Agro Climatic Zones
In order to maximize the production from the available resources and prevailing climatic
conditions, need-based, location specific technology needs to be generated. Delineation of
agro-climatic zones based on soil, water, rainfall, temperature etc. is the first essential step for
sustainable production.
What is Agro climatic zone?
An “Agro-climatic zone” is a land unit in terms of major climates, suitable for a certain range
of crops and cultivars. The planning aims at scientific management of regional resources to
meet the food, fibre, fodder and fuel wood without adversely affecting the status of natural
resources and environment. Crop yield is (FAO, 1983). Agro-climatic conditions mainly refer
to soil types, rainfall, temperature and water availability which influences the type of
vegetation. An agro-ecological zone is the land unit carved out of agro-climatic zone
superimposed on landform which acts as modifier to climate and length of growing period.
Agro-climatic regions by the Planning Commission
The Planning Commission, as a result of the mid-term appraisal of the planning targets of the
Seventh Plan, has divided the country into fifteen broad agro-climatic zones based on
physiography, soils, geological formation, Climate, cropping patterns, and development of
irrigation and mineral resources for broad agricultural planning and developing future
strategies. Fourteen regions were in the main land and the remaining one in the islands of Bay
of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The main objective was to integrate plans of the agro-
climatic regions with the state and national plans to enable policy development based on
techno-agro-climatic considerations. In the agro-climatic regional planning, further sub-
regionalization was possible based on agro-ecological parameters.
Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
a. Horizonation
Soil “horizons” are discrete layers that make up a soil profile. They are typically parallel with
the ground surface. In some soils, they show evidence of the actions of the soil forming
processes.
O horizons are dominated by organic material. Some are saturated with water for long
periods or were once saturated but are now artificially drained; others have never been
saturated.
A horizons are mineral layers that formed at the surface or below an O horizon, that exhibit
obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure, and that show one or both of the
following:
an accumulation of humified organic matter intimately mixed with the mineral fraction and
not dominated by properties characteristic of E or B horizons
modification as a result of the actions of cultivation, pasturing, or similar kinds of
disturbance
E horizons are mineral layers that exhibit the loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, humus, or
some combination of these, leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles. These horizons
exhibit obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure.
B horizons are mineral layers that typically form below an A, E, or O horizon and are
dominated by obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure and show one or more
of the following:
illuvial concentration of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, humus, carbonate, gypsum, or silica,
alone or in combination
evidence of removal of carbonates
residual concentration of sesquioxides
coatings of sesquioxides that make the horizon conspicuously lower in value, higher in
chroma, or redder in hue than overlying horizons without apparent illuviation of iron
alteration that forms silicate clay or liberates oxides or both and that forms granular, blocky,
or prismatic structure if volume changes accompany changes in moisture content; or
brittleness
C horizons are mineral layers which are not bedrock and are little affected by pedogenic
processes and lack properties of O, A, E or B horizons. The material of C layers may be
either like or unlike that from which the overlying soil horizons presumably formed. The C
horizon may have been modified even if there is no evidence of pedogenesis.
R horizons are layers of hard bedrock.
Transitional horizons are dominated by properties of one master horizon, but have
subordinate properties of another. AB and B/C are examples of transitional horizon
designations.
b. Soil Color
In well aerated soils, oxidized or ferric (Fe+3) iron compounds are responsible for the brown,
yellow, and red colors you see in the soil.
When iron is reduced to the ferrous (Fe+2) form, it becomes mobile, and can be removed
from certain areas of the soil. When the iron is removed, a gray color remains, or the reduced
iron color persists in shades of green or blue.
Upon aeration, reduced iron can be reoxidized and redeposited, sometimes in the same
horizon, resulting in a variegated or mottled color pattern. These soil color patterns resulting
from saturation, called “redoximorphic features”, can indicate the duration of the anaerobic
state, ranging from brown with a few mottles, to complete gray or “gleization” of the soil.
Soils that are dominantly gray with brown or yellow mottles immediately below the surface
horizon are usually hydric.
