BRIEF NOTES

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
FORM 4

CHAPTER 1: FUNCTION Symbol : f -1

1. f : x  x + 3 To find the inverse function, change f(x) to
x is the object, x + 3 is the image y and find x in tems of y.
x
Given f : x  , find f -1
f : x  x + 3 can be written as 3x
f(x) = x + 3. Let f(x) = y
To find the image for 2 means x
f(2) = 2 + 3 = 5 y= y(3 – x) = x
Image for 2 is 5. 3x
Find the object for 8 means f(x) = 8 what is 3y – xy = x
the value of x ? 3y = x + xy
x+3=8;x=5 = x(1 + y)
The object is 5. 3y , thus f -1(x) = 3x
If the function is written in the form of x=
1y 1x
ordered pairs (x, y) , x is the object and y is
the image.
E.g. (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 7) 4. Composite Function
Image for 2 is 4 and 6 whereas object for 7 Given f : x  3x – 4 and g : x  2 – 3x,
is 3. find
(a) fg(x)
(b) gf(x)
(c) f 2(3)
(d) gf -1(4)

(a) fg(x) = f(2 – 3x) = 3(2 – 3x) - 4

= 6 – 9x – 4 = 2 – 9x
In the arrow diagram, the set of object is (b) gf(x) = g(3x – 4) = 2 – 3(3x – 4)
{1, 2, 3} and the set of image is {4, 5} = 2 – 9x + 12 = 14 – 9x
(c) f 2(3) = ff(3) = f(9 – 4) = f(5)
5 = 15 – 4 = 11.
2. For f : x  , x – 3  0, i.e. x  3
x 3 y4
5 (d) Let y = 3x – 4, x = 3
because is undefined. 8
0 Thus f -1(4) =
5
Thus, if f : x  , x  k then k is 3.
3
x3 8 8
gf (4) = g( ) = 2 – 3 × = 6
-1
3 3
3. Function which maps into itself means f (x)
=x 5. To find f(x) or g(x) given the composite
3
If f : x  , find the value of x which
function.
x2 Given f(x) = 2x + 8 and fg(x) = 6x + 12,
is mapped into itself. find g(x).
f(x) = 2x + 8
3 f[g(x)] = 2g(x) + 8
=x = 6x + 12
x2 2g(x) = 6x + 12 – 8
3 = x(x – 2) = x2 – 2x = 6x + 4
Thus, x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 g(x) = 3x + 2
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1 Given f(x) = 3x – 5 and gf(x) = 9x2 – 30x + 30,
find g(x)
3. Inverse Function

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gf(x) = 9x2 – 30x + 30
g(3x – 5) = 9x2 – 30x + 30 2. Using SOR and POR and the formula x2 –
y 5 (SOR)x + POR = 0
Let y = 3x – 5, x = Cari persamaan kuadratik dengan punca
3 1
 y  5 2 y5 dan 3
g (y) = 9  3  30( 3 ) + 30 2

  1 7
+3=
= y2 + 10y + 25 – 10y – 50 + 30 SOR =
= y2 + 5 2 2
1 3
Thus, g(x) = x2 + 5 POR = ×3=
2 2
CHAPATER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATION Equation
7 is3
1. Find the roots of quadratic equation x2  x + = 0
(a) Factorisation
2 2
formula x = b  b  4ac
2
(b) × 2, 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
2a 2
(a) Solve 6x2 – 7x – 3 = 0 3. If ax + bx + c = 0 is the general form of
the quadratic equation,
b
SOR = α + β =
a
c
POR = αβ =
(2x – 3)(3x + 1) = 0 a
3 Given that one root is twice the other root
2x – 3 = 0, x = for the quadratic equation x2 + mx + 18 = 0,
2 find the postive value of m.
1
3x + 1 = 0, x = 
3 The roots are α and 2α
(b) If it cannot be factorised, use the m
formula. SOR = α + 2α = 3α = = m
1
Solve 2x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
POR = α × 2α = 2α2 = 18
a = 2, b = 4 and c = 5
α2 = 9 α = 9  3
(4)  (4)2  4  2  (5)
x= When α = 3, 3α = 9 = m, m = 9 (not
4 accepted)
4  16  40 4  56 When α = 3, 3α = 9 = m, thus m = 9
=  4. Types of roots
4 4 (a) 2 real and distinct roots.
4  56 b2 – 4ac > 0
x= = 2.871
4 (b) 2 real and equal roots
4  56
x= = 0.8708 b2 – 4ac = 0
4
2. Form equation form roots. (c) No real root
Use the reverse of factorisaton b2 – 4ac < 0
1
Find the quadratic equation with roots and 3 (d) Real root (distinct or same)
2
1 b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
x= ,
2 Find the range of values of k in which the
×2, 2x = 1, (2x – 1) = 0 equation 2x2 – 3x + k = 0 has two real and
x = 3, (x – 3) = 0 distinct roots.
The equation is
(2x – 1)(x – 3) = 0 For two real and distinct roots
2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 b2 – 4ac > 0

