4 4
48.




11
7 5 7
49. 3




6 9
 8
50. 




9
35  5

11
51.
12

1

6 

78 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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52. Health The directions for a pain reliever recommend that children
96 pounds and over take 4 tablets every 4 hours as needed, and children
who weigh between 60 and 71 pounds take only 2
12
tablets every 4 hours
as needed. Each tablet is
245
gram.
Animals a. If a 105-pound child takes 4 tablets, how many grams of pain reliever is
he or she receiving?
b. How many grams of pain reliever is the recommended dose for a child
weighing 65 pounds?
53. Animals The label on a bottle
of pet vitamins lists dosage Do-Good Pet Vitamins
guidelines. What dosage would
There are fewer Adult dogs:
than 30 veterinary you give to each of these
1 tsp per 20 lb body weight
colleges in the animals? 2
United States. a. a 50 lb adult dog Puppies, pregnant dogs, or nursing dogs:
1 tsp per 10 lb body weight
b. a 12 lb cat 2
c. a 40 lb pregnant dog Cats:
1 tsp per 2 lb body weight
4
54. What’s the Error? A student
multiplied two mixed numbers
in the following fashion: 2
47
 3
14

6
17
. What’s the error?
55. Write About It In the pattern
13

14

15
 . . . , which fraction makes the
sum greater than 1? Explain.
56. Challenge Of the 42 presidents who preceded George W. Bush,
13
were
elected to a second term. Of those elected to a second term,
71
were former
vice presidents of the United States. What fraction of the first 42 presidents
were elected to a second term and were former vice presidents?

57. Multiple Choice Lindsay walked
34
mile on Monday. She walked 1
58
that
distance on Tuesday. How far did she walk on Tuesday?
7 15 3 15
A 1

miles B 1

miles C 2

miles D 2

miles
32 32 8 32
1 3
58. Multiple Choice What is the product of 5

and 3

?
3 4
1 1
F 20 G 15
4
H 15
4
J 20
59. Multiple Choice Multiply: 0.98  8.4.
A 82.83 B 8.232 C 8.232 D 82.83

Compare. Write , , or
. (Lesson 1-3)

60. |9| 9 61. 13 22 62. |5| |5| 63. |17| |13|

Find each sum. (Lesson 2-3)

64. 1.7  2.3
2
65. 

 


3
16  66. 23.75  (25.15)
4
67. 




9
2
9

2-4 Multiplying Rational Numbers 79

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2-5 Dividing Rational Numbers

Learn to divide A number and its reciprocal have a product of 1. To find the reciprocal
fractions and decimals.
of a fraction, exchange the numerator and the denominator. Remember
that an integer can be written as a fraction with a denominator of 1.
Vocabulary
reciprocal Number Reciprocal Product

3

4
4

3 
3 4
 
1
4 3

15
2
152
 
15
2

12
5

1

6 1

6 
6 1

1
6

Multiplication and division are inverse operations. They undo each other.

1 2

 2








3 5 15
2 2 1








15 5 3

Notice that multiplying by the reciprocal gives the same result

as dividing.

125


52


25 10 1








15  2 30 3

DIVIDING RATIONAL NUMBERS IN FRACTION FORM

Words Numbers Algebra
To divide by a
1 4 1 5 5 a c a d ad
fraction, multiply
























b d b c bc
7 5 7 4 28
by the reciprocal.

EXAMPLE 1 Dividing Fractions

Divide. Write each answer in simplest form.
7 4






15 5
7 4 7 5







  Multiply by the reciprocal.
15 5 15 4
7  51



Remove common factors.
15 4
3 
7


1

2
Simplest form

80 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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Divide. Write each answer in simplest form.

1
5
3
 (7)

5
3
 (7)

3


1


1 16 7
Write as improper fractions.

3


7

16 1
Multiply by the reciprocal.
16  (1)



No common factors
3 7 
16


2

1
Simplest form

When dividing a decimal by a decimal, multiply both numbers by a

power of 10 so you can divide by a whole number. To decide which
power of 10 to multiply by, look at the denominator. The number of
decimal places is the number of zeros to write after the 1.
1.32 1.32 10 13.2











0.4 0.4 10 4

1 decimal place 1 zero

EXAMPLE 2 Dividing Decimals

Find 7.48  0.4.

0.4
10 
7.48 10 74.8 10
7.48  0.4








4
0.4 has 1 decimal place, so use

10

.

18.7 Divide.

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating Expressions with Fractions and Decimals

Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
7.2


for n
0.24
n


7.2 7.2 100







0.24 0.24 100
 0.24 has 2 decimal places, so use

100

.
100
720


2

4
Divide.

30
7.2
When n
0.24,
n

30.

5 3
m 
24
for m
3
4

3
3 5 15 24 Rewrite 3
4
as an improper fraction and
3
4

2

4


4

5

multiply by the reciprocal.
3 6
15  24



Remove common factors.
4 5
1
 1
18


1

18
3 5
When m
3
4
, m 
2

4

18.

2-5 Dividing Rational Numbers 81

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EXAMPLE 4 PROBLEM SOLVING APPLICATION

Ella ate
23
cup of lowfat yogurt. The serving
size listed on the container is 6 ounces, or
3


cup. How many servings did Ella eat?
4
How many calories did Ella eat?

1
1. Understand the Problem

The number of calories Ella ate is the

number of calories in the fraction of
a serving.

List the important information:

• Ella ate
23
cup.
• A full serving is
34
cup.
• There are 100 calories in one serving.

2.2 Make a Plan

Set up an equation to find the number of servings Ella ate.

amount Ella ate  serving size
number of servings

Using the number of servings, find the number of calories Ella ate.

number of servings  calories per serving
total calories

3.3 Solve
Let n
number of servings. Let c
total calories.
2 3 8
Servings:
3

4

n Calories:
9
 100
c
2 4 8  100





n


c
3 3 9
8 800



n


88.9
9 9
8
Ella ate
9
of a serving, which is about 88.9 calories.

4.4 Look Back

Ella did not eat a full serving, so
89
of a serving is a reasonable answer.
Since
89
is less than 1 and 88.9 calories is less than 100, the calories in
a full serving, 88.9 calories is a reasonable answer.

Think and Discuss

1. Tell what happens when you divide a fraction by itself. Show that
you are correct using multiplication by the reciprocal.
2. Model the product of
2
and
14
.
3

82 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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2-5 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-5

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 Divide. Write each answer in simplest form.
1 3 1 2 6 5 3
1.
2

4
2. 4
5
 5
3
3. 
7
 3 4.
6

8

1 4 5 14 2 3 3
5. 5
1

8
 4
9
6. 
8
 12 7.
1

5

3
8. 4
1

0

5

See Example 2 Find each quotient.

9. 3.72  0.3 10. 2.1  0.07 11. 10.71  0.7 12. 1.72  0.2
13. 2.54  0.6 14. 11.04  0.4 15. 2.45  0.005 16. 4.41  0.7

See Example 3 Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
9.7 6.2 40.5
17.
x
for x
0.5 18.
x
for x
0.2 19.
x
for x
0.9
9.2 32.4 14.7
20.
x
for x
2.3 21.
x
for x
1.8 22.
x
for x
0.07

See Example 4 23. You eat
14
ounce of cheddar cheese. One serving of cheddar cheese is
1
12
ounces. How much of a serving did you eat?