Soil color is typically described using some form of color reference chart, such as
the Munsell Color Chart. Using the Munsell system, color is described in reference to the
color’s “hue”, “value”, and “chroma”. Hue describes where in the color spectrum the soil
color exists, which for soils includes the colors yellow, red, blue, green, and gray. Value
describes the lightness of the color. Chroma indicates the strength of the color. In a Munsell
notation, the color is written in the order hue-value-Chroma. The color “5YR 4/3” is an
example of a Munsell notation, where 5YR is the hue, 4 is the value, and 3 is the Chroma.
c. Soil Texture
Soil texture refers to the proportion of the soil “separates” that make up the mineral
component of soil. These separates are called sand, silt, and clay. These soil separates have
the following size ranges:
Sand = <2 to 0.05 mm
Silt = 0.05 to 0.002 mm
Clay = <0.002 mm
Sand and silt are the “inactive” part of the soil matrix, because they do not contribute to a
soil’s ability to retain soil water or nutrients. These separates are commonly comprised of
quartz or some other inactive mineral.
Because of its small size and sheet-like structure, clay has a large amount of surface area per
unit mass, and its surface charge attracts ions and water. Because of this, clay is the “active”
portion of the soil matrix.
For all mineral soils, the proportion of sand, silt, and clay always adds up to 100 percent.
These percentages are grouped into soil texture “classes”, which have been organized into a
“textural triangle”.
Soil texture can affect the amount of pore space within a soil. Sand-sized soil particles fit
together in a way that creates large pores; however, overall there is a relatively small amount
of total pore space. Clay-sized soil particles fit together in a way that creates small pores;
however, overall there are more pores present. Therefore, a soil made of clay-sized particles
will have more total pore space than a will a soil made of sand-sized particles. Consequently,
clayey soils will generally have lower bulk densities than sandy soils.
Collectively, the soil separates of sand, silt, and clay are called the “fine-earth fraction”, and
represent inorganic soil particles less than 2mm in diameter. Inorganic soil particles 2mm and
larger are called “rock fragments”.
When the organic matter content of a soil exceeds 20 to 35% (on a dry weight basis) it is
considered organic soil material, and the soil is called an organic soil. As this material is
mostly devoid of mineral soil material, they cannot be described in terms of soil texture.
However, the following “in lieu of” texture terms can be used to describe organic soils:
“peat”; organic material in which the plant parts are still recognizable
“muck”; highly decomposed organic material in which no plant parts are recognizable
“mucky peat”; decomposition is intermediate between muck and peat
d. Soil Structure
The soil separates can become aggregated together into discrete structural units called “peds”. These
peds are organized into a repeating pattern that is referred to as soil structure. Between the peds are
cracks called “pores” through which soil air and water are conducted. Soil structure is most commonly
described in terms of the shape of the individual peds that occur within a soil horizon.
Types of Soil Structure
Graphic Example Description of Structure Shape
Granular – roughly spherical, like grape nuts. Usually 1-10 mm in diameter.
Most common in A horizons, where plant roots, microorganisms, and sticky
products of organic matter decomposition bind soil grains into granular
aggregates
Platy – flat peds that lie horizontally in the soil. Platy structure can be found in A,
B and C horizons. It commonly occurs in an A horizon as the result of
compaction.
Blocky – roughly cube-shaped, with more or less flat surfaces. If edges and
corners remain sharp, we call it angular blocky. If they are rounded, we call it
subangular blocky. Sizes commonly range from 5-50 mm across. Blocky
structures are typical of B horizons, especially those with a high clay content.
They form by repeated expansion and contraction of clay minerals.
Prismatic – larger, vertically elongated blocks, often with five sides. Sizes are
commonly 10-100mm across. Prismatic structures commonly occur in fragipans.
Columnar – the units are similar to prisms and are bounded by flat or slightly
rounded vertical faces. The tops of columns, in contrast to those of prisms, are
<span very distinct and normally rounded.
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"Structure less" Soil Types
Graphic Example Description of Structure Shape
Massive – compact, coherent soil not separated into peds of any kind. Massive
structures in clayey soils usually have very small pores, slow permeability, and
poor aeration.
<span
Single grain – in some very sandy soils, every grain acts independently, and
there is no binding agent to hold the grains together into peds. Permeability is
rapid, but fertility and water holding capacity are low.
