1) Method Preparation ( BC Powder + Casting method, BC pellicle + dip-coating method)
No. Source/Summary Method
1 Potassium sorbate release The PVA solution was prepared by dissolving PVA in water at
from poly(vinyl alcohol)– 90◦C. BC powder obtained in a colloidal mill was dispersed in the
bacterial cellulose films PVA solution and moderately stirred at room temperature for
one hour. For all films, the aqueous PVA solution (7 vol. %) was
Summary: Casting used and the quantity of BC was varied. The ratios of PVA to dry
PVA dissolve in 90◦C+ BC BC were: film 1 (F1) – (ϕr = 1 : 0), film 2 (F2) – (ϕr = 3 : 1), and
powder + Ksorbate , cast and film 3 (F3) – (ϕr = 2 : 1). To prepare the antimicrobial films, K-
dry in Petri dishes sorbate at different concentrations (0.1 % and 0.5 %),
respectively was added directly to the BC–PVA dispersion.
The solution was subjected to further mixing for 10 min and then
discharged into plastic Petri dishes and allowed to dry at room
temperature. After drying, the films were removed from the cast
plate and their thickness was measured to the nearest 1 μm by
micro-meter (Mitutoyo Mfg Co. Ltd., Japan). The average values
of measurements at five random sites on the film were taken to
calculate the film properties.
2 Controlled release of sorbic For the monolayer films PVA average molecular weight Mw ¼
acid from bacterial cellulose 145,000 g mol 1, 99% hydrolyzed (Mowiol 28e99) and SA, Mw ¼
based mono and multilayer 112 g mol 1.
antimicrobial films A 7% (w/w) PVA aqueous solution was prepared by adding PVA
flakes in water at 90 °C under vigorous stirring. BCP and SA, in
PVA flakes + BC powder +SA, different proportions, were then dispersed in cold PVA solution
vacuum de-aeration and vigorously stirred for 3 h at room temperature (25 °C). Films
system(remove bubbles), cast without antimicrobial agent are designated as: film 1 (F1) having
and dry in Petri dishes a PVA/BCP 3/1 and film 2 (F2) for which PVA/BCP ratio is 3/1.5.
To prepare the antimicrobial films, sorbic acid was added at
different concentrations (0.1, respectively 0.5 g 100 g 1
dispersion) directly in PVA-BCP dispersion. For the antimicrobial
films, after the name of the initial film is indicated A1 or A2 for
low and respectively high concentration of SA. Air bubbles were
eliminated using a vacuum de-aeration system. Dispersion
samples of 10 mL volume were then poured in plastic Petri
dishes (10 cm diameter) and allowed to dry at room temperature
24 h. After drying, the films were removed from the cast plates
and their thickness was measured to the nearest 0.001 mm by a
micrometer (Mitutoyo Mfg Co. Ltd., Japan).
Multilayer systems consist in three layer films: two external
defrost BCM and an inner layer containing SA. The inner layer is
one of the composites prepared before (monolayer films). To
obtain the multilayer film, a previously dried film containing SA
was coated on one side with a wet defrost BCM (approximately
90% humidity) and allowed to dry at 80°C for 10 min. Then, the
other side of active film was also coated with wet defrost BCM
and dried for another 10 min at the same temperature. For a
multilayer sample designation, the letter <m> was used after the
initial film ID. For example, F1A1m corresponds to a BCM-F1A1-
BCM three layer film.
3 Functionalization of bacterial e-poly-L-Lysine (ε-PLL) was covalently conjugated using carbodiimide
cellulose wound dressings chemistry to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) adsorbed to the BC. CMC
has previously been reported to adsorb to both BC and thin films of
with the antimicrobial peptide
cellulose from plants, and as shown here, can be utilized to provide long
ε-poly-L-Lysine term stable anchoring of ε-PLL to BC that can withstand both ethanol
BC gel + CMC (anchor surface sterilization and autoclaving.
for antimicrobial agent + e-
PLL(antimicrobial))
4 Morphological, physical, 5% of ZnO was the optimum concentration with the highest improving
antimicrobial and release effect on BC film properties without obvious aggregation of NPs.