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 Divide. Write each answer in simplest form.
1 3 2 1 5 2 4 1
24.
6

4
25. 4
5
 3
2
26. 
12

3
27.
5

2

2 1 2 7 2 3 3 1
28. 1
3
 2
6
29. 
9

12
30.
3

10
31. 2
8
 1
6

See Example 2 Find each quotient.

32. 12.11  0.7 33. 2.49  0.03 34. 6.64  0.4 35. 4.85  0.5
36. 5.49  0.003 37. 32.44  0.8 38. 9.36  0.03 39. 12.24  0.9

See Example 3 Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
7.2 9.6 15
40.
x
for x
0.4 41.
x
for x
0.8 42.
x
for x
0.05
15.4 4.24 22.2
43.
x
for x
1.4 44.
x
for x
0.8 45.
x
for x
0.06

See Example 4 46. The platform on the school stage is 8
43
feet wide. Each chair is 1
15
2 feet wide.
How many chairs will fit across the platform?

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice 47. Maya is drinking her favorite juice. There are 2
34
servings remaining in the
See page 785.
bottle. Maya pours only
14
of a serving into her glass at a time. How many
glasses can Maya have before the bottle is empty?

2-5 Dividing Rational Numbers 83

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48. The width of a DVD case is about
13
inch. How many DVD cases are in a
box set if the set is about 1
23
inches thick?
49. Social Studies Nesting dolls called
matrushkas are a well-known type
of Russian folk art. Use the
information in the picture
to find the height of x in.
the largest doll.
6 7
25
x
8
in.

50. Estimation Leo’s bowl contains 16 ounces of cereal. His spoon can hold
1
18
ounces. Approximately how many spoonfuls are in the bowl?
51. Choose a Strategy Before 2000, the prices of all stocks traded on the New
York Stock Exchange were given in fractions. When a stock is split 2-for-1,
the price of the stock is halved and the number of shares doubles. A stock
trading at $20
41
was split 2-for-1. What was the price of the stock after the split?
52. Write About It A proper fraction with denominator 10 is divided by a
proper fraction with denominator 5. Will the denominator of the quotient
be odd or even? Explain.
53. Challenge In 2003, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that about
21
5 of
the U.S. population resided in Los Angeles County. At that time, about
235

of the U.S. population resided in California. Approximately what fraction
of the California population resided in Los Angeles County?

7.92
54. Multiple Choice Evaluate the expression
x
for x
3.3.

A 2.4 B 4.62 C 11.22 D 26.136

55. Multiple Choice A recipe calls for 2
12
cups of sugar to make a batch of
cookies. To make one-third of a batch, Betty needs to divide the amount of
each ingredient in the recipe by 3. How many cups of sugar will she use?
3 5 1 1
F

cup G

cup H 1
5
cups J 7
2
cups
4 6
56. Gridded Response Frank bought 12.6 gallons of gasoline for $26.96.
How much, to the nearest cent, was the cost per gallon of gasoline?

Evaluate each expression for the given values of the variables. (Lesson 1-1)
57. 7x  4y for x
5 and y
6 58. 6.5p  9.1q for p
2.5 and q
0

Write each decimal as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form. (Lesson 2-1)
59. 0.65 60. 1.25 61. 0.723 62. 11.17 63. 0.8

84 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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2-6 Adding and Subtracting with

Unlike Denominators
Learn to add and North Dome trail in Yosemite National
subtract fractions with Park is 5
34
miles to the summit. Two
unlike denominators. hikers walk 2
18
miles before taking a
break. They then hike another 1
12
miles
before taking a second break. How many
more miles do they have to hike before
reaching the summit?
To solve this problem, add and
subtract rational numbers with unlike
denominators. First find a common
denominator using one of these methods:
Method 1 Find a common denominator by multiplying one
denominator by the other denominator.
Method 2 Find the least common denominator (LCD).

EXAMPLE 1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Unlike Denominators

Add or subtract.
4 1






5 6
4 1
Method 1:
5


6
Find a common denominator: 5(6)  30.


5


6


6


5

4 6 1 5
Multiply by fractions equal to 1.
24 5

3

0


30
Rewrite with a common denominator.
29

3

0
Simplify.

1 2
2
6
 2
9

1 2
Method 2: 2
6
 2
9

13 20

6

9
Write as improper fractions.

Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, . . . List the multiples of each denominator

Multiples of 9: 9, 18, 27, . . . and find the LCD.


6


3
 
9


2


13 3 20 2
Multiply by fractions equal to 1.

39 40

1

8

1

8
Rewrite with the LCD.
1
 
1

8
Simplify.

2-6 Adding and Subtracting with Unlike Denominators 85

m807_c02_085_088 1/21/06 11:55 AM Page 86

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating Expressions with Rational Numbers

11 1
Evaluate n 

16

for n  

.
3
n 
1

6
11

1  11
 
3

1

6
1
Substitute –
3
for n.



3


16
 
1

6
3
1 16 11 3


Multiply by fractions equal to 1.
16 33 Rewrite with a common
 
4

8

4

8 denominator: 3(16)  48.
49 1
 
4

8
, or 1
48
Simplify.

EXAMPLE 3 Recreation Application

Two hikers begin hiking the North Dome trail in Yosemite National
Park, which is 5
34
miles to the summit. The hikers cover 2
18
miles
Recreation before taking a break. They then hike another 1
12
miles before
taking a second break. How many more miles do the hikers have
to go before reaching the summit?
1 1
2
8

1
2
Add to find the distance hiked.
17 3

8


2
Write as improper fractions.
17 12

8


8
The LCD is 8.
29 5

8
, or 3
8

Abraham Lincoln
established Yosemite The hikers have hiked 3
58
miles. Now find the number of miles
National Park as a remaining.
natural preserve in 3 5
1864. 5
4
 3
8
Subtract the distance hiked from the total distance.
23 29

4

8
Write as improper fractions.
46 29

8

8
The LCD is 8.
17 1

8
, or 2
8
Simplify.

The hikers have 2
18
miles to go before reaching the summit.

Think and Discuss

1. Give an example of two denominators with no common factors.
2. Tell if 2
15

2
136
 is positive or negative. Explain.
3. Explain how to add 2
25

9
13
without first writing them as improper
fractions.

86 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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2-6 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-6

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 Add or subtract.
3
2


7
5
 4. 3
12


2
5

4 1 1 7 1 4 7 4
1.
7


3
2.
2

8
3.

See Example 2 Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
3 2 3 4 3 1
5. 4
8

x for x  3
9
6. n 
8
for n  
5
7.
7

y for y 
2

See Example 3 8. Gavin needs 2
58
yards of fabric each to make two shirts. This amount is cut
from a bolt containing 9
14
yards of fabric. How much fabric remains on
the bolt?