</span
e. Soil Consistence
Soil consistence refers to the ease with which an individual ped can be crushed by the fingers.
Soil consistence, and its description, depends on soil moisture content. Terms commonly
used to describe consistence are:
Moist soil:
loose – no coherent when dry or moist; does not hold together in a mass
friable – when moist, crushed easily under gentle pressure between thumb and forefinger and
can be pressed together into a lump
firm – when moist crushed under moderate pressure between thumb and forefinger, but
resistance is distinctly noticeable
Wet soil:
plastic – when wet, readily deformed by moderate pressure but can be pressed into a lump;
will form a “wire” when rolled between thumb and forefinger
sticky – when wet, adheres to other material and tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart
rather than to pull free from other material
Dry Soil:
soft – when dry, breaks into powder or individual grains under very slight pressure
hard – when dry, moderately resistant to pressure; can be broken with difficulty between
thumb and forefinger
f. Bulk Density
Bulk density is the proportion of the weight of a soil relative to its volume. It is expressed as
a unit of weight per volume, and is commonly measured in units of grams per cubic
centimeters (g/cc).
Bulk density is an indicator of the amount of pore space available within individual soil
horizons, as it is inversely proportional to pore space:
Pore space = 1 – bulk density/particle density
For example, at a bulk density of 1.60 g/cc, pore space equals 0.40 or 40%. At a bulk density
of 1.06 g/cc, pore space equals 0.60 or 60%.
The addition of even a small percentage of organic soil material to a mineral soil can affect
the bulk density of that soil. Compare the two soil samples below:
Soil “A”: 100% mineral soil material; bulk density = 1.33 g/cc
Soil “B”: 95% mineral soil material and 5% organic soil material; bulk density = 1.26 g/cc
The difference in bulk density relates to a difference in “particle density” of mineral soil
material versus organic soil material. The average particle density of mineral soil material is
2.65 g/cc, which approximates the density of quartz. Conversely, the average particle density
of organic soil material is 1.25 g/cc. Organic soil material weighs less than mineral soil
material, so it will lower the bulk density of a mineral soil when added, as it reduces the
overall weight of the soil.
2. Soil Chemical Properties
a. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Some plant nutrients and metals exist as positively charged ions, or “cations”, in the soil
environment. Among the more common cations found in soils are hydrogen (H+), aluminum
(Al+3), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), and potassium (K+). Most heavy metals also
exist as cations in the soil environment. Clay and organic matter particles are predominantly
negatively charged (anions), and have the ability to hold cations from being “leached” or
washed away. The adsorbed cations are subject to replacement by other cations in a rapid,
reversible process called “cation exchange”.
Cations leaving the exchange sites enter the soil solution, where they can be taken up by
plants, react with other soil constituents, or be carried away with drainage water.
The “cation exchange capacity”, or “CEC”, of a soil is a measurement of the magnitude of
the negative charge per unit weight of soil, or the amount of cations a particular sample of
soil can hold in an exchangeable form. The greater the clay and organic matter content, the
greater the CEC should be, although different types of clay minerals and organic matter can
vary in CEC.
Cation exchange is an important mechanism in soils for retaining and supplying plant
nutrients, and for adsorbing contaminants. It plays an important role in wastewater treatment
in soils. Sandy soils with a low CEC are generally unsuited for septic systems since they have
little adsorptive ability and there is potential for groundwater.
b. Soil Reaction (pH)
By definition, “pH” is a measure of the active hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. It is an
indication of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil, and also known as “soil reaction”.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7.0 acidic, and values above 7.0
alkaline. A pH value of 7 is considered neutral, where H+ and OH- are equal, both at a
concentration of 10-7 moles/liter. A pH of 4.0 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 5.0.
The most important effect of pH in the soil is on ion solubility, which in turn affects
microbial and plant growth. A pH range of 6.0 to 6.8 is ideal for most crops because it
coincides with optimum solubility of the most important plant nutrients. Some minor
elements (e.g., iron) and most heavy metals are more soluble at lower ph. This makes pH
management important in controlling movement of heavy metals (and potential groundwater
contamination) in soil.