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 (3)2 – 4(2)k > 0
9 – 8k > 0 3. Quadratic Inequality
9 (a) Factorise
8k < 9 k< (b) Find the roots
8 (c) Sketch the graph and determine the
range of x from the graph.
CHAPTER 3: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
1. To find the maximum/minimum value by Find the range of value of x for which x2 –
completing the square. 7x –8<0
2 x2 – 7x – 8 < 0
Given f(x) = 2x – 6x + 8, find the (x – 8)(x + 1) < 0 Note: If the
maximum or minimum value and state the
x = 8, x = 1 coefficient of x2
corresponding value of x. Sketch the graph is negative, the
shape of the
f(x) = 2x2 – 6x + 8 graph is‘n’
= 2[x2 – 3x] + 8
 3 2  3 2 
= 2[x – 3x +      ] + 8
2

 2   2 
3 2 9
=2[(x  )  ]+8
2 4
3 9
= 2 (x  )2  +8
2 2
3 2 7 From the sketch, (x  8)(x + 1) < 0
= 2(x  ) + 1 < x < 8
2 2
The minimum value (the coefficient of x2 4. Types of Roots
is positive and the graph is ‘u’ shaped) is (a) If the graph intersects the x-axis at
7 3 = 0, or x = 3 . two different points 2 real and
when x 
2 2 2 distinct roots  b2 – 4ac > 0
(b) If the graph touches the x-axis,  2
2. To sketch quadratic function equal roots b2 – 4ac = 0
(a) Determine the y-intercept and the x- (c) If the graph does not intersect the x-
intercept (if available) axis,(or the graph is always positiv or
(b) Determine the maximum or minimum always negative.)  no real root  b2
value. – 4ac < 0
(c) Determine the third point opposite to
the y-intercept. The graph y = nx2 + 4x + n  3 does not
intersect the x-axis for n < a and n > b, find
Sketch the graph f(x) = x2 – 8x + 6 the value of a and b.
y = nx2 + 4x + n – 3 does not intersect the
(a) Y-intercept = 6 x-axis  no real root  b2 – 4ac < 0
(b) f(x) = x2 – 8x + 42 – 42 + 6 42 – 4n(n – 3) < 0
= (x – 4)2 – 16 + 6 16 – 4n2 + 12n < 0
= (x – 4)2 – 10 0 < 4n2 – 12n – 16
Min value = 10 when x – 4 = 0, x = 4
4. Min point (4, 10) n2 – 3n – 4 > 0
(c) when x = 8, f(8) = 82 – 8(8) + 6 = 6 (n – 4)(n + 1) > 0
n = 4, n = 1

From the graph, for (n – 4)(n + 1) > 0, n <

1 and n > 4

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  a = 1 and b = 4 3. loga xn = nloga x

CHAPTER 4: SIMULTANEOUS logc a

EQUATIONS 4. loga b =
logcb
To solve between one linear and one non-linear
equation.
Method : Substitution 5. loga a = 1