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 Add or subtract.
7 2 1 4 11 4 2 14
9.
13


7
10.
3


7
11.
1

2

5
12.
5


1

5
13. 5
5


3
7

4 2 5 11 1 3 1 8
14.
9

1

4
15. 2
4
 4
7
16.
5


9

See Example 2 Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
3 2 2 3 4 3
17. 2
4

x for x  3
3
18. n 
3
for n 
4
19. r 
5
for r 
4

1 5 11 2 12 1
20. 3
6

x for x  2
7
21. n 
1

3
for n 
3
22.
1

7
 n for n 
2

See Example 3 23. An oxygen tank contained 212
23
liters of oxygen before 27
13
liters were used. If
the tank can hold 240
38
liters, how much space in the tank is unused?

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice 24. Multi-Step The heights of the starting players for the Davis High School
See page 785. boy’s basketball team are 78
18
in., 74 in., 71
58
in., 70
34
in., and 69
12
in. Find the
average height of the starting players.
25. Measurement A water pipe has an outside diameter of 1
14
inches and a wall
thickness of
15
6 inch. What is the inside diameter of the pipe?
26. Estimation Georgia is making a rectangular gift
box. She plans to glue ribbon along the bottom edge. 1 14 in.
The length of the box is 7
38
inches, and the width is
5
116
inches. She has 2 feet of ribbon. Does she have 5
in.
16
enough for the bottom edge? Explain your reasoning.
27. Multi-Step Karl rode his bike 16
83
miles. Neeka rode her bike m fewer miles.
a. Write an expression to represent how many miles Neeka rode.
b. How far did Neeka ride if she rode 5
14
fewer miles?
c. Elda rode as far as Karl and Neeka combined. How far did Elda ride?

2-6 Adding and Subtracting with Unlike Denominators 87

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Earth Science
Niagara Falls, on the border of Canada
and the United States, has two major
falls, Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian
side and American Falls on the U.S. side.
Surveys of the erosion of the falls began
in 1842. From 1842 to 1905, Horseshoe
Falls eroded 239
25
feet.
28. In 1986, Thomas Martin noted that American
Falls eroded 7
12
inches and Horseshoe Falls
eroded 2
245
feet. What is the difference between
the two measurements?
29. From 1842 to 1875, the yearly erosion of
61
Horseshoe Falls varied from a minimum of


100
17
meter to a maximum of 1
5
0 meters. By how much
did these rates of erosion differ?
30. In the 48 years between 1842 and 1890, the average
rate of erosion at Horseshoe Falls was
35
30 meter per year. In the
22 years between 1905 and 1927, the rate of erosion was
17
0 meter per
year. Approximately how much total erosion occurred during these
two time periods?
31. Challenge Rates of erosion of American Falls have been recorded
2

3
as
meter per year for 33 years,
49
0 meter per year for 48 years, and
51
meter
100
per year for 4 years. What is the total amount of erosion during these three
time spans?

32. Multiple Choice A 4
58
ft section of wood was cut from a 7
12
ft board. How
much of the original board remained?
5 9 7 3
A 3
8
ft B 3
1

6
ft C 2
8
ft D 2
8
ft
33. Extended Response A rectangular swimming pool measured 75
12
feet by
25
14
feet. Schmidt Pool Supply computed the perimeter of the pool to be
200
13
feet. Explain what the company did incorrectly when computing the
perimeter. What is the correct perimeter?

Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable. (Lesson 1-4)
34. c
4 for c  8 35. m  2 for m  13 36. 5
d for d  10

Divide. Write each answer in simplest form. (Lesson 2-5)

4 2 4 7 14 1 7
37. 
11

7
38.
9
 8 39. 
15

2

5
40. 3
3

9

88 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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Add and Subtract Fractions

2-6
Use with Lesson 2-6

You can add and subtract fractions using your graphing KEYWORD: MT7 Lab2

calculator. To display decimals as fractions, use the MATH key.

Activity
7 3
1 Use a graphing calculator to add
12


8
. Write the sum as
a fraction.
Type 7  12 and press ENTER . You can see that the decimal

.
equivalent is a repeating decimal, 0.583

Type
3  8 ENTER . The decimal form of the

sum is displayed.

Press MATH ENTER ENTER .

23
The fraction form of the sum,
2

4
, is displayed as 23/24.

3 2
2 Use a graphing calculator to subtract



. Write the difference
5 3
as a fraction.
Type 3  5  2  3 MATH ENTER ENTER .
1
The answer is 
15
.

Think and Discuss

1. Why is the difference in 2 negative?
2. Type 0.33333 . . . (pressing 3 at least twelve times). Press MATH ENTER

ENTER
as a fraction. Now do the same for

to write 0.3

. What happens to 0.9
0.9
? How does the fraction for 0.3

help to
explain this result?

Try This
Use a calculator to add or subtract. Write each result as a fraction.
1 2 7 2 7 3 1 5
1.




2.
8

3
3.




4.
3

7

4 7 15 10
5 2 31 3 4 7 3 3
5.
32


1

1
6.




101
7.
15


1

6
8.




5 35 37

2-6 Technology Lab 89

m807_c02_090_090 1/21/06 11:55 AM Page 90

Quiz for Lessons 2-1 Through 2-6

2-1 Rational Numbers
Simplify.
12 15 33 55
1.
3

6
2.

3.

4.


48 88 122

2-2 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers

Write the numbers in order from least to greatest.
2 3 5 7
5.
1.2,

, 0.5,


6. 3

, 0.1,

, 0.275
3 4 7 8
3 8 10 33
7. 2.3,


,
3,
3

8. 2

, 1.3,
8
, 2.99
2 9 13

2-3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers

Ready to Go On?

Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.

9. 65.8
24.24
3
10.

7
 2


7
4 5 1
11.


2


6
6 
12. Darius and Jamal ride their bicycles home from school every day. Each
day this week, they have timed themselves to see how long the ride
takes. On Monday, they made it home in about 0.25 hour. Today, it took
them
130
hour. How much longer did it take today?

2-4 Multiplying Rational Numbers

Multiply. Write each answer in simplest form.

1
3

23 
13. 2 4


2 7
14. 2




5 36
 15. 3.8(4) 16.




7
4
17. Robert has a piece of twine that is
43
yard long. He needs a piece of twine
that is
32
of this length. How long of a piece of twine does Robert need?

2-5 Dividing Rational Numbers

Divide. Write each answer in simplest form.
3 4 2 6 5
18.
5

15
19. 2.7  3 20.


 1 21.
4

 2


3 7 6

2-6 Adding and Subtracting with Unlike Denominators

Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.
2 1 2 5 4 1 1 3
22.



23. 1

 3

24. 6


3

25. 3
6

1
4

7 4 3 9 7 5

90 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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Look Back
• Is your answer reasonable?
After you solve a word problem, ask yourself if your answer makes
sense. You can round the numbers in the problem and estimate to
find a reasonable answer. It may also help to write your answer in
sentence form.

Read the problems below and tell which answer is most reasonable.