Therefore, the fixed quantity of the ZnO (5 wt.% of BC dry base) was
properties of ZnO
dispersed in distilled water via agitating by magnetic stirrer (500 rpm)
nanoparticles-loaded at room temperature. The BC gel membrane was immersed in a
bacterial cellulose films polystyrene plate containing ZnO dispersion and was dried at room
temperature until all the NPs absorb and precipitate in BC dried film.
BC gel immersed in ZnO Films without ZnO NPs are designated as BC and BC films containing
dispersion (dip coating) 5% ZnO were coded as ZnO-BC. Multilayer systems consist in three
layer films: two external pure BC films and an inner layer containing
5% ZnO. The inner layer is one of the composites prepared before
(monolayer films).To obtain the multilayer film, a previously dried film
containing5% ZnO was coated on one side with a wet BC membrane
(approximately 97% humidity) and allowed to dry at room temperature.
Then, the other side of active film was also coated with wet BC
membrane and dried. For a multilayer sample designation, the let-ter
“M” was used after the initial film ID (ZnO-BC-M).For sonication
experiments, there was used an ultrasound bath, operated at fixed
frequency of 40 kHz and 100 W average ultrasonic power (ROHS
Digitals-DSA100-SK2 South Korea). The working procedure was the
same, but each plate with the starting ZnO dis-persion and BC
membrane was kept for 15 min under US irradiation before drying. The
obtained nanocomposite films with US irradiation were coded by “US”.
The films noted as US-ZnO-BC film and US-ZnO-BC-M film were
obtained using the same initial concentration of the ZnO, but the
precipitation of NPs was done in the presence of US. In the US-ZnO-
BC-M sample, the sonication treatment was applied just on inner ZnO-
loaded layer before lamination.
5 Electrically Conductive BC composites with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were
Bacterial Cellulose by synthesized by dipping a BC pellicle in an aqueous MWCNT dispersion
containing a surfactant. The electrical conductivity of the BC pellicles
Incorporation of Carbon
containing well-dispersed and embedded MWCNTs was found to be
Nanotubes approximately 1.4 × 10-1 S/cm.
BC pellicle is dipped in an
aqueous MWCNT dispersion +
surfactant.
6 Antifungal Effectiveness of Preparation of the antifungal edible coatings
Potassium Sorbate Edible coatings were prepared according to Mehyar and others
(2007) with small modifications. Aqueous suspensions of pea starch
Incorporated in Edible
(4%; w/v), potato starch (4%; w/v), or guar gum (1%; w/v) were
Coatings Against Spoilage prepared in sterilized distilled water. Glycerol was added as plasticizer
Molds of Apples, Cucumbers,
and Tomatoes during to the suspensions at concentration of 1:2 (glycerol:polymer; dry weight
Refrigerated Storage basis). The suspensions were heated on a hot plate with mixing to the
boiling temperature (approximately 105 ◦C) and were held at the boiling
temperature for 15 or 5 min for starch or guar gum polymers,
Coating solution + potassium respectively to allow full gelatinization of the polymers. The solutions
sorbate, dip-coating, dry in were cooled to room temperature (approximately 25 ◦C) and pH was
laminar flow cabinet for 1 to adjusted to 4.5 with 1.0 N citric acid. The coating solutions were divided
1.3hr. into 2 equal portions, one portion without potassium sorbate (PS) and
the 2nd with PS added at 0.1% (w/v). Both portions were homogenized
with high speed homogenizer (×120, Ingenieurb¨uro CAT, Staufen,
Germany) at 10000 rpm for 1 min. The coating solutions with and
without PS were degassed in a vacuum (100 mbar) by using a vacuum
pump (16692, Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) for 15 min.
