Industrial Development 2059/02 questions
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Industrial development
a) Understanding common terms
Candidates should:
• understand the meaning of the terms raw materials, refined, processed, manufactured and valueadded
• understand the meaning of the terms infrastructure and services
• be able to define the terms primary industry, secondary industry, and tertiary industry.
b) Secondary and tertiary industries
Processing and manufacturing industries to be studied: cement, cotton (from ginning to clothing), sugar
refining, crafts, fertiliser, iron and steel, brick, oil refining, sports goods, surgical instruments. Tourism.
Candidates should be able to:
• understand the definitions used in Pakistan to distinguish between large-scale industry, small-scale
industry and cottage industry
• state the main products of the listed industries and whether they are destined for the domestic
market and/or for the export market
• state the main locations of the listed industries and explain the factors influencing location and
development – capital, site, sources of raw materials, power, water, labour, communications,
government policy and other means
• understand the differences between the formal sector and informal sector of industry
• understand the range of services provided by the informal sector, and their advantages and
disadvantages to the development of Pakistan
• understand the importance of both the formal and informal sectors, and evaluate the contributions of
both sectors to the development of the listed industries
• understand sources of capital and labour
• state and explain how the governing authorities promote industrial growth
• name examples of export processing zones and other industrial estates, explain the reasons for their
development and describe their characteristics
• assess the feasibility of using global communications to enhance employment opportunities in
service industries, e.g. call centres
• state and describe briefly, with an example of each, some of the natural and cultural attractions of
Pakistan that are, or could be made available to tourists
• assess the feasibility of developing tourism as a means of increasing employment, development,
gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP).
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O/N18/P2/Q3(a)
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M/J18/P2/Q4
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O/N17/P2/Q2(a and d)
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O/N16/P2/Q1(d)-Tourism
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M/J16/P2/Q2(b)
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M/J16/P2/Q3
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O/N15/P2/Q5
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M/J15/P2/Q4(a)
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O/N14/P2/Q2
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O/N14/P2/Q5(c and d)
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O/N13/P2/Q2
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O/N13/P2/Q3(e)-Tourism
M/j13/42/Q3(e)
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O/N12/P2/Q4
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Answer Key-Mark Scheme
O/N18/P2/Q3(a)
3(a)(i) Accurate completion of percentage bar chart.
4@ 1 mark
4
3(a)(ii) Primary = farmer, miner, fisherman;
Secondary = factory worker, builder, chef;
Tertiary = teacher, nurse, train driver.
3 @ 1 mark
M/J18/P2/Q4
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O/N17/P2/Q2(a and d)
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O/N16/P2/Q1(d)-Tourism
(d) Read the following two views about the possibilities for tourism in Sindh province:
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to places or examples you have studied. [6]
Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses)
For tourism
Sindh has many tourist attractions
Beaches (Clifton Beach / Sand spit / Hawkes Bay / Paradise Point)
Historical buildings (Quaid-i-Azam Mausoleum / National Museum / Mohatta Palace)
Tourism industry undeveloped / has scope for development / investment
Creates employment (such as drivers / guides / hotel staff)
Sensitive environment (threats to mangrove forests / fishing grounds)
Tourists bring culturally unacceptable behaviour / dress code
Tourists can pollute the environment with noise / litter / oil from jet skis, etc. (which disturbs
local residents / looks unsightly / is a danger to wildlife)
Indus delta / most of Sindh coast unsuitable for development (swamps / marshes / creeks /
forests)
Karachi needs tourist industry infrastructure (e.g. no passenger ferry terminal)
Declining / lack of tourist numbers
Employment only seasonal
Loss of livelihood due to construction of resorts (e.g. fishermen)
M/J16/P2/Q2(b)
(b) Study Fig. 3 (Insert) which gives information about the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)
of Pakistan for 2014 by sector.