1 Tonia calculates that she needs 47
23
pounds 3 On Mercury, the coldest temperature
of compost to spread on her garden. There is about 600°C below the hottest
are 38.9 pounds of compost in her compost temperature of 430°C. What is the
pile. How much compost does Tonia need to coldest temperature on the planet?
purchase? A about 1030°C
A about 9 pounds C about 6 pounds B about
1030°C
B about 87 pounds D about 15 pounds C about
170°C
D about 170°C
2 The Qin Dynasty in China began about 2170
years before the People’s Republic of China 4 Julie is balancing her checkbook. Her
was formed in 1949. When did the Qin beginning balance is $325.46, her deposits
Dynasty begin? add up to $285.38, and her withdrawals add
F before 200 B.C.E. up to $683.27. What is her ending balance?
G between 200 B.C.E. and 200 C.E. F about
$70
H between 200 C.E. and 1949 C.E. G about
$600
J after 1949 C.E. H about $700
J about $1300

Focus on Problem Solving 91

m807_c02_092_095 1/21/06 11:57 AM Page 92

2-7 Solving Equations with

Rational Numbers
Learn to solve Painting a house can be a difficult task. In
equations with order to have a good surface for the new
rational numbers. paint, the old paint must be cleaned, and
sometimes even scraped off completely.
Sully runs his own house-painting business.
When he plans a job, he estimates that he
can paint
52
of a house in one work day. You
can write and solve an equation to find how
long it would take Sully to paint 3 houses.

EXAMPLE 1 Solving Equations with Decimals

Solve.
y
17.5  11
y
17.5  11
 17.5  17.5 Add 17.5 to both sides.





y  28.5

Once you have
4.2p  12.6

solved an equation,
it is a good idea to

4.2p  12.6
check your answer.
4.2p  12.6 Divide both sides by
4.2.










To check your
4.2
4.2
answer, substitute
your answer for the
p 
3
variable in the
t
original equation.

 4
7.5
t


 4
7.5
t
7.5 

 7.5  4
7.5
Multiply both sides by 7.5.

t  30

EXAMPLE 2 Solving Equations with Fractions

Solve.
1 4
x 
9


9

1 4
x 
9


9

1 1 4 1 1
x 
9


9


9


9
Subtract
9
from both sides.
5
x 

9

92 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_092_095 1/21/06 11:57 AM Page 93

Solve.
1 9
x

8

1

6
1 9
x

8

16

1 1 9 1 1
x

8

8

16

8
Add
8
to both sides.
9 2
x 
1

6

1

6
Find a common denominator, 16.
11
x 
1

6
3 3


w 


5 16
3 3


w 


5 16
3 3 3 3 3


w 





Divide both sides by
5
.
5 5 16 5
3 5 3 5


w 





Multiply by the reciprocal. Simplify.
5 3 16 3
5
w 
1
6

EXAMPLE 3 Solving Word Problems Using Equations

Sully has agreed to paint 3 houses. If he knows that he can paint
25

of a house in one day, how many days will it take him to paint all
3 houses?
Write an equation:

number of days  houses per day  number of houses

2
d 


5
 3
2
d 
5
 3
2 2 2 2
d 
5

5
 3 
5
Divide both sides by
5
.
2 5 5
d 
5

2
 3 
2
Multiply by the reciprocal.
15 1
d 
2
, or 7
2
Simplify.

Sully can paint 3 houses in 7
12
days.

Think and Discuss

1. Explain the first step in solving an addition equation with
fractions having like denominators.
2. Explain the first step in solving an addition equation with
fractions having unlike denominators.

2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers 93

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2-7 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-7

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 Solve.
m
1. y  17.3 
65 2.
5.2f  36.4 3.


6
3.2
s
4. r
15.8  24.6 5.

 6.3
15.42
6. 0.06g  0.474
1 4 3 7 5 7
See Example 2 7. x 
9


9
8.

8
 k 

8
9.
6
w 

1

8
4 4 7 56 4 12
10. m

3


3
11.
17
y 

1

7
12. t 
13

3

9

See Example 3 13. Alonso runs a company called Speedy House Painters. His workers can
paint
34
of a house in one day. How many days would it take them to paint
6 houses?

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 Solve.
h
14. y  16.7 
49 15. 4.7m 
32.9 16.


2
7.8
z
17. k
3.2 
6.8 18.

6
11.4
19. c  5.98  9.1
1 3 5 3 14 2 5
See Example 2 20. j 
3

4
21.
6
d 
1

5
22. 7h 
3

3
23.
3
 x 
8

1 7 4 1 5 7 7 11
24. x

1

6

16
25. r 
7


7
26.
6
c 
24
27.
8
d 
1

2

See Example 3 28. A professional lawn care service can mow 2
34
acres of lawn in one hour. How
many hours would it take them to mow a lawn that is 6
78
acres?

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice Earth Science The largest of all known diamonds, the Cullinan diamond,
See page 785. weighed 3106 carats before it was cut into 105 gems. The largest cut, Cullinan I,
or the Great Star of Africa, weighs 530
13
carats. Another cut, Cullinan II, weighs
317
52
carats. Cullinan III weighs 94
52
carats, and Cullinan IV weighs 63
53
carats.
29. How many carats of the original Cullinan diamond were left after the Great
Star of Africa and Cullinan II were cut?
30. How much more does Cullinan II weigh than Cullinan IV?
31. Which diamond weighs 223 carats less than Cullinan II?
32. Nutrition An entire can of chicken noodle soup has 6.25 grams of total fat.
There are 2.5 servings per can. How many grams of total fat are in a single
serving of chicken noodle soup?

94 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_092_095 1/21/06 11:58 AM Page 95

Solve.
2 1 j 2
33. z

9

9
34.
5f 
1.5 35.


3
7.2
36.
5
 x  0.25
3 1 x 7 6 3
37. t

4
 6
4
38.




0.5 8
39.
7
d 

7
40.
4.7g 
28.2
v 5 1
41.


5.5 42. r 
6

3
6
43. y  2.8 
1.4
5.5
1 3 3
44.

15
 r 
5
45.
3c 
2

0
46. m
2.34  8.2
4m
47. y
57 
2.8 48.
18 
9.6  f 49.


7
0.8

50. Multi-Step Jack is tiling along the walls of the

rectangular kitchen with the tile shown. The kitchen
has a length of 243
34
inches and a width of 146
14
inches.
a. How many tiles will fit along the length of the room?
b. How many tiles will fit along its width?
c. If Jack needs 48 tiles to tile around all four walls of
the kitchen, how many boxes of ten tiles must he
buy? (Hint: He must buy whole boxes of tile.)
51. What’s the Error? Janice is thinking about buying
a CD writer that burns 1.8 megabytes of data per
second. A computer salesperson told her that if she
had 60 megabytes of data to burn, she could burn it in
about 2 minutes with this writer. What was his error?
52. Write About It If a is
13
of b, is it correct to say
13
a  b? Explain.
53. Challenge A 200-carat diamond was cut into two equal pieces to
form two diamonds. One of the diamonds was cut again, reducing
it by
15
its weight. In a final cut, it was reduced by
14
its new weight.
How many carats remained?

54. Multiple Choice If
13
26  2w, what is the value of w?

24 24 1 1
A

B

C

D


36 72 3 6
55. Short Response The performance of a musical arrangement lasted 6
14

minutes. The song consisted of 3 verses that each lasted the same number
of minutes. Write and solve an equation to find the length of each verse.

