GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
2010 - 2011
Fabrice EMERIAULT
GENERAL OUTLINE
Introduction
Elements of engineering seismology
Cyclic and dynamic behaviour of soils
Liquefaction of soils
Seismic behaviour of retaining walls
Seismic slope stability and design of earth dams
Seismic behaviour of foundations
Seismic behaviour of buried structures
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF
FOUNDATIONS
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FOUNDATIONS
Introduction
Shallow foundations
Deep foundations
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
During earthquakes, forces applied to foundations include:
Static loading: gravity
Transient dynamic inertial forces
Behaviour of the foundations must be analysed under these
loadings
Effect on bearing capacity
Effect on settlements or permanent horizontal displacements
Effect on bending moments and shear forces in deep foundations
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
During earthquakes, forces applied to the foundation
include:
Static loading: gravity + other dead loads
Transient dynamic inertial forces
Horizontal
Vertical
Possible failure mechanisms
Sliding Loss of bearing capacity
Rotational failure
SLIDING
Worst condition: Fv minimum and Fh maximum
Simplified approach:
Similar to that of the sliding block but
With β = 0
And δ (soil-structure friction angle) instead of φ: τmax = σn tan δ
Possible estimation of the horizontal displacement by the
Newmark method
LOSS OF BEARING CAPACITY
Pseudo-static approach
Inclination of the resultant load
Inertia effects in the soil mass
Perfect plasticity and limit analysis
Several approaches in the literature:
Sarma (1990)
Richards & Elms (1991)
Pecker & Salencon (1991)
Gharamani & Berrill (1995)
Gharamani & Berrill (1995)
Bearing capacity q = ½ γ Β Νγ + q Nq + c Nc
Coefficients depend on φ and on the horizontal seismic factor kc
Gharamani & Berrill (1995)
Bearing capacity q = ½ γ Β Νγ + q Nq + c Nc
Coefficients depend on φ and on the horizontal seismic factor kc
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
Sliding: the rafts can resist to sliding
because of peripheric « beche »
Loss of bearing capacity: unusual (except in case of
liquefaction)
Rotational failure: observed during Mexico EQ (1985)
Complete analysis: Dynamic soil-structure interaction
Based on Winkler’s approach:
Non linear spring
Viscous damping
Plasticty can included
GENERAL DISPOSITIONS
Homogeneous foundation system with rigid connections
between footings
Homogeneous foundation Different foundation
system systems
Horizontal foundation system in an homogeneous soil
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS Lateral pile
deflection
Kinematic interaction:
Free field ground movements
induce horizontal deflection of the
deep foundation Free field
ground
movements
Inertial interaction
Inertia forces in the structure
induce horizontal forces and M M
moment on the pile head.
Rocking of the structure can induce T
vertical cyclic loads
(traction/compression)
Kinematic interaction:
Analysis with the subgrade reaction metgod with the
appropriate p-y curves (non linear elasto plastic springs)
Y
Lateral pile deflection y(z)
d4y
EI 4 + K f . y ( z ) = K f . g ( z ) + p0 ( z )
dz
Free field ground
movements g(z)
P
Pl=pl.B
Kfc
Pf=pf.B
2Kfc
y
Accidental loads of very short duration 18
Z
Kinematic interaction:
Possible large shear forces at the interface between soil layers
with strong contrast of stiffness
It is preferable to use small diameter piles: more flexibility
Flexible Rigid deep
pile foundation
Inertial interaction:
Horizontal deflection (in addition to the kinematic interaction
effects)
Case of end-bearing piles: reduced embedment depth in the
bearing soil stratum to keep an effect of articulation
Reduced embedment: Large embedment:
Effect of articulation Cantilever effect
Particular case of liquefiable soil layer
22
Inertial interaction:
Vertical cyclic loads
Analyse the possible pull-out induced by vertical upwards
loads
Case of end-bearing piles: avoid the punching through the
bearing stratum
Inertial interaction:
Vertical cyclic loads
Analyse the possible pull-out induced by
vertical upwards loads
Quc cyclic ultimate load
Qus static ultimate load
Qave average permanent load
With Nf the number of cycles that
will be applied to the pile and Qave / Qus
Determine Qc/Qus and then Quc = Qave + Qc
Additional vertical loads:
Induced by the liquefaction of a soil
layer
Avoid the negative skin friction by a
coating (for example with bitumen) of
the pile on the length of the pile above
the liquefiable soil layer