(i) State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3. [2]
A: Livestock/named livestock
B: Services /named service/named employment in service industry
(ii) For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased. [2]
Primary
Improve irrigation to increase area under crops
Develop further modern methods of agriculture e.g.
mechanisation/fertilisers/pesticides/HYVs
Land reforms/consolidation
Government schemes e.g. plant protection programmes / credit/loans to buy farm
machinery
More agricultural training college to increase skills
[Foreign]Investment in livestock facilities/husbandry
[Foreign] investment in exploration/extraction of natural resources
Afforestation projects
Modernisation of fishing fleet
Secondary
Expand Industrial Estates/Special Industrial Zones
Government organisations to promote small scale/cottage industries / loans to small
industry owners / technical service/development centres
Attract foreign/private investment for business start-ups
Promote training courses in business/technology
Introduce hi-tech/modern machinery
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Higher quality control of finished goods
Tertiary
Improve security to attract tourists
Develop telecommunication network
More publicity/marketing
Government organisations to promote tourism/call centres
Improved IT/business skills training
Setting up schools / colleges / education/training centres / hospitals
(
M/J16/P2/Q3
3 (a) Study Fig. 5 which gives information about employment in Pakistan by sector.
(i) A State the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973.
B By how much has secondary employment increased between 1973 and 2013? [2]
A: 58% Accept 57–59%
B: 6% Accept 5–7%
(ii) Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5. [3]
Improved education/training leading to higher numbers entering e.g.
trade/finance/insurance
Larger population requiring more health services / education
services / government / administration
More informal sector services /named informal sector employment e.g. tailors/
cobblers/maids/ drivers/guards
New named infrastructure e.g. hotels/airports resulting in more named tertiary jobs
Is higher paid / perceived to be higher paid
Better working conditions in offices/air conditioning
More foreign investment in banking/insurance
(b) (i) What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas?
[3]
Population increasing rapidly/overpopulation
Increasing numbers of rural to urban/internal migrants / refugees
Mechanisation replacing workers [in factories / IT/computer use]
Lack of education/skills
Discrimination/corruption
Loadshedding/temporary layoffs
Political instability
Slow economic growth / weak economy
Definition of underemployment: people work less than full time although would prefer to
work longer hours/ people who accept jobs that do not utilise their skills.
(ii) Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such
as Pakistan. [2]
Disguised unemployment/more people employed than are needed
Large informal sector / workers not registered
Home workers / cottage industries
Self-employment
Unpaid e.g. domestic helps
Workers are mobile / high internal movement of labour/ fluid labour market/ seasonal
labour / part-time labour
Inaccurate data collection / problems in collecting data e.g. in tribal areas
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(c) (i) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage
industries and the engineering industry.
A: Give an example of a cottage industry. [1]
One of: furniture / pottery / woodwork / metalwork / jewellery / hand woven
rugs/carpets/shawls / handicrafts / embroidery/sewing / hand-made leather
goods/shoes / candles
B: Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering as shown in
Fig 6. [3]
Similar
Both in all four provinces / spread throughout provinces
Both concentrated in Punjab
Both present in Karachi/Hyderabad/Lahore/Gujrat
Both have two locations in Sindh/one location in Balochistan/one in KPK / equal in
number in S/B/KPK
Different
Cottage has more locations in Punjab/use of stats to exemplify e.g. cottage 7
locations in Punjab whereas engineering 5 locations
Cottage present only in
Quetta/Peshawar/Rawalpindi/Chiniot/Multan/DGK/Bahawalpur/S Punjab
Engineering present only in Hab/Faisalabad/Gujranwala/Taxila/Risalpur
Engineering more clustered / cottage more spread out
(ii) For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your
chosen industry and circle a suitable method of transport. [1]
Cottage industry: accept air/road
Engineering: accept ship/road/rail
(iii) Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected
industry. [1]
Air – for export / small/light/low volume/high value goods
Ship – for export / large/heavy/bulky goods / containers
Rail – for large/heavy/bulky goods / containers / long distances
Road – extensive/dense network / door-to-door / short distances
(iv) Explain what is meant by the term ‘small-scale industry’? [3]
Assets limited /capital limited / capital <Rs 10mn
Family workers / small number hired workers / workforce <10
Worked carried out outside the home / in factory / in workshop
Example: sports goods/surgical instruments/carpets/electric fans/cutlery/toys/agricultural
Implements
(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in