Write an algebraic expression for each word phrase. (Lesson 1-2)

56. 15 less than a number p 57. half of the sum of m and 19

Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form. (Lesson 2-6)

7 1 2 3 5 1 8 4
58.
8

6
59. 4
3
 5
4
60. 6
8

2
2

0
61. 2
9


5

2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers 95

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Model Two-Step Equations

2-8
Use with Lesson 2-8

KEYWORD: MT7 Lab2

KEY REMEMBER
=
1
=0
=
1 • You can perform the same operation with
the same numbers on both sides of an
= variable
equation without changing the value of
the equation.

You can use algebra tiles to model and solve two-step equations.
To solve a two-step equation, you use two different operations.

Activity
1 Use algebra tiles to model
and solve 3s
4  10.

3s
4  10

Two steps are needed to solve this equation.

Step 1: Remove 4 yellow tiles from each side. Step 2: Divide each side into 3 equal groups.

3s  6 s  2
Substitute to check:
3s
4 10
?
3(2)
4  10
?
6
4  10
?
10  10 ✔

96 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_096_097 1/21/06 12:00 PM Page 97

2 Use algebra tiles to model

and solve 2r
4  6.

2r
4  6

Step 1: Since 4 is being added to 2r, Step 2: Divide each side into
add 4 red tiles to both sides and 2 equal groups.
remove the zero pairs on the
left side.

Add 4 to both sides.

r  5
2r  10

Substitute to check:
2r
4  6
?
2(5)
4  6
?
10
4  6
?
6  6 ✔

Think and Discuss

1. Why can you add zero pairs to one side of an equation without
having to add them to the other side as well?
2. Show how you could have modeled to check your solution for
each equation.

Try This
Use algebra tiles to model and solve each of the following equations.
1. 2x
3  5 2. 4p  3  9 3. 5r  6  11 4. 3n
5  4
5. 6b
8  2 6. 2a
2  6 7. 4m
4  4 8. 7h  8  41

9. Gerry walked dogs five times a week and got paid the same amount
each day. One week his boss added on a $15 bonus. That week
Gerry earned $90. What was his daily salary?

2-8 Hands-On Lab 97

m807_c02_098_101 1/21/06 12:01 PM Page 98

2-8 Solving Two-Step

Equations
Learn to solve Sometimes more than one inverse operation
two-step equations. is needed to solve an equation. Before
solving, ask yourself, “What is being done
to the variable and in what order?” One
method to solve the equation is to then
work backward to undo the operations.
The Kuhr family bought tickets to see a
circus. The ticket service charged a service
fee for the order. The number of tickets the
Kuhrs bought can be found by solving a
two-step equation.

EXAMPLE 1 PROBLEM SOLVING APPLICATION

The Kuhr family spent $52.00 for circus tickets. This cost included
a $3.25 service fee for the order, and the circus tickets cost $9.75
each. How many tickets did the Kuhrs buy? Justify your answer.
4.
1 Understand the Problem
The answer is the number of tickets that the Kuhrs bought. List the
important information: The service fee is $3.25 per order, the
tickets cost $9.75 each, and the total cost is $52.
Let t represent the number of tickets bought.

Total cost
Tickets  Service Fee

52.00
9.75t  3.25
4.2 Make a Plan
Think: First the variable is multiplied by 9.75, and then 3.25 is added
to the result. Work backward to solve the equation. Undo the
operations in reverse order: First subtract 3.25 from both sides of the
equation, and then divide both sides of the new equation by 9.75.
4.3 Solve
52.00
9.75t  3.25
 3.25  3.25 Subtract 3.25 from both sides.









48.75
9.75t
48.75 9.75t





Divide both sides by 9.75.
9.75 9.75
5
t
The Kuhrs bought 5 tickets.

98 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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4 Look Back
4.
You can use a table to decide whether your answer is reasonable.

Tickets Cost of Tickets Service Charge Total Cost

1 $9.75 $3.25 $13.00
2 $19.50 $3.25 $22.75
3 $29.25 $3.25 $32.50
4 $39.00 $3.25 $42.25
5 $48.75 $3.25 $52.00

Five tickets is a reasonable answer.

Sometimes, a two-step equation contains a term or an expression

with a denominator. In these cases, it is often easier to first multiply
both sides of the equation by the denominator in order to remove it,
and then work to isolate the variable.

EXAMPLE 2 Solving Two-Step Equations

r7
Solve
4

5.

Method 1: Work backward to isolate the variable.

r7



5
4
r 7





5 Rewrite the expression as the sum of two fractions.
4 4
Think: First the variable is divided by 4, and then
74
is added.
To isolate the variable, subtract
74
, and then multiply by 4.
r 7 7 7 7







5 

Subtract
4
from both sides.
4 4 4 4
r 13
(4)
4


4
(4) Multiply both sides by 4.
r
13

Method 2: Multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator.

r7



5
4
r7
(4)
4

5(4) Multiply both sides by 4.
r  7
20
7
_____ 7____ Subtract 7 from both sides.
r
13

Think and Discuss

1. Describe how you would solve 4(x  2)
16.
2. Explain how to check your solution to an equation.

2-8 Solving Two-Step Equations 99

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2-8 Exercises KEYWORD: MT7 2-8

KEYWORD: MT7 Parent

GUIDED PRACTICE
See Example 1 1. Adele is paid a weekly salary of $685. She is paid an additional $23.50 for
every hour of overtime he works. This week his total pay, including regular
salary and overtime, was $849.50. How many hours of overtime did Adele
work this week?

See Example 2 Solve.

t3 t  10 r  12 x7
2.
2

75 3.
6

11 4.
7

6 5.
11

11
b  24 q  11 a3 y  13
6.
2

13 7.
5

23 8.
2

8

3 9.
8

14

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
See Example 1 10. The cost of a family membership at a health club is $58 per month plus a
one-time $129 start-up fee. If a family spent $651, how many months is
their membership?

See Example 2 Solve.

m6 c1 g2 h  20
11.


4 12.
2

12 13.
2

46 14.
9

11
3
h  19 y3 z4 n  31
15.
19

2 16.
4

27 17.
1

0

9 18.
10

22

PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Extra Practice Solve.
See page 785. m
19. 5w  2.7
12.8 20. 15  3x
6 21.
5
 6
9
z9 2 4
22.
4

2.1 23. 2x 
3


5
24. 9
5g  23
5 3 1
25. 6z  3
0 26.
2
d 
2


2
27. 58k  35
615
p 17  s
28. 8
6 
2
29. 403n
23 30.
15

4
2 13 5 3
31. 9y  7.2
4.5 32.
3
 6h

6
33. 1

8
b 
8

Translate each sentence into an equation. Then solve the equation.

34. The quotient of a number and 2, minus 9, is 14.
35. A number decreased by 7 and then divided by 5 is 13.
36. The sum of 15 and 7 times a number is 99.
m3
37. Show two ways to solve the equation
2

37. Check your answer.

38. Consumer Math A long distance phone company charges $19.95 per
month plus $0.05 per minute for calls. If a family’s monthly long distance
bill is $23.74, how many minutes of long distance did they use?