Example : Solve 6. loga 1 = 0

x + 2y = 4 -------- (1)
2x 2y 5
  5 ---- (2) Example: Find the value of log 8 – 2log 3 +
4 4
y x 3
log4 18
from (2), × xy
2x2 + 2y2 = 5xy ------------ (3) 5
from (1), x = 4 – 2y log 8 – 2log 3 + log 18
4 4 4
substitute in (3) 3
2(16––2y)
2(4 2
16y++2y
2
2y–2 =2y)y
4y2=) +5(4 20y – 10y2 8 35 18
= log4
8y2 + 10y2 + 2y2– 32y – 20y + 32 = 0 32
20y2 – 52y + 32 = 0 32 18
4 = log4 = log4 64 = log4 43
5y2 – 13y + 8 = 0 9
= 3log4 4 = 3 × 1 = 3
(5y – 8)(y – 1) = 0


8
y= or 1 To solve index equations, change to the same
5 base if possible. If not possible to change to the
8 8 16 4 same base take logarithm on both sides of the
y= , x = 4 – 2( ) = 4  = equation.
5 5 5 5
y = 1, x = 4 – 2 = 2 Example: Solve 3.27x-1 = 93x
4 8
Thus, x = 2, y = 1 and x = ,y= .
5 5 3.27x-1 = 93x
3 × 33(x-1) = 32(3x)
!Note Be careful not to make the 31 + 3x – 3 = 36x
mistake 1 + 3x – 3 = 6x
(4 – 2y)2 =16 + 4y2 wrong 2 = 3x
2
x= 
If the equations are joined, you have to 3
separate them.
Example: Solve 5x+3 – 7 = 0
Solve x2 + y2 = x + 2y = 3 5x+3 – 7 = 0
x2 + y2 = 3 5x+3 = 7
and x + 2y = 3 log 5x+3 = log 7
(x + 3)log 5 = log 7
CHAPTER 5: INDEX AND LOGARTHM log 7
Index form: x+3= = 1.209
b = ax log 5
Logarithm form x = 1.209 – 3 = 1.791
loga b = x
Example: Solve
Logarithm Law : log a 384  log a 144  log a 6 = 4
1. loga x + logay = loga xy
x
2. loga x – loga y = loga 384  6
y log =4
a
144

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 log a 16 = 4 x y
4 Intercept form: a  b  1

16 =  a  = a 2

Graident = m = 
y  int ercept =  b
a=4 x  int ercept a
General form: ax + by + c = 0
CHAPTER 6: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Distance between A(x1, y1) and The equation of straight line given the
B(x2, y2) gradient, m, and passes through the point
AB = (x1, y1) :
Example: If M(2k, k) and N(2k + 1, k – 3) are y – y1 = m(x – x1)
two points equidistant from the origin O. Find
Equation of a straight line passing throug
the value of k.
two points (x , y1 ) and
1 (x , y2 )2 is
y  y1 y2  y1
MO = ON 
 x  x1 x2  x1
Square,
Example: Find the equatioon of the straight line
4k2 + k2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + k2 – 6k + 9
(a) with gradient 3 and passes through
0 = 2k + 9
9 (1, 2)
2k = 9 k= (b) passes through (2, 5) and (4, 8)
2
(a) Equation of straight line
2. Point which divides a line segment in y (2) = 3(x – 1)
the ratio m : n y + 2 = 3x – 3
 nx1  mx2 , ny1  my2  y = 3x – 5

nm nm  

  (b) Equation of straight line

y  5 8 5
Example: Given Q(2, k) divides the line which 
joins P(1, 1) and R(5, 9) in the ratio m : n. Find x  2 4 2
(a) the ratio m : n y5 3

(b) the value of k x2 2
2(y – 5) = 3(x – 2)
2y – 10 = 3x – 6
2y = 3x + 4
n  5m
(a) =2 3. Parallel and Perpendicular Line
n m Parallel lines,
n + 5m = 2n + 2m m1 = m2
5m – 2m = 2n – n
3m = n Perpendicular lines,
m 1 thus, m : n = 1 : 3 m1 × m2 = 1
n3
Example: Find the equation of the straight line
31 1 9
(b) =k which is parallel to the line 2y = 3x – 5 and
13 passes through (1, 4)
12
3=k
4 3 5
2y = 3x – 5 , y = x-
2 2
2. Equation of a straight line 3
Gradient form: y = mx + c m= , passes through (1, 4)
2
Persamaan garis lurus ialah