Pakistan.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to places or examples you have studied. [6]
Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)
Large scale
For
Reduces need for expensive imports of finished goods (e.g. vehicles)
Export potential
Fulfils domestic demand (e.g. galvanised steel in construction)
Greater contribution to GDP
Encourages private sector to invest (e.g. Pindi Bhattian)
New industries would encourage large scale employment
Against
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Expensive to set up (foreign investment/loans/debt)
May require expensive imports of raw materials (e.g. coking coal/iron ore for steel industry)
Changes of government/political instability (large projects may be delayed/cancelled)
Employs relatively fewer people (approx. 20% industrial workforce/very few women)
Noise/air/ water pollution
Causes deforestation (which destroys habitats)(loss of scenic beauty)
Small scale and cottage
For
Important source of income in rural areas
Money is re-invested locally
High demand (both domestic and exports / 30% manufacturing exports by value)
Employment possibilities (employs approx. 80% industrial workforce)
Conducted in homes (women can work)
Reduces rural to urban migration
Recycles industrial waste (e.g. of cotton/steel industries)
Small input requirement/uses local raw materials (e.g. leather/wood)(promotes primary
industries)(limited need for imports)
Low cost
Against
Only small (5%) contribution to GDP
Limited profit/wholesalers take most of the profit
Limited ability to expand
High production costs (since no economies of scale)
Lack of electricity in rural areas
O/N15/P2/Q5 (a,c and d)
5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which is a map giving information about cotton textile industries in
Pakistan.
(i) Name one of the major centres of the cotton industry, A or B. [1]
Hyderabad / Faisalabad
(ii) Suggest reasons why the cotton textile industry is distributed as shown in Fig. 9.
[3]
Specific to one centre Reserve 1 mark
e.g. Karachi – port, availability of thermal/nuclear power
Faisalabad – in cotton producing region of Punjab
Hyderabad – in cotton producing area of Sindh, close to coast/Karachi
General
Availability of labour
Large local demand/market
Good transport system/roads
Near rivers for water in manufacturing process
In/near cotton growing area ‘Raw materials’ = 0
(b) (i) State two characteristics of employment in the informal sector of industry. [2]
Self employment
Labour intensive/little equipment
Irregular hours/wages/low wages Seasonal = 0
Paid daily/cash in hand
Not pensionable/no health benefits
At home/in streets
Not a registered business
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Female labour
Child labour
(ii) Give an example of a job in the informal sector. [1]
Handicrafts/carpet maker
Street trader/hawker / cobbler / fruit seller
Labourer in construction/factories / garment worker
Bus/truck/taxi driver
Care work / maids
Street sweeper
USE LIST RULE
(iii) Study Photographs C and D (Insert).
A. Describe the road transport that can be seen in Photograph C.
B. Explain the problems of using road transport in the northern areas of Pakistan
with reference to Photograph D and your own knowledge. [5]
A. Transport Reserve 2 marks
Pick-up/4×4/4-wheel-drive vehicle/jeep
Overloaded / heavily loaded
Carrying large pieces of timber/wood/sawn trunks ‘Wood’ = 0
Trucks/lorries
Painted
B. Problems Reserve 2 marks
Mountain roads very narrow/steep/small for large trucks
Danger of falling rocks/cliff edges
Likely to be closed/blocked due to landslides
Closed in winter due to snow/ice/avalanches
Unmetalled roads/potholes
Lack of security
(c) (i) Choose a province and name two tourist attractions within it. [2]
Punjab
Ancient history/archaeology – Taxila/ Harappa
Hillstations – Murree/Nathia Gali
Tombs/shrines -Allama Iqbal/Ranjit Singh/ Jahangir
Culture – Mughal architecture/ Shalimar Gardens/ Badshahi mosque/Lahore Fort/Rohtas
Fort
Modern buildings – Minar–e-Pakistan/Presidential palace/Parliament building/Faisal
mosque
Other – Khewra salt mines
Sindh
Ancient history/archaeology – Mohenjo-Daro/ Bhambore/ Kot Deji
Tombs/shrines – Shahbaz Qalander (sufi)/ Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Mazar-e-Quaid./
Chaukundi/ Makli
Culture – Mughal architecture/Jamia Masjid/ Ranikot Fort/ Kafir-Qila Fort
Hillstations – Gorakh
Lakes – Keenjhar, Manchar
KPK
Valleys – Kaghan/Kumrat/Swat/Kalam/Naran
Lakes – Saiful Muluk
Accept any other reasonable examples located in correct province
(ii) Suggest two problems the tourist industry in Pakistan must overcome in order for
it to be more developed. [2]
Poor security/terrorism/political instability
Bad management/planning of tourist developments/corruption
Poor transport infrastructure/poor road network/unpredictable railways/ infrequent air
access in north
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Lack of government funding/priority
Little tourism infrastructure / few tour agencies / hotels not international standard
Lack of maintenance/cleanliness of tourist areas
(d) Read the following two views:
1. Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries. More attractions and
facilities for tourists must be built to help Pakistan develop.