100 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

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Life Science
About 20% of the more than 2500 species of snakes
are venomous. The United States has 20 domestic
venomous snake species.
39. The inland taipan of central Australia is the
world’s most toxic venomous snake. Just 1 mg of
its venom can kill 1000 mice. One bite contains
up to 110 mg of venom. About how many mice
could be killed with just one inland taipan bite?
Venom is collected from snakes and injected into horses,
40. A rattlesnake grows a new rattle segment each which develop antibodies. The horses’ blood
is sterilized to make antivenom.
time it sheds its skin. Rattlesnakes shed their
skin an average of three times per year. However,
segments often break off. If a rattlesnake had 44
rattle segments break off in its lifetime and it had
10 rattles when it died, approximately how many
years did the rattlesnake live?
41. All snakes shed their skin. The shed skin of a snake
is an average of 10% longer than the actual snake. If
the shed skin of a coral snake is 27.5 inches long,
estimate the length of the coral snake.
42. Challenge Black mambas feed mainly Records of World’s Most Venomous Snakes
on small rodents and birds. Suppose a black
Category Record Type of Snake
mamba is 100 feet away from an animal that
is running at 8 mi/h. About how long will it Fastest 12 mi/h Black mamba
take for the mamba to catch the Longest 18 ft 9 in. King cobra
animal? (Hint: Heaviest 34 lb Eastern diamondback
1 mile
5280 feet) rattlesnake

KEYWORD: MT7 Snakes Longest fangs 2 in. Gaboon viper

43. Multiple Choice A plumber charges $75 for a house call plus $45 per
hour. How many hours did the plumber work if he charged $210?
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6
44. Gridded Response What value of y makes the equation 4.4y  1.75
43.99 true?

Solve and graph each inequality. (Lesson 1-9)

45. 3x
15 46. x  2  4 47. x  1  3 48. x  4
4

Solve. (Lesson 2-7)

m 1 5
49. y  27.6
32 50. 5.3f
74.2 51.


8
3.2
52. x 
8


8

2-8 Solving Two-Step Equations 101

m807_c02_102_102 1/21/06 12:01 PM Page 102

Quiz for Lessons 2-7 Through 2-8

2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers

Solve.
m
1. p
1.2 
5 2.
9w  13.5 3.


8
3.7
1 4 3 4 7 56
4. x 
9


7
5. m

4


3
6.
33
y 

3

y
7.

 3.2 8. s  0.45  10.07 9. p  2.7  4.5

2.6
h 7 25 8 29
10.

 3.8 11. y

8


12
12.
11
k 
4

2.5 4
13. The Montegro Flooring Company can replace 200 square feet of
carpet with tile in one day. They accept a job replacing carpet with
tile in an apartment that measures 977.5 square feet. How many days
Ready to Go On?

will it take the Montegro Flooring Company to complete this job?

14. From start to finish, Ellen took 15
23
days to write a research paper for
her literature class. This was
190
the time it took Rebecca to write her
paper. How long did it take Rebecca to write her research paper?

2-8 Solving Two-Step Equations

Solve.
x7 1 2 5
15.
6

48 16. 3x  4.2  21 17.
4
y

3

6

y r
2
18.
1

2
 6 
72 19.
5p  10  75 20.

3

7
p  17
21. 2w  7.1  2.85 22.
8.9y
10.11  74.44 23.
25
4

24. Marvin sold newspaper subscriptions during summer break. He

earned $125.00 per week plus $5.75 for each subscription that he
sold. During the last week of the summer, Marvin earned $228.50.
How many subscriptions did he sell that week?
25. A cell phone company charges $13.50 per month plus 3
12
cents for
each minute used. If Angelina’s cell phone bill was $17.70 last month,
how many minutes did she use?

102 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_103_103 1/21/06 12:01 PM Page 103

40 50 60

20
30 70
80
Some Like It Cold Scientists usually use the
10 90
Celsius scale to measure temperatures. You can use the
0 100 formula C

59
(F  32) to convert a temperature in degrees
-10 110 Fahrenheit, °F, to a temperature in degrees Celsius, °C.
-20 120
-30 °F 130

1. Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (32°F) and boils at

212 degrees Fahrenheit (212°F). Use the formula to convert
32°F and 212°F to degrees Celsius. Why do you think
scientists prefer the Celsius scale?
2. When temperatures are converted from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
an interesting thing happens as the Fahrenheit temperature
decreases. Convert 4°F, 22°F, and 40°F to degrees Celsius.
What do you notice?

Multi-Step Test Prep

3. Use the above formula to write an equation to find the temperature
in degrees Fahrenheit that corresponds to 40°C. Then solve the
equation.
4. The formula F

95
C  32 converts a temperature in degrees Celsius
to a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Use this formula to convert

15
8 °C to degrees Fahrenheit.
5. The table shows the temperature in Nome, Temperature in Nome, Alaska
Alaska, recorded at several different times
during a day in April. At which time was the Time Temperature
lowest temperature recorded? Explain. 1:00 P.M. 25.7°F
3:00 P.M. 25
2

°F
5
5:00 P.M. 3.5°C

7:00 P.M. 3
4

°C
5

Wisconsin high school students participate in the annual

Polar Plunge for Special Olympics.

Multi-Step Test Prep 103

m807_c02_104_104 1/21/06 12:01 PM Page 104

Egyptian Fractions
If you were to divide 9 loaves of bread among 10 people, you
would give each person
190
of a loaf. The answer was different on
the ancient Egyptian Ahmes papyrus, because ancient Egyptians
used only unit fractions, which have a numerator of 1. All other
fractions were written as sums of different unit fractions.
So
56
could be written as
12


13
, but not as
16


16


16


16


16
.

Method Example

Suppose you want to write a fraction 9

as a sum of different unit fractions. 10

Step 1. Choose the largest fraction of

the form
n1
that is less than the 0 1 1 1
5 4 3
1
2
9 1
10 1
fraction you want.

Step 2. Subtract
n1
from the fraction 9 1 2

you want. 10  2  5 remaining

Step 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 using the

1 1 1 2 1 1
difference of the fractions 0 5 4 3 5 2 1
until the result is a unit fraction. 2 1 1






remaining
5 3 15

Step 4. Write the fraction you want 9 1

as the sum of the unit fractions.




10 2


13


115

Write each fraction as a sum of different unit fractions.

3 5 11 3 7
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


4 8 12 7 5

Egg
Egg Fractions
Fractions
This game is played with an empty egg carton.
Each compartment represents a fraction with
a denominator of 12. The goal is to place
tokens in compartments with a given sum.

A complete copy of the

rules is available online. KEYWORD: MT7 Games

104 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_105_105 1/21/06 12:01 PM Page 105

Materials
• film canister
with lid
• adding-machine
tape
• ruler
• markers
• self-stick label

PROJECT Canister Carry-All A

Turn a film canister into a handy carrying

case for a number line and notes about rational
numbers.
Directions
1 If necessary, cut off a strip along the bottom
edge of the adding-machine
tape so that the tape will fit into the film
canister when it is rolled up. When you’re done,
the tape should be about 1
34
in. wide. B
Figure A

2 Use a ruler to make a long number line

on one side of the adding-machine tape.
Figure B

3 Write the number and title of the chapter on a

self-stick label. Then peel the backing off the
label and place the label on the outside of the
canister.