In acid soils, hydrogen and aluminium are the dominant exchangeable cations. The latter is
soluble under acid conditions, and its reactivity with water (hydrolysis) produces hydrogen
ions. Calcium and magnesium are basic cations; as their amounts increase, the relative
amount of acidic cations will decrease.
Factors that affect soil pH include parent material, vegetation, and climate. Some rocks and
sediments produce soils that are more acidic than others: quartz-rich sandstone is acidic;
limestone is alkaline. Some types of vegetation, particularly conifers, produce organic acids,
which can contribute to lower soil pH values. In humid areas such as the eastern US, soils
tend to become more acidic over time because rainfall washes away basic cations and
replaces them with hydrogen. Addition of certain fertilizers to soil can also produce hydrogen
ions. Liming the soil adds calcium, which replaces exchangeable and solution H+ and raises
soil ph.
Lime requirement, or the amount of liming material needed to raise the soil pH to a certain
level, increases with CEC. To decrease the soil pH, sulphur can be added, which produces
sulphuric acid.
Indian Irrigation
Water is very important for survival of all forms of life- plant as well as animal. India, by
virtue of its peculiar placement in the foothills of the Himalayas and the Deccan Plateau
running through it, has vast water resources which have been very meagrely tapped.
Conventional and recognised means of irrigation are tanks, wells and canals.
Wells: Well irrigation is an important type of irrigation in India. Wells are particularly
suitable for small farms. The important well-irrigated States are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. In these States water-table is high, soil is soft and,
therefore, wells are easily sunk.
Tubewells are an important development in India. They are worked by electricity or
diesel oil and thus, they relieve our cattle of much of the strain. They are being quickly
developed in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab. This is because these have
ample sub-soil water.
Wells and tubewells account for about 48 percent of the total irrigation in India.
Tanks: Tanks are also an important and ancient source of irrigation. They are of
considerable importance in central and southern India, specially in Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu. About 8 percent of the total irrigated area is irrigated by tanks.
Canals: Canals are the most important means of irrigation in the country. Some canals
were constructed by the early Hindu and Mohammedan kings. Most of the canals,
however, are the product of the British rule. At present, canals irrigate about 39 percent
of total irrigated area of India. Most of the canals of the country are found in Uttar
Pradesh and Punjab. Storage canals have been constructed in Deccan and Madhya
Pradesh.
Major , Medium and Minor Irrigation Projects: The methods of irrigation used in India
can be broadly classified into major, medium and minor irrigation schemes. Irrigation
projects having Culturable Command Area (CCA) of more than 10,000 hectares each
are classified as major projects. Those having a CCA between 2,000 hectares and
10,000 hectares fall under the category of medium irrigation projects. And the projects
which have a CCA of less than 2,000 hectares are classified as minor irrigation
schemes. For the purpose of analysis the major and the medium irrigation projects are
generally grouped together. These projects comprise a network of dams, bunds, canals
and other such schemes. Such projects require substantial financial outlay and are,
therefore, constructed by the government or any other agency which may draw financial
assistance form the government and financial institutions.
The minor irrigation projects, on the other hand, comprise all ground water development
schemes such as dug wells, private shallow tubewells, deep public tubewells, and boring
and deepening of dugewells, and small surface water development works such as
storage tanks, lift irrigation projects, etc. Minor irrigation projects or the groundwater
development schemes are essentially people's programmes implemented primarily
through individual and cooperative efforts with finances obtained mainly through
institutional sources.
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT
Creation for irrigation potential of 10 million hectares was targeted under Bharat Nirman
during 2005-06 to 2008-09. The target was proposed to be met through completion of
on-going major and medium irrigation projects, and extension, renovation and
modernization of existing projects. As per information provided by State Governments,
the total irrigation potential created during the period is 7.31 million hectares against the
target of 10 million hectares.
SOME IRRIGATION AND MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS
Bargi Project (Madhya Pradesh): It is a multipurpose project consisting of a masonry
dam across Bargi river in the Jabalpur district and a left bank canal.
Beas Project (Joint venture of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan): It consists of Beas-
Sutlej Link and Beas Dam at Pong.
Bhadra Project (Karnataka): A multipurpose project across the river Bhadra.
