The document discusses Karnaugh maps (K-maps), which provide an alternative way to simplify logic circuits compared to Boolean algebra. K-maps allow you to visualize logic relationships between variables by arranging 1s and 0s from a truth table. They can be used to systematically simplify two, three, or four variable functions into their most simplified form using the minimum number of terms and literals. The document outlines how to construct two, three, and four variable K-maps and describes the rules for grouping variables to find simplified expressions. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use K-maps to minimize Boolean equations.
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Combinational Logic Design - Kmap
The document discusses Karnaugh maps (K-maps), which provide an alternative way to simplify logic circuits compared to Boolean algebra. K-maps allow you to visualize logic relationships between variables by arranging 1s and 0s from a truth table. They can be used to systematically simplify two, three, or four variable functions into their most simplified form using the minimum number of terms and literals. The document outlines how to construct two, three, and four variable K-maps and describes the rules for grouping variables to find simplified expressions. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use K-maps to minimize Boolean equations.
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Shri S’ad Vidya Mandal
Institute Of Technology BHARUCH - 392001, GUJARAT
[Karnaugh Map]
Presented By: Guided By:-
Gauresh Mehta , Nishant N. Parmar Shivang Mehta. What is K-map ? K-maps provide an alternative way of simplifying logic circuits. Instead of using Boolean algebra simplification techniques, you can transfer logic values from a Boolean statement or a truth table into a k-map. The arrangement of 0's and 1's within the map helps you to visualize the logic relationships between the variables and leads directly to a simplified Boolean statement. K-map simplification of Boolean equation can be done easily and systematically. This method is used to given simplification of two, three or four-variable switching function. This method can be used for more than four variables also but it becomes complicated. It gives the most simplified form of the expression. Method Of Constructing K-map K-maps consists of cell or squares. If there are n variable in function, the number of cell become 2n, so for two variable, no of cell will be 22 =4. For three variable it will 8 and for variables it will be 16, with the help of K-MAP simplification of switching function can be given by very easily and systematically. Each cell is represented by binary number or its decimal number. Simplification of logic expression using Boolean algebra is awkward because:. It lacks specific rule to predict the most suitable next step in the simplification process. It is difficult to determine whether the simplest form has been achieved.
K-map is a graphical method used to obtained
the most simplified form of an expression in a standard form (Sum-of-Products or Product-of- Sums). The simplest form of an expression is the one that has the minimum number of terms with the least number of literals (variables) in each term. By simplifying an expression to the one that uses the minimum number of terms, we ensure that the function will be implemented with the minimum number of gates. By simplifying an expression to the one that uses the least number of literals for each terms, we ensure that the function will be implemented with gates that have the minimum number of inputs. Grouping of K-map variables There are some rules to follow while we are grouping the variables in K-maps.
1. The square that contains ‘1’ should be taken in simplifying,
at least once. 2. The square that contains ‘1’ can be considered as many times as the grouping is possible with it. 3. Group shouldn’t include any zeros (0). 4. A group should be the as large as possible. 5. Groups can be horizontal or vertical. Grouping of variables in diagonal manner is not allowed. Types of k-map I. Two - variable k-map II. Three - variable k-map III. Four - variable k-map Two Variable K-MAP K-map for two variables is show in figure. It has two rows and two columns, so there are four cells. The possible min terms with 2 variables (A and B) are A.B, A.B’, A’.B and A’.B’. The following table shows the positions of all the possible outputs of 2-variable Boolean function on a K-map. we group the adjacent cells with possible sizes as 2 or 4. In case of larger k-maps, we can group the variables in larger sizes like 8 or 16. The groups of variables should be in rectangular shape, that means the groups formed by either vertically or horizontally. Diagonal shaped or “L” shaped groups are not allowed. Example First, let’s construct the truth We put 1 at the output terms table for the given equation given in equation.
In this K-map, we can create 2 groups by following the rules for
grouping, → one is by combining (X’, Y) and (X’, Y’) terms and the other is by combining (X, Y’) and (X’, Y’) terms. the next step is determining the minimized expression such as by taking out the common terms from two groups i.e. X’ and Y’. So the reduced equation will be X’ +Y’. Three Variable K-MAP For a 3-variable Boolean function, there is a possibility of 8 output min terms. The general representation of all the min terms using 3-variables is shown below. A typical plot of a 3-variable K-map is shown below. It can be observed that the positions of columns 10 and 11 are interchanged so that there is only change in one variable across adjacent cells.
Up to 8 cells can be grouped in case of a 3-variable K-
map. Example First, let’s construct the truth We put 1 at the output terms table for the given equation given in equation. → The largest group size will be 8 but we can also form the groups of size 4 and size 2, by possibility. → So the size 4 group is formed as shown below. And in both the terms, we have ‘Y’ in common. So the group of size 4 is reduced as the conjunction Y.
The 2 size group has no common variables, so they are written
with their variables and its conjugates. So the reduced equation will be Y’ + ZX + Z’X’. Four Variable K-MAP There are 16 possible min terms in case of a 4-variable Boolean function. The general representation of minterms using 4 variables is shown below. Example Simplify the given 4-variable Boolean equation by using k-map. F (W, X, Y, Z) = (1, 5, 12, 13)
By preparing k-map, we can minimize the given Boolean
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