North Vietnam
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For the region of Northern Vietnam, see Northern Vietnam.
"NVN" redirects here. For other uses, see NVN (disambiguation).
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa
1945–1976
Flag
(1955–1975)
Emblem
Motto: "Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc"
(English: "Independence – Freedom – Happiness")
Anthem: "Tiến Quân Ca"
(English: "Army March")
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North Vietnam in Southeast Asia during Cold War
Capital Hanoi
Common languages Vietnamese (official)
Government Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-
partysocialist republic
Party Chairman
First Secretary
• 1945–1956 Trường Chinh
• 1956–1960 Hồ Chí Minh
• 1960–1976 Lê Duẩn
President
• 1945–1969 Hồ Chí Minh
• 1969–1976 Tôn Đức Thắng
Prime Minister
• 1945–1955 Hồ Chí Minh
• 1955–1976 Phạm Văn Đồng
Historical era Cold War · Vietnam War
• Self declaration of Democratic 2 September 1945
Republic of Vietnam
• Established 1945
• 1954 Geneva Conference 26 April – 20 July 1954
• The liberation of Saigon 30 April 1975
• Socialist Republic of 2 July 1976
Vietnamestablished
Area
1960 157,880 km2(60,960 sq mi)
1974 157,880 km2(60,960 sq mi)
Population
• 1960 15,916,955
• 1974 23,767,300
Currency đồng
cash (until 1948)[1]
Preceded by Succeeded by
French Socialist
Indochina Republic of
Empire of Vietnam
Vietnam
Today part of Vietnam
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Vietnamese alphabet Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa
Chữ Nôm 越南民主共和
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North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (Vietnamese: Việt
Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976.
Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh declared independence from French
Indochina on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and
the Viet Minh, led by President Ho Chi Minh. The Viet Minh ("League for the Independence
of Vietnam") was a coalition of nationalist groups, mostly led by communists. In February
1951, the communists announced the creation of the Lao Động Party(Labour Party),
gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Việt Minh.[2]
Between 1946 and 1954, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas of
Vietnam. In 1954, after the French were defeated, the negotiation of the Geneva
Accords ended the war between France and the Việt Minh and granted Vietnam
independence. The Geneva Accords divided the country provisionally into northern and
southern zones, and stipulated general elections in July 1956 to "bring about the unification
of Viet-Nam".[3] The northern zone was commonly called North Vietnam, and the southern
zone was commonly called South Vietnam.
Supervision of the implementation of the Geneva Accords was the responsibility of an
international commission consisting of India, Canada, and Poland. The United States did
not sign the Geneva Accords, which stated that the United States "shall continue to seek to
achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they
are conducted fairly".[4] In July 1955, the prime minister of the Republic of Vietnam, Ngô
Đình Diệm, announced that South Vietnam would not participate in elections to unify the
country. He said that South Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords and was not
bound by it.[5]
After the failure to reunify Vietnam by elections, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
attempted to unify the country by force in the Vietnam War (1955–75). North Vietnam and
the Việt Cộng insurgents supported by their communist allies, including the Soviet
Union and China, fought against the military of South Vietnam, the United States and other
anti-communist military forces, including South Korea, Australia, Thailand, and smaller
players. North Vietnam also supported indigenous communist rebels
in Cambodia and Laosagainst their respective U.S.-backed governments. The war ended
when North Vietnamese forces and the Việt Cộng defeated South Vietnam and in 1976
united the two parts of the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The expanded
Democratic Republic retained North Vietnam's political culture under Soviet influence and
continued its existing memberships in international organisations such as Comecon.[6]
Contents
1Leadership under Hồ Chí Minh (1945–69)
o 1.1Proclamation of the republic
o 1.2Early republic
o 1.3During the First Indochina War
o 1.4Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam
2Land reform
o 2.1Results
o 2.2Executions
o 2.3Collective farming
3Presidency of Tôn Đức Thắng (1969–76)
o 3.1During the Vietnam War
o 3.2Reunification
4Foreign relations
o 4.1South Vietnam
o 4.2Communist and capitalist states
5Notes
6References
7Further reading
8External links