2. Tourist facilities must be restricted. The increasing number of tourists will damage
our culture and cause environmental degradation.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]
Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)
1. Tourism increased
Tourist income likely to be high (and greater than from other sources, e.g. from exporting
raw
materials)
Creates employment
Boosts cottage craft industries (leading to financial stability/preservation of culture/heritage)
Locals can use tourist facilities (which increases their quality of life)
Increases cultural linkages with foreign countries
Source of foreign exchange/improves economy (which will enable Pakistan to clear debts)
2. Tourism restricted
Only seasonal employment (May–Oct in northern areas)
Money could be spent on other important sectors (such as minerals, power, manufacturing,
mechanising agriculture, alleviation of poverty)
Displacement of local people to make way for development, e.g. hotels
Named social problems e.g. crime, alcohol/drugs
Lack of respect for local customs/beliefs
Increases prices of local goods/food
Clearing of natural habitat to make way for tourist developments (e.g. deforestation in Swat
Valley)
Unsightly hotel construction
Air/noise pollution from more vehicles
Water pollution in rivers from overloaded sewerage system
Litter
[Total: 25]
M/J15/P2/Q4(a)
4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 9 which shows formal and informal sector employment in Pakistan
over three years.
Which sector of employment makes up the largest share of the labour force in
Pakistan over these years? [1]
Informal
(ii) Tourism is a service industry. Name two other service industries. [2]
Any two from:
public administration/government
transport
retailing/shops
banking/banks/finance
doctors/healthcare/medical
teaching/education
legal/lawyers
entertainment/media
social care/home helps/family helpers/domestics, insurance
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hospitality/hotels
telecommunications
etc.
(iii) Study Figs 10 and 11 which give information about visitors into Pakistan in 1999.
A What percentage of visitors into Pakistan was classed as tourists?
13% (accept 12–14%)
B What was the total number of visitors into Pakistan?
655 000 (accept 640 000–670 000)
C Suggest one reason why more people visited relatives compared to visiting
Pakistan as tourists. [3]
Lower cost
Large/extended families spread out in different countries
Work abroad
Few tourist attractions
Terrorism/lack of security/political instability
Poor transport infrastructure
O/N14/P2/Q2
2 (a) Explain what is meant by each of the following terms, and choose one example
of
each from the given list.
A raw material; B waste material; C value added material [6]
A Basic commodity from which finished goods are made / which is changed by a
manufacturing process
Coal / limestone
B Unused / unwanted by-product
Slag / CO2
C Product that increases in value / worth due to industrial activities / a material improved
as it goes through a manufacturing process
Steel / coke
(b) Study Fig. 2, a map of the site of the Pakistan Steel Mills.