Bhakra Nangal Project (Joint project of Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan): India's
biggest, multipurpose river valley project comprises a straight gravity dam across the
Sutlej river at Bhakra, the Nangal dam, the Nangal hydel channel, two power houses at
Bhakra dam and two power stations at Ganguwal and Kotla.
Bhima Project (Maharashtra): Comprises two dams, one on the Pawana river near
Phagne in Pune district and the other across the Krishna river near Ujjaini in Sholapur
district.
Chambal Project (Joint project of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan): The project
comprises Gandhi Sagar dam, Rana Pratap Sagar dam and jawahar Sagar dam.
Damodar Valley Project (West Bengal and Bihar): A multipurpose project for the unified
development of irrigation, flood control and power generation in West Bengal and Bihar.
It comprises multipurpose dams at Konar, Tilaiya, Maithon and Pancher; hydel power
stations at Tilaiya, Konar, Maithon and Panchet; barrage at Durgapur; and thermal
power houses at Bokaro, Chandrapura and Durgapur. The project is administrated by
the Damodar Valley Corporation.
Dulhasti Power Project (Jammu & Kashmir): It is a 390 MW power project in Kishtwar
region of Jammu & Kashmir on Chenab river. Work for this project started in 1981. The
foundation stone was laid on April 15, 1983 by the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.
Work on this project was suspended due to threats of kidnapping and killings by
Kashmiri militants resulting in long delay in completion of project.
Farakka Project (West Bengal): The project was taken up for the preservation and
maintenance of Calcutta port and for improving the navigability of the Hoogly. It
comprises a barrage at Jangipur across the Bhagirathi and a feeder channel taking off
from the Ganga at Farakka and tailing into the Bhagirathi below the Jangipur barrage.
Gandak Project (Joint project of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh): Nepal also derives irrigation
and power benefits form this project.
Ghataprabha Project (Karnataka): A project across Ghataprabha in Belgaum and
Bijapur districts.
Hirakund (Odisha): World's longest dam, is located on the Mahanadi river.
Jayakwadi Project (Maharashtra): A masonry spillway across the river Godavari.
Kahalgaon Project (Bihar): The 840-MW Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Project, a
joint venture between National Thermal Power Corporation and the Russian State
Enterprise Foreign Economic Association, was on August 12,1996 commissioned and
put into commercial operation.
Kakrapara Project (Gujarat): On the Tapti river near Kakrapara, in Surat district.
Kangsabati Project (West Bengal): The project, put in operation in 1965, is located on
the Kangsabati and Kumari rivers.
Karjan Project (Gujarat): A masonry dam across Karjan river near Jitgarh village in
Nandoo Taluka of Bharuch district.
Kosi Project (Bihar): A multipurpose project, which serves Bihar and Nepal.
Koyna Project (Maharashtra): It is built on a tributary of river Krishna with a capacity of
880 MW. It feeds power to Mumbai-Pune industrial belt.
Krishna Project (Maharashtra): Dhom dam near Dhom village on Krishna and Kanhar
dam near Kanhar village on Varna river in Satna district.
Kukadi Project (Maharashtra): Five independent storage dams, i.e. Yodgaon,
Manikdohi, Dimbha, Wadaj and Pimpalgaon Jog. The canal system comprises (i) Kukadi
left bank Canal, (ii) Dimbha left bank canal, (iii) Dimbha right bank canal, (iv) Meena
feeder and (v) Meena branch.
Kundoh Project (Tamil Nadu): It is in Tamil Nadu whose initial capacity of 425 MW has
since been expanded to 535 MW.
Let Bank Ghaghra Canal (Uttar Pradesh): A link channel taking off from the left bank of
Ghaghra river of Girja barrage across Sarju.
Madhya Ganaga Canal (Uttar Pradesh): A barrage across Ganga in Bijnore district.
Mahanadi Delta Scheme (Odisha): The irrigation scheme will utilize releases from the
Hirakud reservoir.
Mahanadi Reservoir Project (Madhya Pradesh): It has three phases: (1) Ravishankar
Sagar Project and feeder canal system for supply of water of Bhilai Steel Plant and
Sandur dam across Sandur village. (2) Extension of Mahanadi feeder canal. (3) Pairi
dam.