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 3
y–4= (x – 1) Standard deviation =
2 Example: For the data3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8 find the
2y – 8 = 3x – 3 (a) mean
2y = 3x + 5 (b) variance
(c) standard deviation
Example: Find the equation of the straight line
x y (a) x x = 3  5  5  6  7  8 
  1 and


which is perpendicular to the line N 6

3 4 = 5. 667
passes through (2, 3)
variance,  =
2
(b)
x y (4) 9  25  25  36  49  64   34 
2
  1, m = 4
1 =  
3 4 3 3 6  6 
4 2
× m2 = 1 208   34 

= 2.556
=
3 6  6
m2 = 
3 , passes through (2, 3)
(c) standard deviation =  = 2.556 = 1.599
4
The equation of the straight line is
 fx x = mid-point
2. Grouped Data
3
y–3= (x – 2) Mean, x 
i
4
4y – 12 = 3x + 6
f
i
4y + 3x = 18 f = frequency

4. Equation of Locus Median,

Example: Find the equation of the locus for P 1N  Fcu
which moves such that its distance from Q(1, 2) M=L+ 2
c
and R(2, 3) is in the ratio 1 : 2 fm
L = lower boundary of the median class
Let P(x, y), Q(1, 2), R(2, 3) N = total frequency
PQ : PR = 1 : 2 Fcu = cumulative frequency before the
PQ 1 median class
 fm = frequency of median class
PR 2 c = class interval size
PR = 2PQ
2 Mode is obtained from a histogram
Square, frequency
x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 – 6y + 9 =
4(x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 – 4y + 4) =
4x2 + 4y2 – 8x – 16y + 20
0 = 4x2 – x2 + 4y2 – y2 – 12x – 10y + 7
3x2 + 3y2 – 12x – 10y + 7 = 0

CHAPTER 7: STATISTICS
1. Ungrouped Data

Mean, x 
x Mode class
N
Standard deviation,  =
Variance,  2 =
(x  x) 2

N  fx 2
 (x)2

= N x x
2
2

Example:

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  fx
The table shows the marks obtained in a test.
Marks Frequency (d) = i
 (x)2
10 – 14
15 – 19
2
5
f
20 – 24 8 44760
=  28.82 =
25 – 29 12 50
30 – 34 10 = 8.109
35 – 39 7
40 – 44 6 CHAPTER 8: DIFFERENTIATION
Find, dy
(a) mean mark represents the gradient of a curve at a point.
(b) median dx
dy
(c) mode = f (x) = first derivative
(d) standard devition dx
= gradient function.
Mark f xi fxi fxi2 C.F. d
10 – 14 2 12 24 288 2 (axn )  anxn1
15 – 19 5 17 85 1445 7 dx
20 – 24 8 22 176 3872 15
25 – 29 12 27 324 8748 27 Differentiation of Polynomials
30 – 34 10 32 320 10240 37 1. Differentiate with respect to x:
35 – 39 7 37 259 9583 44 (a) y = 3x4 + 2x3 – 5x – 2
40 – 44 6 42 252 10584 50 (b) y = x
 (c) y=
2

(a) Mean = x   fxi

=
1440 = 28.8 x2

f 50
(a) y = 3x4 + 2x3 – 5x – 2
1 1
(b) N   50 = 25 dy
= 12x3 + 6x2 – 5
2 2 dx
Median class = 25 – 29 1
25 15 (b) y = x = x 2
M = 24.5 +  5 = 28.67 dy 1 12 1  1 x12 = 1
12  x
(c) dx 2 2 2 x
Frequency 2
(c) y= = 2x-2
x2
dy 4
= 4x-3 =
dx x3

Differentiation of Product
d dv du
(uv)  u v
dx dx dx

2. Differentiate with respect to x:

y = (3x + 2)(4 – 5x)

dy
= (3x + 2) × 5 + (4 – 5x)× 3
dx
= 15x – 10 + 12 – 15x
From the graph, mode = 28 mark = 2 – 30x