(i) Name the creek X and the port Y. [2]
X Gharo
Y Port[Bin] Qasim
(ii) Name the sea to the south where ships can travel to the steel mills. [1]
Arabian [Sea]
(iii) Using Fig. 2 and your own knowledge, state three factors that make this site
suitable for the development of the Pakistan Steel Mills. Explain one advantage
that each factor gives to this industry. [6]
Factors
Flat / cheap / unused land
Coastal site / natural / deep water harbour
Limestone nearby / at Thatta / Murli Hills
Fresh water nearby / at Lake Haleji
Power stations nearby / at Pipri / Korangi
Rail / road connection
Township on site / near Karachi
Advantages
Low set-up cost
Allows transport by ship / of heavy / bulky materials
Cheap transport of raw materials
Reliable / continuous power supply
Ease of transport of raw / heavy / bulky materials / products [especially to HMC at Taxila]
Readily available supply of labour
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(c) Explain why the Pakistan Steel Mills is an industry in the ‘formal sector’. [4]
Capital intensive
Employed / not self-employed
Mechanised / fewer workers
Regular working hours
Regular / fixed wages
In purpose built factory / office
Legal / registered / pays tax
(d) To what extent can work in the informal sector improve the lives of those living in
urban areas? Explain your answer. [6]
Might Would otherwise be unemployed / unemployed / unemployable find work
Source of income
Can afford better diet / improved housing / education / luxuries
May be suitable for unskilled / illiterate
Can use traditional skills
Goods / services available locally
Might not Poor working conditions
Low / irregular incomes
Too many people doing the same thing / too much competition
May employ children who do not receive education
Goods are poor quality
[Total: 25]
O/N14/P2/Q5(c and d)
(c) (i) What is meant by the term ‘cottage industry’? [1]
Production of saleable goods / industry / valid named industry in own home
(ii) State and explain three advantages of establishing cottage industries in a rural
area. [6]
Advantages
Employment / self-employment
Employment of women / whole families
Income / export earnings
Meets demands of local market
Raw materials available locally / cheaply
Low technology
Explanation
Ability to support family
Reduces rural-urban migration of otherwise unemployed
Promotes independence / equality of women
Raises standard of living / quality of life
Boosts national economy / GDP / BOP
Puts money in local economy
Promotes self-reliance of area
Saves expensive imports / extra transport costs
Suitable for poorer people
Low set-up costs
(d) To what extent can small scale and cottage industries be sustainable? Explain
your
answer. [6]
Possibilities
Can be done in the home (so low set up costs)
Local raw materials / re-used waste materials (therefore cheap / less need to borrow money)
Simple technology (so less need for electricity / power supply)
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Small scale causing less damage to environment
Traditional skills / does not demand education (people can support themselves when other
work not available / possible)
Government support / schemes / loans
Use of machinery
Use of electricity (allowing work after dark)
Provision of other named infrastructure
Training / education
Problems
Small output / low earnings
Low profits (therefore difficult to escape poverty)
Need for ‘middle man’ which reduces profits
Poor quality products (so lack of demand / low value)
Use of child labour (restricting markets / sales)
Lack of education / telecommunications (which limits marketing skills / limit marketing ability)
O/N13/P2/Q2
(a) Study Photograph B (Insert) and Fig. 2, a diagram showing the main inputs to a
brickmaking
industry.
(i) Write the names of three other physical inputs in the empty boxes on Fig. 2 above.
[3]
Clay, water, coal
(ii) Explain how bricks are made. [3]
Clay mixed with water
Placed in moulds
Dried (in sun)
Baked (in kiln)
(iii) Name two types of air pollution that might be produced by a brickworks. [2]
Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, soot/smoke, smell,
dust/ash
(b) Study Photograph B again. Describe the effects of the pollution created by this
brickworks on people and the environment in the local area. [4]
People
Respiratory diseases
E.g. Asthma
Skin irritations
Eye diseases
Unsightly views
Irritability/deafness (from noise)
Environment
Quarries/holes/depressions
(Spoil) heaps
Vegetation/crops covered in dust/ash
Land degraded/bare/deformed
(c) Study Fig. 3, a graph showing cement production in Pakistan.