Taking Note of the Math

Place examples of rational numbers
on the number line. Choose examples
that will help you remember how to
compare and order rational numbers.
Then turn the adding-machine
tape over, and use the other side
to write notes and sample
problems from the chapter.

It’s in the Bag! 105

m807_c02_106_108 1/21/06 12:02 PM Page 106

Vocabulary
least common denominator (LCD) . . . . . 68 reciprocal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
rational number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 relatively prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Complete the sentences below with vocabulary words from the

list above.

1. Any number that can be written as a fraction
nd
(where n and d

are integers and d
0) is called a ___?___.

2. Integers that have no common factors other than 1 are ___?___.

3. The product of a number and its ___?___ is 1.

Study Guide: Review

2-1 Rational Numbers (pp. 64–67)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

■ Write 0.8 as a fraction. Write each decimal as a fraction.

8
0.8 
1
0
8 is in the tenths place. 4. 0.6 5. 0.25 6. 0.525
82



10  2
Divide numerator and Write each fraction as a decimal.
denominator by 2. 7 4 7
4

5
7.
4
8.
1

5
9.
9

Simplify.
14 22 75
10.
2

1
11.
3

3
12.


100

2-2 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers (pp. 68–71)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

2 5
■ Compare
3


. Write
, , or . Compare. Write
, , or .
8
2 5 5 9 7 28




13.
7



10
14.
8



32
3 8
2 8





16 Write the numbers in order from least to
24 is the LCD.
38 24
53 15
greatest.




2 1
83 24 15. 
3
, 0.25,
2
, 0.9
16 15 2 5




, so



9
24 24 3 8 16. 0.67,
1

0
, 0, 0.11

106 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_106_108 1/21/06 12:02 PM Page 107

2-3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers (pp. 72–75)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

Add or subtract. Add or subtract.

8 4
3 4
■




7 7
2
17.
13

1

3
3


18.
5

5

34 7 2 5 7

7

7
 1





7
19.
9

9
20. 12 12
8
■

 


11

2
11  9 10
21.
11

1

5
22.
1

(7)

13

1 3
8  (2) 82 10

11

1

1

1

1

2-4 Multiplying Rational Numbers (pp. 76–79)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

■ Multiply. Write the answer in simplest form. Multiply. Write each answer in simplest form.




1 5
5 3
4

1
 3(4)1



4
2
23. 3 
5

4
24. 2 3
5

2 4 8 22



5

1

13



4
Write as improper 25.





3 5
26.





11 4

Study Guide: Review

fractions.
5
4


7
 2
2

1
1

0
65 1 1 3 1 3

4
 16
4
Multiply and simplify. 27. 28.

4
8

2
3
 
9


1
6

7 2 8 7
29. 30.

2-5 Dividing Rational Numbers (pp. 80–84)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

■ Divide. Write the answer in simplest form. Divide. Write each answer in simplest form.
7 3 7 4 3 1 3 4








Multiply by the reciprocal. 31.
4

8
32.
1

5

8 4 8 3 0
74 2 1

83

Write as one fraction. 33.
3
 3 34. 4 
4

1
74 71 3 1 2




Remove common factors. 35. 3
4
 3 36. 1
3

3

83 23
2
7 1


 1


6 6

2-6 Adding and Subtracting with Unlike Denominators (pp. 85–88)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

■ Add. Add or subtract.

3 2 5 1 5 5




Multiply denominators, 4  5  20. 37.
6

3
38.
6

9

4 5
35 15 2  4 8 1 4 1 3








39. 3
2
 7
5
40. 7
1
 2
4

45 20 5  4 20 0
15 8 15  8 23 3 Add and 19 7 5 3








 1

41.
2

3
42. 1
9
 7
4

20 20 20 20 20 simplify. 0

Study Guide: Review 107

m807_c02_106_108 1/21/06 12:02 PM Page 108

2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers (pp. 92–95)

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

Solve. Solve.
■ x  13.7  22 43. y  7.8  14 44. 2.9z  52.2
13.7  13.7 Add 13.7 to each side. 3 1 3 3
x  8.3 45. w 
4

8
46.
8
p 
4

7 2
47. x 
9

1

1
48. 7.2x  14.4
7 2
■

x 


9 5 19 38
49. y  18.7  25.9 50.
2

1
t  
7

9 7 9 2 9




x 



Multiply both sides by
7

7 9 7 5
18 51. Freda paid $126 for groceries for her
x 
3
5 family. This was 1
16
as much as she paid
the previous time she shopped. How
much did Freda pay on her previous
shopping trip?

2-8 Solving Two-Step Equations (pp. 98–101)

Study Guide: Review

EXAMPLE EXERCISES

Solve. Solve.
■ 7x  12  33 52. 3m  5  35 53. 55  7  6y
Think: First the variable is multiplied
54. 2c  1  31 55. 5r  15  0
by 7, and then 12 is added. To isolate the
t w
variable, subtract 12, and then divide by 7. 56.
2
 7  15 57.
4
 5  11
7x  12  33 r h
58. 25 
3
 11 59.
5
 9  19
 12  12 Subtract 12 from
7x  21 both sides. x2 d3
60.
3
 18 61.
4
 9
7x 21




Divide both sides
7 7 a4 c8
by 7. 62. 21 
3
63. 14 
7

x3
64. A music club charges an annual
z membership fee of $20.50 plus $12.99
■


3
85 for each CD purchased. If Naomi’s total
Think: First the variable is divided by 3, bill for the year was $163.39, how many
and then 8 is subtracted. To isolate the CDs did she purchase?
variable, add 8, and then multiply by 3.

z


 8  5
3
 8 8 Add 8 to both sides.



z






3
 13
z
3 
3
 3  13 Multiply both sides
by 3.
z  39

108 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_109_109 1/21/06 12:02 PM Page 109

Simplify.
36 21 16 18
1.
7

2
2.
3

5
3.

8

8
4.
2

5

Write each decimal as a fraction in simplest form.

5. 0.225 6. 0.04 7.
0.101 8. 0.875

Write each fraction as a decimal.

7 13 5 4
9.
8
10.

2

5
11.
12
12.
33

Write the numbers in order from least to greatest.

2 1 7 5 9 7
13.
3
,
0.36, 0.2,

4
14. 0.55,

8
,
0.8,
6
15.
10
, 0.7, 1.6,
5

Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.

3
4
16.
11


11

 17. 7.25
2.75
5 7
18.
6

18

5 8 1 2
19.
6


9
20. 4.5  5.875 21. 8
5

1
3

Chapter Test
22. Kory is making Thai food for several friends. She needs to triple her recipe. The
recipe calls for
34
teaspoon of curry. How much curry does she need?

Multiply or divide. Write each answer in simplest form.

2
9
25.
3


20

7 5
23. 9(0.63) 24.
8

24

26. 3
7

1
1

6
3 5 2 1
27. 34  3.4 28.
4
3
 1
6

29. Lucie drank
34
pint of bottled water. One serving of the water is
78
pint. How
much of a serving did Lucie drink?

Solve.
1 3 x7
30. x

4


8
31.
3.14y  53.38 32.
1

2
 11
1
33.
2k 
4
34. 2h
3.24 
1.1 35. 4m 
29
4 x
18 2 7
36.
7
y  7  31 37.
32

3 38. s

3

8

39. Rachel walked to a friend’s house, then to the store, and then back
home. The distance from Rachel’s house to her friend’s house is 1
56

miles. This is twice the distance from Rachel’s house to the store.
How far does Rachel live from the store?
40. Tickets to an orchestra concert cost $25.50 apiece plus a $2.50 handling fee
for each order. If Jamal spent $79, how many tickets did he purchase?