Coating application and mold count
Eighteen samples of each of inoculated whole apples, cucumbers, and
tomatoes were used for each treatment type and another 15 inoculated
samples were used for the control. Produce was dipped in the coating
solution to which PS was added or without PS addition for 15 s and
allowed to dry by placing in a laminar flow cabinet at room temperature
for 40 to 45 min for starch coatings or for 1.0 to 1.3 h for the guar gum
coating. The coated produce was placed in sterile plastic bags and
incubated at 4 ◦C for 25 d.
Other selected produce was also dipped for 15 s in PS aqueous solutions
(0.1%; w/v) prepared with sterilized water. The control was prepared by
dipping produce in sterilized distilled water for 15 s. Produce was
withdrawn from the incubator in triplicates for each of apples,
cucumbers, and tomatoes every 5 d and peeled by a manual peeler that
removed peel of 1 to 2 mm thickness. Mold counts of the peels were
carried out by plating duplicate aliquots from each serial dilutions of the
peel homogenate on aerobic plate count agar (Oxoid Ltd.) containing
chloramphenicol and chlortetracycline HCL antibiotics (250 mg of each
in 50 mL media) followed by incubation at 25 ◦C for 5 d (AOAC 2000).
The initial count of the inoculated produce was carried out by platting 3
samples directly after the inoculation procedure. The antifungal
effectiveness of PS as aqueous solutions or in edible coatings was
determined by comparing mold counts of treatments with the control
treatment.
7 Novel hybrid PVA–InZnO Preparation of hybrid precursor solution
transparent thin films and Initially 50 ml of PVA solution (0.5 g of PVA in 50 ml) was
prepared by dissolving PVA in deionized water by magnetic stirring at
sandwich capacitor structure
80°C for 5 h. An equimolar ratio (1 : 1) of In2O3 and
by dip coating method: ZnO were mixed into PVA solution. The mixed solution was
preparation and magnetically stirred until gel-precipitation is formed. Then the
characterizations gel-precipitation was ultrasonically churned in a water bath for
10 minutes. During the ultrasonication, the metal oxides collide to form
PVA dissolve in deionized a bond of continuous network that was followed by centrifugal washing
at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The continuous ultrasonication and
water , mix with In2O3,
centrifugal washing process was repeated for 5 times to get well
ultrasonication (collide & dispersed hybrid precursor solution.
bond), dip coating for 5 Preparation of hybrid PVA–InZnO thin films
minuted, anneal at different The pre-cleaned glass plates were dipped into the hybrid precursor
temperature solutions for 5 minutes at room temperature to get hybrid thin lms
(PVA–InZnO). The as deposited hybrid thin film and film annealed at
50 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C for 1 h were used to study structure,
morphology, optical and dielectric properties. Sandwich capacitor
structure (Al/hybrid lm/Al) was fabricated to study the dielectric and
conduction behaviour. Initially, aluminum base electrode of about 180
nm thickness was deposited over the pre-cleaned glass substrate by
thermal evaporation technique (pressure of 10-5 Torr) using suitable
masks. The middle hybrid film was deposited above the bottom
electrode by dip coating method. Finally the top electrode of about
180nm was deposited above the hybrid film by thermal evaporation
technique using suitable masks to complete the Al/PVA–InZnO/Al
sandwich capacitor structure.
Conclusion: (proposed method)
For this study, method of dip-coating is suggested. BC gel is dipped into dispersion containing PVA and
potassium sorbate. From case 6, potassium sorbate has the ability to remain antimicrobial effect when
combine with gum-like solution (coating solution). Also, from case 7, dipping method is the normal
method that semiconductor industry use to incorporate PVA with substrate (glass) as semiconductor.
To the best of our knowledge, there is no work reported in literature on BC-PVA-PS thin films using dip
coating method. An attempt plans to be made to prepare hybrid BC-PVA-PS thin films by a simple dip
coating method and to study their structure, morphology, optical and antimicrobial properties in the
present work.
