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Diffraction

The document discusses diffraction and crystal planes. It defines lattice planes as parallel equidistant planes passing through lattice points in a crystal. The interplanar distance is the perpendicular distance between adjacent crystal planes. Miller indices represent the orientation of crystal planes based on their intercepts with the x, y, and z axes. A procedure is provided for calculating the Miller indices from the intercepts. Important features of Miller indices are also outlined. Finally, an equation is provided relating the interplanar spacing to the Miller indices for a plane.

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ashok pradhan
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148 views

Diffraction

The document discusses diffraction and crystal planes. It defines lattice planes as parallel equidistant planes passing through lattice points in a crystal. The interplanar distance is the perpendicular distance between adjacent crystal planes. Miller indices represent the orientation of crystal planes based on their intercepts with the x, y, and z axes. A procedure is provided for calculating the Miller indices from the intercepts. Important features of Miller indices are also outlined. Finally, an equation is provided relating the interplanar spacing to the Miller indices for a plane.

Uploaded by

ashok pradhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFRACTION

INTRODUCTION:”So far we have seen ideal crystal which is obtained by combining a basis with an infinite
space lattice. In real crystal, the periodicity is not continuous within a crystal. So many properties of
crystalline materials are structure sensitive. To explain this sensitivity the only possible way is X-Ray
Diffraction.”

Lattice Planes: A crystal is made up of a large number of parallel equidistant planes passing through lattice
points called Lattice Planes.
Interplanar Distance: The perpendicular distance between any two adjacent crystal planes is called
Interplanar distance (d).
Orientation of Planes:”In crystal analysis it is
necessary to indicate the orientation of planes.
The orientation of the planes can be described in
terms of their intercepts on three axes(X, Y, and
Z). This is shown in the figure.”
In the figure the intercepts along X, Y and Z are
pa, qb and rc respectively.

Miller Indices: “The reciprocals of the intercepts made by a plane on the co-ordinate axis or crystallographic
axis are called Miller Indices.”
Procedure for finding Miller Indices:
1) Find the intercepts of the desired plane on the three co-ordinate axis. i.e., (pa, qb and rc)
2) Divide with primitives (a, b, c) then the intercepts are (p, q, r)
3) Take the reciprocals of the intercepts. i.e., (1/p 1/q, 1/r).
4) Find the LCM of Denominators.
5) Reduce the reciprocals into integers by multiplying each of them with LCM.
6) Enclose these integers in brackets, which represent the Miller indices (h, k, l) of a given plane.
Important Features of Miller Indices:
1) Miller indices represent the Orientation of Crystal Planes in a crystal.
2) A Plane parallel to any one of the co-ordinate axis will have infinite intercept, and the corresponding
Miller index is Zero.
3) All equally parallel planes have the same Miller Indices (h, k, l).
4) When an intercept of plane is negative, the index is represented by bar over it.
5) If (h, k, l) are Miller Indices of a crystal plane, then the intercepts made by the plane with co-ordinate
axis are a/h, b/k and c/l where a, b, c are lattice parameters.
6) A Plane passing through the origin is defined in terms of parallel planes having non zero intercepts.

Equation for Interplanar Distance (d) or Separation Between Successive [h, k, l] Planes (or)
Relation between interplanar spacing and Miller indices:

Let us consider three mutually perpendicular coordinate axis, OX, OY, and OZ and assume that a plane (hkl)
parallel to the plane passing through the origin makes intercepts a/h, b/k and c/l on the three axes at A. B and
C respectively as shown in figure.
In the case of Simple cubic system a = b = c; then equation 2 becomes

1
2 2 2

dhkl = h  k l
2
a
a
dhkl = 2 2 2
h k l

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