Differentiation of Quotient

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d  u  v du  u dv y – 0 = 1( x – 1)
   dx 2 dx y = x – 1.
dx  v  v
3x  4 Maximum and Minimum Value
3. Differentiate with respect to x Given y = 2x2 – 8x + 3. Find the coordinates of
2x  5
3x  4 the turning point. Hence, determine if the turning
y= point is maximum or minimum.
2x  5 y = 2x2 – 8x + 3
dy (2x  5)3  (3x  4)2 dy
 = 4x  8
dx (2x  5)2  dx
6x 15  6x  8 23 dy
= =  For turning point =0
(2x  5)2  (2x  5)2 dx
4x – 8 = 0
Differentiation of Composite Function x=2
d x = 2, y = 2(4) – 16 + 3 = 5
(ax  b)n = n(ax + b) n-1 × a d2y
dx
Note: dx2 = 4 > 0, thus the point (2, 5) is a
4. Differentiate with respect to x : you must minimum point.
differentiate
(a) (3x + 5)8 the function in
(b) (2x – 1)4(3x + 2)5 the brackets. Rate of Change of Related Quantities
Example: The radius of a circle increases which
(a) y = (3x + 5)8 a rate of 0.2 cm s-1, find the rate of change of the
dy area of the circle when the radius is 5 cm.
= 8(3x + 5)7 × 3
dx
= 24(3x + 5)7 A = r2
dA
= 2r
(b) y = (2x – 1)4(3x + 2)5 dr
dy dr
= (2x – 1)45(3x + 2)4 × 3 + (3x + = 0.2 cm s-1
dx dt
2)54(2x – 1)3 × 2 dA dA dr
= 15(2x – 1)4(3x + 2)4 +  
8(2x – 1)3(3x + 2)5
dt dr dt
= (2x – 1)3(3x + 2)4[15(2x – 1) + 8(3x = 2r × 0.2
+ 2)] = 0.4 r
= (2x – 1)3(3x + 2)4[30x – 15 + 24x + When r = 5 cm,
16]
dA
= 0.4 × 5
= (2x – 1)3(3x + 2)4(54x + 1) dt
= 2 cm2 s-1
Equation of Tangent and Normal
dy Small Changes and Approximation
Gradient of tangent = gradient of curve =
dx dy
Example: Find the equation of the tangent to the
y  x
dx
curve y = 3x2 – 5x + 2 at the point x = 1.
Example: Given y = 2x2 – 5x + 3, find the small
y = 3x2 – 5x + 2 change in y when x increases from 2 to 2.01
dy
= 6x – 5
dx y = 2x2 – 5x + 3
x = 1, y = 3 – 5 + 2 = 0
dy dy
=6–5=1 = 4x – 5
dx dx
Equation of tangent :  x = 2.02 – 2 = 0.01

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 dy p1
y= x (c) 100 = 125
dx 60
= (4x – 5) × 0.01 60
p = 125 × = RM75
1
Substitute the original value, x = 2, 100
 y = (8 – 5) × 0.01
= 0.03
Thus the small increment in y is 0.03.

CHAPTER 9: INDEX NUMBER

p1
1. Price Index, I = × 100
p0
p1 = price at a certain time
p0 = price in the base year

2. Composite index I 
Iw
w
I = price index
w = weightage

Example:
Item Price index Weightage
Book 100 6
Beg x 2
Shirt 125 y
Shoes 140 3

The table above shows the price indices and the

weightage for four items in the year 2004 based
in the year 2000 as base year.
If the price of a beg in the year 2000 and 2004
are RM40 and RM44 respectively. The
composite index for 2004 is 116. Find
(a) the value of x
(b) the value of y
(c) the price of a shirt in 2004, if the price in
2000 was RM60.

44
(a) x= × 100 = 110
40
6 100  2 110 125 y  3140
(b) = 116
62y3
600  220 125y  420
= 116
11 y
1240 + 125y = 116(11 + y)
1240 + 125y = 1276 + 116y
125y – 116y = 1276 – 1240
9y = 36
y=4

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