Mahi Project (Gujarat): A two –phase project, one across the Mahi river near Wanakbori
village and the other across Mahi river near Kadana.
Malaprabha Project (Karnataka): A dam across the Malaprabha in Belgaum district.
Mayurakshi Project (West Bengal): An irrigation and hydro-electric project comprise the
Canada dam.
Minimato Bango Hasdeo Project (Madhya Pradesh): This project is locted at Hasdeo
Bango river in Korba district and envisages construction of a masonry dam. A hydel
power plant of 120 MW capacity has been commissioned on the Bango dam.
Nagarjunasagar (Andhra Pradesh): On the Krishna river near Nandikona village (about
44 km from Hyderabad).
Panam Project (Gujarat): A gravity masonry dam across Panam river near Keldezar
village in Panchmahal district.
Parambikulam Aliyar (Joint venture of Tamil Nadu and Kerala): The integrated
harnessing of eight rivers, six in the Annamalai Hills and two in the plains.
Pochampad (Andhra Pradesh): Across Godavari river.
Pong Dam (Punjab): It is an important hydro-electric project located on Beas river.
Rajasthan Canal (Indira Gandhi Canal- Rajasthan): The Project uses water released
from Pong dam and provides irrigation facilities to the north-western region of Rajasthan,
i.e., a part of the Thar desert. It consists of Rajasthan feeder canal (with the first 167 km
in Punjab and Haryana and the remaining 37 km in Rajasthan) and 445 km Rajasthan
main canal entirely in Rajasthan.
Rajghat Dam Project (Madhya Pradesh): The Rajghat Dam and Rajghat Hydro Electric
Projects are Inter-State projects of MP and UP. The Rajghat Dam is almost complete. All
the three units of Rajghat Hydro-Electric Project had been synchronized during 1999
and power generation has been continuing ever since.
Ramganga (Uttarakhand): A dam across Ramganga, a tributary of the Ganga river
located in Garhwal district. The project has, besides reducing the intensity of floods in
central and western Uttar Pradesh, provided water for the Delhi water supply scheme.
Ranjit Sagar Dam (Thein Dam) (Punjab): A multi-purpose highest dam in the country,
built on the Ravi river for the benefit of Punjab, Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir.
Rihand Project (Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh): It is the largest man-made lake in
India on the borders of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh with a capacity of 300 MW
annually.
Sabarmati (Gujarat): A storage dam across Sabarmati river near Dhari Village in
Mehsana district and wasna barrage near Ahmedabad.
Salal Project (Jammu & Kashmir): With the successful completion of the 2.5-km long
tailrace tunnel, the 690-MW Salal (Stage I and II ) project in Jammu and Kashmir
became fully operational on August 6, 1996.
Sarda Sahayak (Uttar Pradesh): A barrage across the river Ghaghra, a link channel, a
barrage across River Sarda and a feeder channel of two major aqueducts over rivers
Gomti and Sai.
Sharavathi Project (Karnataka): It is located at the Jog Falls with a capacity of 891 MW.
It primarily feeds Bengaluru industrial region and also Goa and Tamil Nadu.
Sone High Level Canal(Bihar): An extension on Sone Barrage project.
Tawa Project (Madhya Pradesh): A project across the Tawa river, a tributary of the
Narmada in Hoshangabad district.
Tehri Dam Project (Uttarakhand): Earth and rock-fill dam on Bhagirathi river in Tehri
district.
Tungabhadra Project (Joint Project of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka): On the
Tungabhadra River.
Ukai Project (Gujarat): A multipurpose project across Tapti river near Ukai village.
Upper Krishna Project (Karnataka): A project consisting of Narayanpur dam across the
Krishna river and a dam at Almatti.
Upper Penganga Project (Maharashtra): Two reservoirs on Penganga river at Isapur in
Yavatmal district and the other on Rayadhu river at Sapli in Parbhani district.
Uri Power Project (Jammu & Kashmir): It is located on the river Jhelum in the Uri Tehsil
of Baramulla district in Jammu & Kashmir. It is a 480-MW hydroelectric project which
was dedicated to the nation of February 13, 1997.