Chapter 2 Test 109

m807_c02_110_111 1/21/06 12:02 PM Page 110

KEYWORD: MT7 TestPrep

Cumulative Assessment, Chapters 1–2

Multiple Choice
1. What is the value of the expression 8. Which model correctly represents the
12
k if k 
3? number
14
?
A
15 C 9 F

B
9 D 15

2. Which expression is equivalent to G

2x
5 if x 
4?
F
13 H 3 H
G
3 J 13

3. Which of the following is equivalent J

Standardized Test Prep

to ⏐10
(
5)⏐?
A
15 C 5
B
5 D 15 9. According to the graph, what fraction
of games resulted in something other
4. Which value of x is the solution of the than a tie?
equation
3x

12?
Football Season Results
F x 
36 H x 
4
G x 
15 J x9 Ties 1 Wins
10
5. If a pitcher contains
34
gallon of juice 3 3
10 5
and each glass will hold
18
gallon of Losses
juice, how many glasses can be filled?
3
A

glass C 6 glasses
32 9 6
A

C


3 10 15
B

glass D 8 glasses
4 3 9
B

D


10 50
6. Skip drove 55.6 miles. Then he drove
another 42
15
miles. How many miles did 10. Which value of x makes the equation

2
x 

5
true?
he drive in all? 3 6

F 97.7 miles H 97.8 miles F x 

59
H x 
1
14

G 98.5 miles J 13.4 miles G x 
16
J x  1
14

7. Which number is greater than
34
? 11. If
35
 9s, what is the value of s?
4 5 5
A

C

A 15 C


5 8 3
0.75

0.6 27 1
B D B

D


5 15

110 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_110_111 1/21/06 12:02 PM Page 111

12. Jeremy has started drinking
14
cup of Short Response

grape juice every Wednesday at lunch.
18. A health club charges a one-time fee
If he has had a total of 5 cups of juice
of $99 and then $39 per month for
so far, how many Wednesdays has
membership. Let m represent the
Jeremy had grape juice?
number of months, and let C represent
F 4 H 20 the total amount of money spent on
G 5 J 80 the health club membership.
a. Write an equation that relates m
Make sure you look at all the answer and C.
choices before making your decision.
Try substituting each answer choice b. If Jillian has spent $801 on her
into the problem if you are unsure of membership, how many months has
the answer. she been a member of the club?

19. The sum of 7 and the absolute value of

13. Oscar bought a bag of almonds. He ate a number is the same as 12.

3
of the bag on Sunday. On Monday,
8
he ate
23
of the almonds left. What a. Write an equation that can be used
fraction of the entire bag did he eat to solve for the number.
on Monday? b. Describe the first step of solving the
9



1



equation.
A C

Standardized Test Prep

16 4
5 1
c. Determine how many numbers
B

D

make the equation true. Explain
11 12
your reasoning.
Gridded Response
14. The diameter of a standard CD is 4
34
in. 20. Brigid has a 21
14
in. long ribbon. For a
The diameter of the circular hole in the project she is cutting it into
34
in. pieces.
middle is
12
in. Find the distance from Into how many
34
in. pieces can she cut
the edge of the hole to the outer edge the ribbon? Show or explain how you
of the CD. found your answer.

Extended Response
in. x
1
2
21. Use a diagram to model the expression




.
3 4 4
4 4 in. 5 3

a. Draw a diagram to model the

fraction
45
.
15. Evaluate the expression ⏐
3
8⏐.
b. What fraction do you multiply by
16. Alana has three times as many pairs of that is equivalent to dividing by
43
?
shoes as Marie. If Alana has 18 pairs of c. Use your answer from part b and
shoes, how many pairs of shoes does shade that fraction of the
45
that is
Marie have? already shaded. What does this
shaded area represent?
17. Fifteen students earned the National
Merit Scholarship out of 600 students d. Use your diagram to write the
in the school. Write this value as a quotient in simplest form.
simplified fraction.

Cumulative Assessment, Chapters 1–2 111

m807_c02_112_113 1/21/06 12:52 PM Page 112

NEW JERSEY

Hackensack

Atlantic City

Ice House
Ice House, located in Hackensack, New
Jersey, is one of the nation’s premier ice-
skating facilities. With its four regulation-
size rinks, Ice House is used as a training
facility by National Hockey League teams
and by Olympic figure skaters. For those
just starting out, Ice House offers skating
lessons and four-day skate camps.
Choose one or more strategies to
solve each problem.
1. Ice House has year-round public skating. Admission costs $8.50 for
adults and $6.50 for children. Skate rentals are available for $3.50
per person. A group of 4 visitors pays a total of $42, with everyone
in the group renting skates. How many adults and how many
children are in the group?
For 2 and 3, use the table. Ice Rink Surface Temperatures
2. For figure skating, water is added to a rink Time Temperature (°C)
and then frozen until it reaches a
9:00 A.M. 10
temperature of
2°C. Suppose water
is added to a rink and cooled at the 9:30 A.M. 9
rate shown in the table. At what time 10:00 A.M. 8
will the water reach the proper
10:30 A.M. 7
temperature for figure skating?
3. Ice hockey requires colder, harder ice.
To reach the appropriate temperature,
water is added to a rink at 9:00 A.M.
and cooled at the rate shown in the
table for 7.5 hours. What is the
temperature of the ice for
ice hockey?

112 Chapter 2 Rational Numbers

m807_c02_112_113 1/21/06 12:52 PM Page 113

Problem
Solving
Strategies
Draw a Diagram
Make a Model
Guess and Test
Work Backward
Find a Pattern
Make a Table
Solve a Simpler Problem
Use Logical Reasoning
Act It Out
Make an Organized List

The Atlantic City Boardwalk

The first section of the famous Atlantic City
boardwalk opened in 1870. Today the boardwalk
stretches for 4 miles along the beachfront, offering
a dazzling mix of restaurants, arcades,
art galleries, and thrill rides.
Choose one or more strategies to solve each problem.
1. The city’s tourist bureau proposes placing an
information booth at each end of the boardwalk.
It also recommends placing a booth every 0.8 mi along
the boardwalk. How many booths would be needed?
2. Boardwalk Hall, located just off the boardwalk, hosts concerts and
sporting events. Its total seating capacity is about 6.2 times the number
of seats located on the arena floor. The number of seats on the arena
floor is about 5.1 times the number of club seats. There are 432 club
seats. What is the approximate seating capacity of Boardwalk Hall?
For 3, use the table.
3. The boardwalk has several piers
with games and thrill rides. Steel
Pier has three different plans for
purchasing ride tickets. With one
of the plans, a 5-ticket ride costs
about $3.12. Which plan is it?

Steel Pier Tickets

Number of
Plan Tickets Price
A 35 $25
B 80 $50
C 200 $100

Problem Solving on Location 113