Figure: Schematic diagram to prepare BC-PVA-PS thin film
2. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
a) Function in food packaging
b) Oral Toxicity
c) Halal
a) Function of PVA in food packaging
In food industries, PVA acts as a binding and coating agent. PVA protects the active ingredients from
moisture, oxygen and other environmental components, while simultaneously masking their taste and
odor.
Food category and use level
Use levels for PVA assuming of 2.3 mg PVA/cm2 in aqueous film coating.
Source: Chemical and Technical Assessment (CTA), 2004
Reactions and Fate in Food
The food products in which PVA is intended to be used have neutral pH and are stored at either low
temperature or at room temperature conditions that would not result in breakdown of PVA. Similarly the
food products in which PVA is used have pH in neutral range and will not likely to have any impact on its
stability. Water solutions of PVA are also stable. The structure of Polyvinyl alcohol would not be condusive
to hydrolysis reaction of the remaining ester groups or to esterification reactions undergone by secondary
alcohols with relatively strong nucleophiles. Under intended conditions of use and storage there would
be negligible interaction between PVA and food constituents.
b) Oral Toxicity of PVA
(1) The acute oral toxicity of PVA is very low, with LD50s in the range of 15–20 g/kg
The results of acute toxicity studies are summarized in the Table 3. These data indicate that orally
administered PVA wouldbe placed in the category of least concern, ‘‘relatively harmless’’ (Hodge and
Sterner, 1949).
(2) Orally administered PVA is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
The absorption, distribution and excretion of PVA (mol. wt <50,0001) was studied in male and female
Fischer 344 rats (Sanders and Matthews, 1990). Greater than 98% of a single oral dose of 0.01 mg/kg 14C-
labelledPVA administered to three male rats was recovered in the feces within 48 h of administration.
Less than 0.2% of the total dose was detected in the urine. No PVA-derived radioactivity was detected as
expired 14CO2 or volatiles. There was no detectable tissue accumulation. These data indicate that very
little PVA is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
(3) PVA does not accumulate in the body when administered orally
To further assess possible bioaccumulation, 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day 14C-labelledPVA was
administered by gavage daily for 10 consecutive days to three additional rats. Results similar to the initial
study were found, almost all radioactivity was recovered in the feces, 0.2% of the total dose in the urine
and 0.05% of the total dose detected in the major tissues (blood liver, kidneys, skin, muscle and adipose
tissue) (Sanders and Matthews, 1990).
(4) PVA is not mutagenic or clastogenic
Colorcon conducted a specific set of genotoxicity studies to provide current supportive information on
the specific grade of PVA used as a coating agent for pharmaceutical and dietary supplement products, as
well as its potential food use. PVA was evaluated for mutagenicity in histidine-dependent tryptophan
auxotrophic mutants of S. typhimurium, strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 andTA1 00, and a tryptophan-
dependent mutant of Escherichia coli, strain WP2uvrA/pKM101 (CM 891) in the presence and absence of
liver preparations from Aroclor 1254- induced rats (S9 mix). PVA was not mutagenic when testedat
concentrations up to 5000 g/plate, the standard limit concentration (Colorcon, 2000b). The potential
induction of micronuclei by PVA in bone marrow cells of mice was tested. PVA was administered orally to
male andfema le Swiss mice at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. PVA did not show any evidence of causing
chromosome damage or bone marrow cell toxicity at this dose, the standard limit dose (Colorcon, 2000b).
(5) The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of orally administered PVA in male and female rats were
5000 mg/kg body weight/day in the 90-day dietary study and 5000 mg/kg body weight/day in the two-
generation reproduction study, which was the highest dose tested. A critical evaluation of the existing
information on PVA supports its safety for use as a coating agent for pharmaceutical and dietary
supplement products.
Source: C.C DeMerlis and D.R Schoneker, 2003. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Review of the oral toxicity
of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Volume 41, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 319-326
(c) PVA Halal – fit to be eaten by muslim
PVA is Halal provided it does not intoxicate (make people drunk).
Source: http://www.muslimconsumergroup.com/halal-haram-mushbooh_ingredients.html?panna=3