(i) What was the production of cement in 2009? [1]
28 million tonnes
(ii) By how much did production increase from 2000 to 2009? [1]
19 million (tonnes)
(iii) Name the two main raw materials used to make cement. [2]
Limestone, Gypsum
(iv) Give three reasons for the continuous increase in cement manufacture from 2000
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to 2009. [3]
Industrial/economic development
Urbanisation/construction
Better/more housing, roads, offices, factories (max 2)
Higher living standards
Population increase
Raw materials cheap
Raw materials readily/locally available
(d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of expanding the sports goods
industry in
Pakistan. [6]
Advantages
Enhances traditional skills
Uses local raw materials/saves import of raw materials
Increases employment
Work for women
Increases family incomes/GDP
More exports/trade
Disadvantages
Shortage of raw materials
Cost of importing raw materials/machinery
E.g. rubber/thread/leather
Lack of skilled labour
(Trade hindered by) child labour issues
(Trade hindered by) quality issues
[TOTAL MARKS: 25]
O/N13/P2/Q3(e)-Tourism
(e) To what extent is it possible to increase tourism in Pakistan in the 21st century? [6]
Possibilities
By providing more/improved/good/etc. – security, named infrastructure, hotels, named tourist
activities (max 2)
Advertising/promotion
Training for staff in tourist industry/education about accepting tourists
Maintenance/cleanliness of tourist attractions
Attraction – mountain ranges/valleys, forests, archaeological/historic/cultural sites, mosques,
modern buildings, traditional crafts/bazaars, hill stations (max 1)
Strategies for increasing tourism, e.g. – preventing deforestation in tourist areas, removing
litter/rubbish from e.g. Murree, opening a (winter) resort + details, (max 2)
Problems
Unstable political situation
Corruption
Lack of security/terrorism
Accommodation below Western standards
Poor named infrastructure
High cost of developing tourist areas/facilities
Lack of government support/attention/interest
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M/j13/42/Q3(e)
(d) IN FAVOUR
employment
for women
local demand
international demand
reduces migration
local raw materials
can use waste materials e.g. rubber, rope
low set-up costs / investment
BUT
Poor quality
Child labour
Lack of infrastructure
Etc. [6]
(Sethi p. 150)
O/N12/P2/Q4
4 (a) Study Fig. 6.
(i) Name the main centres of textile production A, B and C. [3]
A Quetta
B Gujranwala
C Multan
(ii) Describe the distribution of cotton processing centres. [3]
most processing centres / factories in Punjab
along rivers (in Punjab) / River Indus (in Sindh)
THE FOLLOWING REQUIRE A NAMED TOWN IN AN AREA
Southern / Lower Sindh eg. Hyderabad, Karachi
Northern / Upper Sindh eg. Sukkur, Larkana
KPK / NWFP eg. Peshawar, Nowshera
Northern Baluchistan eg. Quetta
(b) Study Fig. 7.
(i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008. [2]
Yarn greater than cloth
Both increase
Both make sharp increase in 2004
After 2005 cloth levels out but yarn continues to increase
(ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth,
and explain your answer. [2]
More yarn / spinning mills than cloth / weaving mills
Yarn is made into cloth
Problems / less investment/ in cloth weaving factories / machinery
(Eg. loadshedding, old machines)
More demand for yarn (worldwide)
Lack of skilled labour
(c) (i) Give an example of a job in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector of the
cotton industry. [3]
Primary – farming, picking, bringing water
Secondary – washing, dyeing, spinning, weaving
Tertiary – sales, transport, management
(ii) How are the proportions of workers employed in each of these sectors changing?
[3]
Less in primary
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More / less in secondary
More in tertiary
(iii) Explain why the changes you have stated in (c)(ii) may lead to unemployment. [3]
Lack of literacy / illiteracy
Lack of skills for machines
More mechanisation / fewer workers needed with mechanisation
Computers faster than writers / more IT in offices
Can use foreign workers
Less work in rural areas
(d) To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and urban
people
of Pakistan? [6]
Benefits (res.2)
Will increase literacy / skills / can read eg. government advice
Better paid jobs / can work in the professions / can use machinery / skilled
Better farm outputs / income for farmers
Better understanding of family planning / hazards of overpopulation
Better health / more doctors, nurses, clinics etc.
Better living standards / better hygiene, sanitation etc.
Problems (res. 2)
Lack of jobs for educated people
Loss of skilled workers eg. teachers, doctors
Break-up of families t
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